Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Habitat heterogeneity and dispersal: environmental and genetic patchiness

  • Chapter
Animal Dispersal

Abstract

Dispersal may enhance the fitness of an animal in two ways: by changing either the habitat in which it lives, or the animals with which it associates. Adaptive interpretation of dispersal therefore requires an understanding of heterogeneity in the physical, genetical and social environments to which animals are exposed. This chapter is concerned with the physical and genetical environment, and introduces theory and relevant data which suggests that the importance of these factors has been underestimated. Chapter 5 deals with the social environment. Here I am concerned with the adaptive consequences of dispersal and transfer, and deal only cursorily with enforced movements by subordinate animals. I assume that these enforced movements are made by individuals with low potential fecundity (i.e. are probably doomed), and have few, if any, adaptive consequences.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Anderson, J.H. (1975) Phenotypic correlations among relatives and variability in reproductive performance in populations of the vole Microtus townsendii. Ph.D. Thesis, University of British Columbia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, P.K. (1970) Ecological structure and gene flow in small mammals. Symposium of the Zoological Society of London, 26, 299–325.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, P.K. (1980) Evolutionary implications of microtine behavioral systems on the ecological stage. The Biologist, 62, 70–88.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barrowclough, G.F. (1978) Sampling bias in dispersal studies based on finite area. Bird Banding, 49, 333–41.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bateman, A.J. (1948) Intra-sexual selection in Drosophila. Heredity, 2, 349–68.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bateson, P. (1982) Preference for cousins in Japanese quail. Nature, 295, 236–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bateson, P. (1983) Optimal outbreeding, in Mate Choice (ed. P. Bateson), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 257–77.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bateson, P., Lowick, W. and Scott, D.K. (1980) Similarities between the faces of parents and offspring in Bewick’s swan and the differences between mates. Journal of Zoology, 191, 61–74.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Batzli, G.O., Pitelka, F.A. and Cameron, G.N. (1983) Habitat use by lemmings near Barrow, Alaska. Holarctic Ecology, 6, 255–62.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beacham, T.D. (1979) Dispersal tendency and duration of life of littermates during population fluctuations of the vole Microtus townsendii. Oecologia, 42, 11–22.

