Abstract
Lead and cadmium nephropathy are rarely identified outside of the occupational setting, but the frequency of diagnosis may not reflect the prevalence of disease. Standardized diagnostic criteria for these renal diseases are not available and end-stage renal disease registries make no provision for their identification. Determining the etiology of chronic renal disease is difficult when causation is multifactorial and the attack rate is low. Moreover, the diagnostic effort may seem unjustified when the pathologic process is irreversible. It has long been suspected that environmental toxins produce renal damage but since long-term, low-level exposure leaves neither specific physical findings nor historical clues, physicians are usually unable to determine etiology in individual patients. Yet etiologic diagnosis is essential if prevention is to be achieved.
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Wedeen, R.P. (1991). Prevention of cadmium and lead nephropathy. In: de Broe, M.E., Verpooten, G.A. (eds) Prevention in nephrology. Developments in Nephrology, vol 28. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3798-0_7
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3798-0_7
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