Abstract
It is a commonplace in geologists’ historical accounts that scientists in the southern hemisphere were much earlier in their acceptance of the idea of continental drift than their northern hemisphere counterparts. The explanation offered is captured in a pencilled scrawl by an anonymous wit on the flyleaf of a 1972 collection of papers by Australian earth scientists found in the library of the United States Geological Survey: ‘Most of Earth’s bigger scars, sutures and dimples etc. were more visible on her bottom, and the people down under were quicker to see them’.
I gratefully acknowledge comments on an earlier draft received from D.F. Branagan, S.W. Carey, R.W. Home, J. Sapp and T.G. Valiance. I appreciate the cooperation of those many individuals cited in the notes who shared with me their recollections and papers and of W. Glen who permitted use of some interview materials. This research was supported by ARC grant А58716008 and the Research Fund of the Faculty of Arts of the University of Melbourne.
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Notes
H.E. Le Grand, ‘Specialties, Problems and Localism: The Reception of Continental Drift in Australia, 1920–1940’, Earth Sciences History, 5(1986), 84–95; H.E. Le Grand, Drifting Continents and Shifting Theories (Cambridge, 1988).
Le Grand, op. cit. (n. 1: 1988).
Ibid.; H.E. Le Grand ‘Paleomagnetism and Continental Drift: Historical Introduction’, in Encyclopedia of Solid Earth Geophysics, ed. D.E. James (New York: 1989), 901–909; pp. 906–907.
See Le Grand, op. cit. (п. 1: 1986).
H. Frankel, ‘Biogeography, before and after the Rise of Sea Floor Spreading’, Studies in History and Philosophy of Science, 15 (1984), 141–68; Le Grand, op. cit. (n. 1).
Frankel, op. cit. (n. 5); Le Grand, op. cit. (n. 1: 1986).
Frankel, ibid.
E.S. Hills, personal communication (hereafter, p.c.).
A.L. Hales, ‘Keith Edward Bullen, 1906–1976’, Historical Records of Australian Science, 4(2) (1979), 43–64.
T.W.E. David, The Geology of the Commonwealth of Australia; edited and much supplemented by W.R. Browne, vol. 1 (London, 1950), pp. 688–89. T.G. Valiance suggests (p.c.) that the “woolliness” of Drift theory in Brown’s day was alien to his systematic, logical style and may have contributed to his distaste for that theory; see also Valiance, ‘William Rowan Browne, 1884–1975’, Historical Records of Australian Science, 4(1) (1978), 65–81.
S.W. Carey, Theories of the Earth and Universe: A History of Dogma in the Earth Sciences (Stanford: 1988), p. 95.
S.W. Carey, The Expanding Earth (New York: 1976), pp. 2–3; Carey, p.c.
Carey, p.c.
J. Elliston, p.c.; Ian McDougall, interview by H. Le Grand, 25 March 1988, tI sl.
John Elliston, p.c. Elliston was one of Carey’s first students, completing his honours degree in 1950.
Elliston, p.c.; Carey, interview by H. Le Grand, 29–31 August, 1988.
Öpik to M.F. Glaessner (editor of Journal of the Geological Society of Australia), 1 November 1954; Öpik papers, Australian Science Archives Project (University of Melbourne). The probability that Carey’s advocacy of Drift rather than personal factors resulted in this rejection is strengthened by the fact that the same panel of referees (Alderman, Browne, Hills) had previously approved for publication another paper by Carey [‘The Rheid Concept in Geotectonics’, JGSA, 1 (1954), 67–117]. That earlier paper, though synthetic and theoretical and invoking convection currents in the mantle, had not explicitly mentioned Drift.
Carey, p.c.; McDougall, 25 March 1988, t1 sl.
S.W. Carey, ‘The Orocline Concept in Geotectonics’, Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania, 89(1955), 255–288. Offprints from this small-circulation journal were circulated among overseas geologists and geophysicists with an interest in Drift.
Öpik papers, op. cit. (n. 19).
S.W. Carey, ed., Continental Drift: A Symposium (Hobart: 1958).
Oliphant, P.C.
J.T. Wilson, ‘Notes on the Study of Geophysics by Professor J. Tuzzo [sic] Wilson. University of Toronto - November 1950’; ANU Archives, Administrative Records (Registrar’s Division), document 655/1956, P. 3.
M.S. Paterson, ‘John Conrad Jaeger, 1907–1979’, Historical Records of Australian Science, 5(3) (1982), 65–88; pp. 76–77.
Wilson, op. cit. (n. 29), p. 5.
Ibid., p. 6.
J.C. Jaeger, Letter dated 25 January 1955 to the Vice-Chancellor, ANU; ANU Archives, file 8.7.1.1 (Department of Geophysics Policy).
Oliphant, p.c.
Irving, loc. cit. (n. 35).
E. Irving, interview by H.E. Le Grand, 12 February 1988, t1 sl.
E. Irving, ‘The Palaeomagnetism of the Torridonian Sandstone Series of North-Western Scotland’, PhD thesis, University of Cambridge, 1954.
See Le Grand, op. cit.(n. 1: 1988), pp. 138–169, for a discussion of the development of palaeomagnetic studies and their relation to Drift.
Irving, op. cit. (n. 38), tI sl.
See J.C. Jaeger and G. Joplin, ‘Rock Magnetism and the Differentiation of Dolerite Sill’, Journal of the Geological Society of Australia, 2(1955), 1–19.
Irving, op. cit. (п. 35), t1 sl.
Irving, interview by W. Glen, 7 February 1978, t2 sl; also, Irving, op. cit. (n. 35), tI sl and (n. 38), tl s2.
J.C. Jaeger papers, Gasser Library, Australian Academy of Science, MS 120/1.
E. Irving, ‘The Magnetization of the Mesozoic Dolerites of Tasmania’, Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania, 90(1956), 157–168.
Irving, op. cit. (n. 35), t1 sl.
E. Irving, ‘Palaeomagnetic and Palaeoclimatological Aspects of Polar Wandering’, Geofisica pura a applicata, 33 (1956), 23–41.
Ibid., pp. 35–7. Irving (ibid., p. 40) credits Jaeger with suggesting this. However, the argument is clearly set out in Irving’s thesis (op. cit. [п. 40], p. 110) and he now regards the published note as mistaken (Irving, p.c.).
Irving, op. cit. (n. 50), p. 40.
E. Irving, ‘Rock Magnetism: A New Approach to the Problems of Polar Wandering and Continental Drift’, in Carey, op. cit. (n. 25), pp. 24–61; p. 5; also, Carey, ibid., p. 357 and Irving, op. cit. (n. 38), t2 si.
A. Cox and R.R. Doell, ‘Review of Paleomagnetism’, Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, 71 (1960), 645–768; p. 762.
E. Irving, W.A. Robertson and P.M. Stott, ‘The Paleomagnetism of some Mesozoic Rocks from Eastern Australia: Preliminary Remarks’, Journal of Geophysical Research, 68 (1963), 2281–2; p. 2281.
E. Irving, W.A. Robertson and P.M. Stott, ‘The Significance of the Paleomagnetic Results from Mesozoic Rocks of Eastern Australia’, Journal of Geophysical Research,68 (1963), 2313–7; p. 2313.
Irving, op. cit. (п. 38), t2 sl.
J. Verhoogen, ‘North American Paleomagnetism and Geology’, in Geological Society of America Centennial Special Volume, ed. E.T. Drake and W.M. Jordan (Boulder, 1985), 401–7; p. 403.
L.E.F. Néel, ‘Some Theoretical Aspects of Rock Magnetism’, Advances in Physics, 4 (1955), 191–243.
F.D. Stacey, interview by H.E. Le Grand, 19 May 1988, t1 sl.
J. Graham, A.F. Buddington and J.R. Balsley, ‘Stress-induced Magnetizations of Some Rocks with Analyzed Magnetic Minerals’, Journal of Geophysical Research, 62(1957), 465–74.
Stacey, op. cit. (п. 60), t1 sl.
Ibid.
F.D. Stacey, ‘Effect of Stress on the Remanent Magnetism of Magnetite-bearing rocks’, Journal of Geophysical Research, 63 (1958), 361–8; Stacey, ‘Magnetic Anisotropy of Igneous Rocks’, 65 (1960), 2429–42; P.M. Stott and F.D. Stacey, ‘Magnetostriction and Palaeomagnetism of Igneous Rocks’, Nature, 183 (1959), 384–5; Stott and Stacey, ‘Magnetostriction and Palaeomagnetism of Igneous Rocks’, Journal of Geophysical Research, 65 (1960), 2419–24.
Cox and Doell, op. cit. (n. 54), p. 655. Stacey (op. cit. [n. 60], t1 sl) recounts that soon after the appearance of the 1960 papers in the Journal of Geophysical Research Buddington wrote to him acknowledging the case that Stacey had made and withdrawing the magnetostriction argument.
Ibid., pp. 79–81.
Ibid., pp. 81–4 and 210.
J.F. Evemden, interview by H.E. Le Grand, 8 February 1988, t1 sl.
Ibid.
J.F. Evernden and J.R. Richards, ‘Potassium-Argon Ages in Eastern Australia’, Journal of the Geological Society of Australia, 9(1) (1962), 1–49.
Evemden and Richards, op. cit. (n. 71), p. 8.
McDougall, op. cit. (n. 21), tl s2; for Hess, see Le Grand, op. cit. (n. 1: 1988), pp. 195–201.
McDougall, ibid., t1 sl.
Ibid.
Ibid.
I. McDougall and D.H. Yarling, ‘Dating of Polarity Zones in the Hawaiian Islands’, Nature, 200(1963), 54–56.
A. Cox, interview by W. Glen, 2 May 1978, t4 sl and t4 s2.
Stacey, op. cit. (п. 60), t1 sl.
See Le Grand, op. cit. (n. 1: 1988), pp. 193–5 and 252–3.
Stacey, op. cit. (n. 60), tI s2.
Irving, op. cit. (n. 38), t1 s2.
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Le Grand, H.E. (1991). Theories of the Earth as Seen from Below. In: Home, R.W., Hohlstedt, S.G. (eds) International Science and National Scientific Identity. Australasian Studies in History and Philosophy of Science, vol 9. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3786-7_10
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