    Google Scholar 

  • Begon, M. and Mortimer, M. (1981) Population Ecology: a unified study of plants and animals, Blackwell Scientific, Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bengtsson, B.O. (1978) Avoid inbreeding: at what cost? Journal of Theoretical Biology, 73, 439–44.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bondrup-Nielsen, S. (1985) An evaluation of the effects of space use and habitat patterns on dispersal in small mammals. Annales Zoologici Fennici, 22, 373–83.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boutin, S., Gilbert, B.S., Krebs, C.J. et al. (1985) The role of dispersal in the population dynamics of snowshoe hares. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 63, 106–15.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bowen, B.S. (1982) Temporal dynamics of microgeographic structure of genetic variation in Microtus californicus. Journal of Mammalogy, 63, 625–38.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cannings, C. and Thompson, E.A. (1981) Genealogical and Genetic Structure, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Charnov, E.L. (1982) The Theory of Sex Allocation, Princeton University Press, Princeton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clark, A.B. (1978) Sex ratio and local resource competition in a prosimian primate. Science, 201, 163–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cockburn, A. (1978) The distribution of Pseudomys shortridgei (Muridae: Rodentia) and its relevance to that of other heathland Pseudomys. Australian Wildlife Research, 5, 213–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cockburn, A. (1981) Population regulation and dispersion of the smoky mouse, Pseudomys fumeus. II. Spring decline, breeding success and habitat heterogeneity. Australian Journal of Ecology, 6, 255–67.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cockburn, A. (1985) Does dispersal increase as populations expand? Oikos, 44, 367–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cockburn, A., Braithwaite, R.W. and Lee, A.K. (1981) The response of the heath rat, Pseudomys shortridgei, to pyric succession: a temporally dynamic life history strategy. Journal of Animal Ecology, 50, 649–66.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cockburn, A., Lee, A.K. and Martin, R.W. (1983) Macrogeographic variation in litter size in Antechinus (Marsupialia: Dasyuridae) Evolution, 37, 86–95.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cockburn, A. and Lidicker, W.Z. (1983) Microhabitat heterogeneity and population ecology of an herbivorous rodent, Microtus californicus. Oecologia, 59, 167–77.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cockburn, A., Scott, M.P. and Dickman, C.R. (1985) Sex ratio and intrasexual kin competition in mammals. Oecologia, 66, 427–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cockburn, A., Scott, M.P. and Scotts, D.J. (1985) Inbreeding avoidance and sex-biased dispersal in Antechinus spp. (Marsupialia, Dasyuridae). Animal Behaviour, 33, 908–15.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Comins, H.N. (1982) Evolutionarily stable strategies for localized dispersal in two dimensions. Journal of theoretical Biology, 94, 579–606.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Comins, H.N., Hamilton, W.D. and May, R.M. (1980) Evolutionarily stable dispersal strategies. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 82, 205–30.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dewsbury, D.A. (1982) Ejaculate cost and male choice. American Naturalist, 119, 601–10.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dewsbury, D.A. (1985) Aggression, copulation, and differential reproduction of deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus) in a semi-natural enclosure. Behaviour, 91, 1–23.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dewsbury, D.A. and Sawrey, D.K. (1984) Male capacity as related to sperm production, pregnancy initiation, and sperm competition in deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus). Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 16, 37–47.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dobson, F.S. (1981) An experimental examination of an artificial dispersal technique. Journal of Mammalogy, 62, 74–81.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dobson, F.S. (1982) Competition for mates and predominant juvenile male dispersal in mammals. Animal Behaviour, 30, 1183–92.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Elton, C.S. (1942) Voles, Mice and Lemmings: problems of population dynamics, Oxford University Press, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Endler, J.A. (1977) Geographic Variation, Speciation, and Clines, Princeton University Press, Princeton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Falconer, D.S. (1981) Introduction to Quantitative Genetics, 2nd edn, Longman, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fretwell, S.D. (1972) Populations in a Seasonal Environment, Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fretwell, S.D. and Lucas, H.L. (1970) On territorial behavior and other factors influencing habitat distribution in birds. I. Theoretical development. Acta Biotheoretica, 19, 16–36.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Futuyma, D.J. (1986) Evolutionary Biology, 2nd edn, Sinauer, Sunderland, Massachusetts.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gadgil, M. (1971) Dispersal: population consequences and evolution. Ecology, 52, 253–61.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gaines, M.S. and McClenaghan, L.R. (1980) Dispersal in small mammals. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 11, 163–96.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gaines, M.S. and Whittam, T.S. (1980) Genetic changes in fluctuating vole populations: selective vs nonselective forces. Genetics, 96, 767-78

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Giesel, J.T. (1976) Reproductive strategies as adaptations to life in temporally heterogeneous environments. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 7, 51–19.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gliwicz, J. (1980) Island populations of rodents: their organization and functioning. Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, 55, 109–38.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gould, S.J. and Lewontin, R.C. (1979) The spandrels of San Marco and the Panglossian paradigm: a critique of the adaptionist programme. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, B205, 581–98.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Greenwood, P.J. (1980) Mating systems, philopatry and dispersal in birds and mammals. Animal Behaviour, 28, 1140–62.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Greenwood, P.J. (1983) Mating systems and the evolutionary consequences of dispersal, in The Ecology of Animal Movement (eds I.R. Swingland and P.J. Greenwood), Clarendon Press, Oxford, pp. 116–31.

