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Prospects for vaccination against HIV infection

  • Chapter
Immunology of HIV Infection

Part of the book series: Immunology and Medicine Series ((IMME,volume 17))

  • 48 Accesses

Abstract

Control of the escalating AIDS epidemic is most likely to be achieved by the development of successful vaccination strategies aimed at the prevention of primary HIV infection in seronegative individuals. In other viral diseases of humans, notably polio, hepatitis B, measles, mumps and smallpox, inactivated or attenuated whole virus or subunit vaccines are highly effective and have greatly reduced the incidence of these diseases1. However, there are a number of characteristics of the infection with HIV which may permit the virus to escape or down-regulate a potentially protective immune response and thereby complicate vaccine development. (1) HIV can infect individuals as free or cell-associated virus by intravenous or mucosal routes, and once in the body can be transmitted as free virus and between cells2, 3. (2) Interaction of the HIV surface envelope (env) protein with the CD4 receptor on T-helper (Th) cells4–6 enables the virus preferentially to infect the cell responsible for the induction and maintenance of immune responses, and upon which successful vaccination depends. (3) Like other retroviruses, HIV integrates its genetic information into the genome of its host cell7; these cells can become latently infected8, 9 and in the absence of synthesis of new viral proteins may not stimulate an anti-HIV immune response. (4) The induction of HIV-enhancing antibodies enables the virus to infect monocytes via complement or Fc receptor-mediated uptake of antigen-antibody complexes10–12. Furthermore, replication of the virus within monocyte/macrophage vacuoles and infection of central nervous system tissue may permit the virus to escape immune control2, 13, 14. (5) Antigenic variation, in particular in the putative protective surface env protein, also enables the virus to escape immunity. An examination of geographically distinct HIV-1 strains and sequential isolates from persistently infected individuals has revealed evidence of point mutations, deletions and insertions in the HIV genome which result in a large number of antigenically distinct variants15–18. These unique features of the infection with HIV are likely to seriously compromise the possibility of controlling the infection by post-exposure vaccination of HIV positive individuals. However, considerable progress has been made in the development and testing of vaccines aimed at preventing primary HIV infection.

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  1. K. H. G. Mills
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  1. HIV Immunology Unit Department of Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Scotland

    A. G. Bird

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Mills, K.H.G. (1992). Prospects for vaccination against HIV infection. In: Bird, A.G. (eds) Immunology of HIV Infection. Immunology and Medicine Series, vol 17. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-2980-0_8

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-2980-0_8

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