Abstract
One of the important goals of motor systems research is to elucidate the neural networks that underlie simple rhythmic movements.1 In some cases, the component neurons and synaptic connectivity of such networks (sometimes called Central Pattern Generators, or CPGs) have been partially or even fully elucidated.2 Despite a relatively fixed neuroanatomical structure, the motor patterns that these networks generate are extremely flexible and plastic, allowing the animal to adapt its behavior to changing demands of the environment. This flexibility arises from sensory feedback and from modulatory inputs to the motor networks from other neural centers. Modulatory inputs can change the intrinsic electrophysiological properties of the neurons in the network and alter the strength of the synaptic connections within the network.3 This causes a reconfiguration of the network’s motor output, leading to an altered behavior.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Getting, P. A., Emerging principles governing the operation of neural networks. Ann. Rev. Neurosci., 12 (1989) 185–204.
Selverston, A. I. (Ed.), Model Neural Networks and Behavior, Plenum Press, New York, 1985.
Harris-Warrick, R. M., Chemical modulation of central pattern generators. In Neural Control of Rhythmic Movements in Vertebrates, ed. A. H. Cohen, S. Rossignol & S. Grillner, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1988, pp. 285–331.
Selverston, A. I. & Moulins, M. (Eds.), The Crustacean Stomatogastric System. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1987.
Russell, D. F., CNS control of pattern generation in the lobster stomatogastric ganglion. Brain Research, 177 (1979) 598–602.
Bal, T., Nagy, F. & Moulins, M., The pyloric central pattern generator in Crustacea: a set of conditional neuronal oscillators. J. Comp. Physiol. A, 163 (1988) 715–727.
Flamm, R. E. & Harris-Warrick, R. M., Aminergic modulation in lobster stomatogastric ganglion. I. The effects on motor pattern and activity of neurons within the pyloric circuit. J. Neurophysiol., 55 (1986) 847–865.
Flamm, R. E. & Harris-Warrick, R. M., Aminergic modulation in lobster stomatogastric ganglion. II. Target neurons of dopamine, octopamine, and serotonin within the pyloric circuit. J. Neurophysiol., 55 (1986) 866–881.
Miller, J. P. & Selverston, A. I., Rapid killing of single neurons by irradiation of intracellular injected dye. Science, 206 (1979) 702–704.
Bidaut, M., Pharmacological dissection of pyloric network of the lobster stomatogastric ganglion using picrotoxin. J. Neurophysiol., 44 (1980) 1089–1101.
Graubard, K., Raper, J. A. & Hartline, D. K., Graded synaptic transmission between identified spiking neurons. J. Neurophysiol., 50 (1983) 508–521.
Jonnson, B. R. & Harris-Warrick, R. M., Aminergic modulation of graded synaptic transmission in the lobster stomatogastric ganglion. J. Neurosci., 10 (1990) 2066–2076.
Beltz, B., Eisen, J. S., Flamm, R., Harris-Warrick, R. M., Hooper, S. & Marder, E., Serotonergic innervation and modulation of the stomatogastric ganglion of three decapod crustaceans. J. Exp. Biol., 109 (1984) 35–54.
Katz, P. S., Eigg, M. H. & Harris-Warrick, R. M., Serotonergic/cholinergic muscle receptor cells in the crab stomatogastric nervous system. I. Identification and characterization of the gastropyloric receptor cells. J. Neurophysiol., 62 (1989) 558–570.
Kupfermann, I. & Weiss, K. R., The role of serotonin in arousal of feeding behavior of Aplysia. In Serotonin Neurotransmission and Behavior, ed. A. Gelperin & B. Jacobs, MIT Press, Cambridge, 1981, pp. 255–287.
Evans, P. D. & O’Shea, M., An octopaminergic neurone modulates neuromuscular transmission in the locust. Nature, Lond., 270 (1977) 257–259.
Katz, P. S. & Harris-Warrick, R. M., Serotonergic/cholinergic muscle receptor cells in the crab stomatogastric nervous system. II. Rapid nicotinic and prolonged modulatory effects on neurons in the stomatogastric ganglion. J. Neurophysiol., 62 (1989) 571–581.
Katz, P. S. & Harris-Warrick, R. M., Neuromodulation of the crab pyloric central pattern generator by serotonergic/cholinergic proprioceptive afferents. J. Neurosci., 10 (1990) 1495–1512.
Katz, P. S. & Harris-Warrick, R. M., Recruitment of crab gastric mill neurons into the pyloric motor pattern by mechanosensory afferent stimulation. J. Neurophysiol., 65 (1991) 1442–1451.
Katz, P. S., Motor pattern modulation by serotonergic sensory cells in the stomatogastric nervous system. PhD thesis, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 1989.
Peroutka, S. J. (Ed.), Serotonin Receptor Subtypes: Basic and Clinical Aspects. Wiley-Liss, New York, 1991.
Kiehn, O. & Harris-Warrick, R. M., Serotonin induces plateau potentials in a stomatogastric motoneuron by a mixed conductance decrease and increase mechanism. Soc. Neurosci. Abst., 16 (1990) 633.
Kiehn, O. & Harris-Warrick, R. M., Serotonergic cells induce plateau properties by enhancing a hyperpolarization activated inward current (Ih) and decreasing a calcium-dependent outward current. European J. Neurosci. Supplement No. 4, 3224 P.
Harris-Warrick, R. M. & Marder, E., Modulation of neural networks for behavior. Ann. Rev. Neurosci., 14 (1991) 39–57.
Katz, P. S. & Harris-Warrick, R. M., Identified neuromodulatory neurons in a simple motor system. Trends in Neurosci., 13 (1990) 367–373.
Harris-Warrick, R. M. & Flamm, R. E., Chemical modulation of a small central pattern generator circuit. Trends in Neurosci., 9 (1986) 432–437.
Kiehn, O., Plateau potentials and active integration in the ‘final common pathway’ for motor behavior. Trends in Neurosci., 14 (1991) 68–73.
Feldman, J. L. et al., Neurogenesis of respiratory rhythm and pattern: emerging concepts. Am. J. Physiol., 259 (1990) R879–R886.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1992 SCI
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Harris-Warrick, R.M., Flamm, R.E., Johnson, B.R., Katz, P.S., Kiehn, O., Zhang, B. (1992). Neuromodulation of Small Neural Networks in Crustacea. In: Duce, I.R. (eds) Neurotox ’91. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-2898-8_22
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-2898-8_22
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-1-85166-746-8
Online ISBN: 978-94-011-2898-8
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive