Résumé
On m’a prié de prononcer quelques mots d’introduction à cette table ronde consacrée à une discussion libre sur la typologie des strategies d’expansion en sciences exactes. Après avoir précisé le champ d’intérêt, je vous proposerai une orientation particulière pour aller plus loin. Cette orientation entraîne un paradoxe fondamental qui, d’ailleurs, n’est pas insoluble.
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Notes
Lewis Pyenson, “La Réception de la relativité généralisée: Disciplinarité et institutionalisation en physique”, Revue d’Histoire des Sciences, 27 (1975), p.61–73, pour l’échec de la physique théorique en France.
On Stefánik: Lewis Pyenson, “Pure Learning and Political Economy: Science and European Expansion in the Age of Imperialism,” Proceedings of the Utrecht Conference, New Trends in the History of Science, R. P. W. Visser, H. J. M. Bos, L. C. Palm, and H. A. M. Snelders (eds), Amsterdam, Rodopi, 1989, p.209–278, on p.244–248.
For the carte du ciel: John Lankford, “The Impact of Photography on Astronomy”, in The General History of Astronomy, 4: Astrophysics and 20th Century Astronomy to 1950, Part A, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1984, p. 16–39, on p.29–32
Pyenson, “Pure Learning and Political Economy,...”, op. cit., p.241–244, for Ecuador; Terry Shinn is the author of a forthcoming study about the Bellevue laboratory.
Pyenson, “Pure Learning and Political Economy,...”, op. cit., p.274–278, which was presented at Utrecht in 1986.
Recognition of this limitation resolves the objections raised against my model by John Jenkin, “British Influence on Australian Physics, 1788–1988, Berichte zur Wissenschaftsgeschichte, 13, (1990), p.93–100, on p.98. My model, where British cultural imperialism rates high on “research” and “mercantilist” axes, provides a reasonable description of exact sciences in Australia.
Von der Dunk, “Commentary,” in New Trends,..., op. cit., p.279–282.
Lewis Pyenson, “Why Science May Serve Political Ends: Cultural Imperialism and the Mission to Civilize”, Berichte zur Wissenschaftsgeschichte, 13, (1990), p.69–81, for Coulomb and Lejay.
In their classic study of physics at the beginning of the 20th century, Paul Forman, John Heilbron, and Spencer Weart document the enormous role of the state in supporting the discipline: “Physics circa 1900: Personnel, Funding,and Productivity of the Academic Establishments”, appearing as Historical Studies in the Physical Sciences, 5, Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1975.
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Pyenson, L. (1992). Typologie des Stratégies d’Expansion En Sciences Exactes. In: Petitjean, P., Jami, C., Moulin, A.M. (eds) Science and Empires. Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science, vol 136. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-2594-9_22
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