Abstract
Over the past one-hundred years the electronic properties of the free atoms and free ions have been extensively studied by optical spectroscopy.[1] These studies have led to an excellent understanding of the properties of both the electronic ground state and the electronic excited state configurations.[2,3] In general these free atom or ion properties are expressed as a simple ground state electronic configuration which has associated with it the appropriate spectroscopic term symbol that expresses in a shorthand notation the spin, orbital, and total angular momentum associated with the free atom or ion. The energies of the various states may be expressed in terms of sums and differences of two electron coulomb and exchange integrals.[4,5] These integrals are usually parameterized in terms of either the Condon and Shortley or Racah interelectronic repulsion parameters.
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Long, G.J. (1991). An Introduction to Crystal Field Effects in Magnetism. In: Long, G.J., Grandjean, F. (eds) Supermagnets, Hard Magnetic Materials. NATO ASI Series, vol 331. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3324-1_6
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3324-1_6
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