Abstract
Our knowledge about coronary artery disease increased rapidly when researchers in the 1920s and 30s started to understand that the ST-T segment of the electrocardiogram provides invaluable information regarding adequate perfusion of the myocardium via the coronary circulation. The electrocardiogram, however, since the early days of Einthoven, was a static test performed while the examinee was sitting or lying in a relaxed and resting state. ST-T abnormalities under such circumstances were interpreted either as an expression of a chronic disturbance in the coronary arterial blood supply and in that case the diagnosis of ‘angina pectoris’ or chronic coronary artery disease was established, or according to certain patterns acute or healed myocardial infarction could be diagnosed.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Goldhammer S, Scherf D. Electrocardiographische Untersuchungen bei Kranker mit Angina Pectoris (‘ambulatorischer Typus’). Z Klin Med 1933; 122:134.
Master A M, Friedman R, Dack S. The electrocardiogram after standard exercise as functional test of the heart, Am Heart J 1942; 24:777.
Holter N J. New methods for heart studies continuous electrocardiography of active subjects. Science 1961; 134:1214–1220.
Hinkle L, Jr, Meyer J, Stevens M, Carver S T. Taperecordings of the ECG of active man. Circulation 1967; 36:752.
Stern S, Tzivoni D. The reliability of the Holter-Avionics system in reproducing the ST-T segment. Amer Heart J 1972; 84:427.
Stern S, Tzivoni D, Stern Z. Diagnostic accuracy of ambulatory ECG monitoring in ischaemic heart disease. Circulation 1975; 52:1045.
Stern S, Tzivoni D. Early detection of silent ischaemic heart disease by 24-hour electrocardiographic monitoring of active subjects. Brit Heart J 1974; 36:481.
Schang S J, Pepine C J. Transient asymptomatic ST segment depression during daily activity. Amer J Cardiol 1977; 39:396.
Biagini A, L’Abbate A, Maseri A. Vasospastic ischemic mechanisms of frequent asymptomatic transient ST-T changes during continuous ECG monitoring. Amer Heart J 1982; 103:13.
Deanfield J E, Shea M, Ribiero P et al. Transient ST-segment depression as a marker of myocardial ischemia during daily life. Amer J Cardiol 1984; 54:1195.
Selwyn A P, Shea M, Deanfield J E, Wilson R, Horlock P, O’Brian H A. Character of transient ischemia in angina pectoris. Amer J Cardiol 1986; 58:21 B.
Bragg-Remschell D A, Anderson C M, Winkle R A. Frequency response characteristics of ambulatory ECG monitoring systems and their implications for ST segment analysis. Amer Heart J 1982; 103:30.
Pepine C J. Clinical aspects of silent myocardial ischemia in patients with angina and other forms of coronary heart disease. Amer J Med 1986; 80, Suppl. 40:25.
Rotman B, Eber B, Duslag J Fluch N, Weinrauch V. Klein W. Comparison of different methods of ST measurement for evaluation of myocardial ischaemia in Holter monitoring. European Heart Journal 1988; 9(Suppl. N), 78.
Tzivoni D, Benhorin, Gavish A, Stern S. Holter recording during treadmill testing in assessing myocardial ischaemic changes. Amer J Cardiol 1985; 55:1200.
Stern S, Gavish A, Weisz G, Benhorin J, Tzivoni D. Characteristics of silent and symptomatic myocardial ischaemia during everyday activity. Amer J Cardiol 1988; 61: 1223–1228.
Stern S, Weisz G, Gavish A, Keren A, Tzivoni D. Comparison between silent and symptomatic ischemia during exercise testing in patients with coronary artery disease. J Cardiopulm Rehab 1988; 12:507.
Cohn P F. Silent myocardial ischemia in patients with a defective anginal warning system. Am J Cardiol 1980; 45:697.
Droste E, Roskamm H. Experimental pain measurements in patients with asymptomatic myocardial ischemia. JACC 1983; 1:940.
Kannel W B, Abbott R D. Incidence and prognosis of unrecognized myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 1984; 311:1144.
Tzivoni D, Gavish A, Zin D et al. Prognostic significance of ischemic episodes in patients with previous myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 1988; 62:661–664.
Tzivoni D, Weisz G, Gavish A, Zin D, Keren A, Stern S. Comparison of mortality and myocardial infarction rates in stable angina pectoris with and without ischemic episodes during daily activities. Am J Cardiol 1989; 63:273.
Rocco M B, Nabel E G, Campbells et al. Prognostic importance of myocardial ischemia detected by ambulatory monitoring in patients with coronary disease Circulation 1988; 78:877.
Headblad B, Juul-Moller S, Hanson B S et al. Increased mortality in men with ST segment depression during 24h ambulatory long-term ECG recording. Eur Heart J 1989; 10:149.
Erikssen J, Thaulow E. Follow-up of patients with asymptomatic myocardial ischemia. In: W. Rutishauser, H. Roskamm (eds): Silent myocardial ischemia. Springer, Berlin 1984; p. 156.
Mody F V, Nademanee K, Intarachot V, Josephson M, Robertson H A, Singh B. Severity of silent myocardial ischemia on ambulatory electrocardiographic monitoring in patients with stable angina pectoris: Relation to prognostic determinants during exercise stress testing and coronary angiography. JACC 1988; 12:1169.
Gottlieb S O, Weisfeldt M, Ouyang P, Mellits D E, Gerstenblith G. Silent ischemia as marker of unfavorable outcomes in patients with unstable angina. New Engl J Med 1986; 314:1214.
Nadamanee K, Intarachot B N, Singh M A, Josephson R W Singh. Characteristics and clinical significance of silent myocardial ischemia in unstable angina. Amer J Cardiol 1986; 58:26 B.
Langer A, Freeman M R, Armstrong P. ST segment shift in unstable angina: Pathophysiology and association with coronary anatomy and hospital outcome. JACC 1989; 13 No.7:1495.
Kennedy H L, Wiens, R D. Ambulatory (Holter) electrocardiography using real-time analysis. Am J Cardiol 1987 59:1190.
Kennedy H L. Ambulatory electrocardiography strategies used in assessing silent myocardial ischaemia. Europ Heart J 1988; 9(Suppl. N):70.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1991 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Stern, S., Tzivoni, D. (1991). Use of Holter monitoring in occult coronary artery disease. In: Salmasi, AM., Nicolaides, A.N. (eds) Occult Atherosclerotic Disease. Developments in Cardiovascular Medicine, vol 123. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3404-0_8
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3404-0_8
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-010-5506-2
Online ISBN: 978-94-011-3404-0
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive