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Photosynthesis: Photoreactions to Plant Productivity pp 317–338Cite as

C4 Photosynthesis and C3-C4 Intermediacy: Adaptive Strategies for Semiarid Tropics

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Abstract

The higher plants are classified into three types: C3, C4, and crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM). The classification is based on mechanism of photosynthetic carbon assimilation. In C4 plants, carbon is primarily fixed into C4 acids and subsequently metabolized through Calvin cycle. The two-step carboxylation in C4 plants is facilitated by the intercellular compartmentation of several key enzymes involved in carbon metabolism. The enzymes necessary for formation/carboxylation of phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) are in mesophyU while those of C4 acid decarboxylation and CO2 refixation are in bundle sheath. Photosynthesis in C4 plants is optimal at high intensities of light and temperature. C4 plants require less water or nitrogen for every unit of carbon assimilated than the C3 species. Due to these features, C4 plants are well adapted to grow in arid or semiarid environments and are generally distributed in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. However, the productivity of C4 plants is quite poor in a temperate environment and may even fall below those of C3 species. Since the discovery of C4 photosynthesis more than 25 years ago, rapid progress has been made in our understanding of the physiology and biochemistry of C4 plants. More research is needed to elucidate the molecular biology of gene expression and regulation in mesophyll and bundle sheath cells of C4 plants.

There are a few plant species which tend to be neither C3 nor C4, but are intermediate between C3 and C4 types. Till now, 23 species belonging to seven genera from five families have been reported to be C3;-C4 intermediates. These plants have intermediate values of CO2 compensation points indicating that the process of photorespiration is much reduced. Two types of C43-C4 intermediates are identified. In type I, for example, Panicum millioides and Moricandia arvensis, there is no C4 cycle but photorespiration is reduced by refication of respired CO2, by the concentration of organesses in teh cells. At least a partial C4 cyscle operates in type II intermediates like Flaveria species. In both types of intermediates, the basic principle is the improvement in refixation of photorespired CO2. The C3-C4 intermediates may represent an evolutionay stage in between C3 and C4 plants. The exact course is however, not established. Further studies on C3-C4 intermediates could help in unravelling the mechanism of reduced photorespiration, operation, and evolution of C4 photosynthesis.

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  1. School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500 134, India

    A. S. Raghavendra & V. S. Rama Das

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  1. A. S. Raghavendra
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  1. Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India

    Yash Pal Abrol

  2. Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India

    Prasanna Mohanty

  3. University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, USA

    Govindjee

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Raghavendra, A.S., Rama Das, V.S. (1993). C4 Photosynthesis and C3-C4 Intermediacy: Adaptive Strategies for Semiarid Tropics. In: Abrol, Y.P., Mohanty, P., Govindjee (eds) Photosynthesis: Photoreactions to Plant Productivity. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-2708-0_12

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-2708-0_12

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-94-010-5200-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-011-2708-0

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

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