    Google Scholar 

  • Greenwood, P.J. and Harvey, P.H. (1982) The natal and breeding dispersal of birds. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 13, 1–21.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Greenwood, P.J., Harvey, P.H. and Perrins, C.M. (1979) The role of dispersal in the great tit (Parus major): the causes, consequences and heritability of natal dispersal. Journal of Animal Ecology, 48, 123–42.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grodziński, W., Makomaska, M., Tertil, R. and Weiner, J. (1977) Bioenergetics and total impact of vole populations. Oikos, 29, 494–510.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gyllensten, U. (1985) Temporal allozyme frequency changes in density fluctuating populations of willow grouse (Lagopus lagopus L.). Evolution, 39, 115–21.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hamilton, W.D. and May, R.M. (1978) Dispersal in stable habitats. Nature, 269, 578–81.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hansson, L. (1977) Spatial dynamics of field voles Microtus agrestis in heterogeneous landscapes. Oikos, 29, 539–44.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hansson, L. (1979) On the importance of habitat heterogeneity in northern regions for the breeding population densities of homeotherms: a general hypothesis. Oikos, 33, 182–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hansson, L. (1984) Winter reproduction of small mammals in relation to food conditions and population dynamics, in Winter Ecology of Small Mammals (ed. J.F. Merritt), Carnegie Museum of Natural History, Pittsburgh, pp. 225–34.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harris, M.A. and Murie, J.O. (1984) Inheritance of nest sites in female Columbian ground squirrels. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 15, 97–102.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hilborn, R. (1975) Similarities in dispersal tendency among siblings in four species of voles (Microtus). Ecology, 56, 1221–5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Holekamp, K.E. (1984a) Dispersal in ground-dwelling sciurids, in The Biology of Ground-dwelling Squirrels (eds J.O. Murie and G.R. Michener), University of Nebraska Press, London, pp. 297–320.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holekamp, K.E. (1984b) Natal dispersal in Belding’s ground squirrels (Spermophilus beldingi). Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 16, 21–30.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jannett, F.J. (1980) Social dynamics of the montane vole, Microtus montanus, as a paradigm. The Biologist, 62, 3–19.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jeffreys, A.J., Wilson, V. and Thein, S.L. (1985) Hypervariable ‘minisatellite’ regions in human DNA. Nature, 314, 67–73.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kaikusalo, A. and Tast, J. (1984) Winter breeding of microtine rodents at Kilpisjärvi, Finnish Lapland, in Winter Ecology of Small Mammals (ed. J.F. Merritt), Carnegie Museum of Natural History, Pittsburgh, pp. 243–52.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kawata, M. (1985) Sex differences in the spatial distribution of genotypes in the red-backed vole, Clethrionomys rufocanus bedfordiae. Journal of Mammalogy, 66, 384–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Keith, T.P. and Tamarin, R.H. (1981) Genetic and demographic differences between dispersers and residents in cycling and noncycling vole populations. Journal of Mammalogy, 62, 713–25.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Krebs, C.J. (1964) The lemming cycle at Baker Lake, Northwest Territories, during 1959–1967. Technical Papers of the Arctic Institute of North America, 15, 1–104.

    Google Scholar 

  • Krebs, C.J. (1978) A review of the Chitty hypothesis of population regulation. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 56, 2463–80.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Krebs, C.J. (1979) Dispersal, spacing behaviour, and genetics in relation to population fluctuations in the vole Microtus townsendii. Fortschritte der Zoologie, 25, 61–77.

    Google Scholar 

  • Krebs, C.J., Wingate, I., LeDuc, J. et al. (1976) Microtus population biology: dispersal in fluctuating populations of M. townsendii. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 54, 79–95.

    Google Scholar 

  • Krohne, D.T. (1980) Intraspecific litter size variation in Microtus californicus. II. Variation between populations. Evolution, 34, 1174–82.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Krohne, D.T., Dubbs, B.A. and Baccus, R. (1984) Analysis of dispersal in an unmanipulated population of Peromyscus leucopus. American Midland Naturalist, 112, 146–56.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Krohne, D.T. and Miner, M.S. (1985) Removal trapping studies of dispersal in Peromyscus leucopus. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 63, 71–5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, A.K. and Cockburn, A. (1985) Evolutionary Ecology of Marsupials, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, A.K. and McDonald, I.R. (1985) Stress and population regulation in small mammals. Oxford Reviews in Reproductive Biology, 7, 261–304.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liberg, O. and von Schantz, T. (1985) Sex-biased philopatry and dispersal in birds and mammals: the Oedipus hypothesis. American Naturalist, 126, 129–35.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lidicker, W.Z. (1973) Regulation of numbers in an island population of the California vole, a problem in community dynamics. Ecological Monographs, 43, 271–302.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lidicker, W.Z. (1975) The role of dispersal in the demography of small mammals, in Small Mammals: productivity and dynamics of populations (eds K. Petrusewicz, F.B. Golley and L. Ryszkowski), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 103–28.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lidicker, W.Z. (1985a) Dispersal, in Biology of New World Microtus (ed. R.H. Tamarin), Special Publication No. 8, American Society of Mammalogists, pp. 420–54.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lidicker, W.Z. (1985b) Population structuring as a factor in understanding microtine cycles. Acta Zoologica Fennica, 173, 23–7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lidicker, W.Z. and Caldwell, R.L. (1982) Editors comments on papers 1 through 10, in Dispersal and Migration, Hutchinson Ross, Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania, pp. 9–16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Łomnicki, A. (1978) Individual differences between animals and natural regulation of their numbers. Journal of Animal Ecology, 47, 461–75.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Łomnicki, A. (1980) Regulation of population density due to individual differences and patchy environment. Oikos, 35, 185–93.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McDonald, I.R. and Taitt, M.J. (1982) Steroid hormones in the blood plasma of Townsend’s vole (Microtus townsendii). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 60, 2264–9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McGregor, P.K. and Krebs, J.R. (1982) Mating and song types in the great tit. Nature 297, 60–61.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Madison, D.M. (1984) Group nesting and its ecological and evolutionary significance in overwintering microtine rodents, in Winter Ecology of Small Mammals (ed. J.F. Merritt), Carnegie Museum of Natural History, Pittsburgh, pp. 267–74.

    Google Scholar 

  • Madison, D.M., Fitzgerald, R.W. and McShea, W.J. (1984) Dynamics of social nesting in overwintering meadow voles (Microtus pennsylvanicus): possible consequences for population cycling. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 15, 9-17.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maynard Smith, J. (1982) Evolution and the Theory of Games, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Millington, S.J. and Price, T.D. (1985) Song inheritance and mating patterns in Darwin’s finches. Auk, 102, 342–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moore, J. and Ali, R. (1984) Are dispersal and inbreeding avoidance related? Animal Behaviour, 32, 94–112.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Motro, U. (1982a) Optimal rates of dispersal I. Haploid populations. Theoretical Population Biology, 21, 394–411.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Motro, U. (1982b) Optimal rates of dispersal II. Diploid populations. Theoretical Population Biology, 21, 412–29.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Motro, U. (1983) Optimal rates of dispersal III. Parent-offspring conflict. Theoretical Population Biology, 23, 159–68.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Motro, U. and Thomson, G. (1982) On heterozygosity and the effective size of populations subject to size changes. Evolution, 36, 1059–66.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Myers, J.H. and Krebs, C.J. (1971) Genetic, behavioural, and reproductive attributes of dispersing field voles Microtus pennsylvanicus and Microtus ochrogaster. Ecological Monographs, 41, 53–78.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Myllymäki, A. (1977) Demographic mechanisms in the fluctuating populations of the field vole Microtus agrestis. Oikos, 29, 468–93.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nakatsura, K. and Kramer, D.L. (1982) Is sperm cheap? Limited male fertility and female choice in the Lemon Tetra (Pisces, Characidae). Science, 216, 753–5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Naumov, N.P. (1954) The Ecology of Mammals, Sov Nauka, Moscow (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  • Naumov, N.P. (1964) Spatial features and mechanisms of the dynamics of numbers in terrestrial vertebrates, in Contemporary Problems in the Study of the Dynamics of Numbers in Animal Populations, Izd Akad Nauk SSR, Moscow (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  • Newsome, A.E. (1969a) A population study of house mice temporarily inhabiting a South Australian wheatfield. Journal of Animal Ecology, 38, 341–60.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Newsome, A.E. (1969b) A population study of house mice permanently inhabiting a reed bed in South Australia. Journal of Animal Ecology, 38, 361–78.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • van Noordwijk, A.R. (1984) Problems in the analysis of dispersal and a critique on its ‘heritability’ in the great tit. Journal of Animal Ecology, 53, 533–44.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ostfeld, R.S. (1985) Limiting resources and territoriality in microtine rodents. American Naturalist, 126, 1–15.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Packer, C. (1985) Dispersal and inbreeding avoidance. Animal Behaviour, 33, 676–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Partridge, L. (1983) Non-random mating and offspring fitness, in Mate Choice (ed. P. Bateson), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 227–53.

    Google Scholar 

  • Peterson, R.O., Page, R.E. and Dodge, K.M. (1984) Wolves, moose, and the allometry of population cycles. Science, 224, 1350–2.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pickering, J., Getz, L.L. and Whitt, G.S. (1974) An esterase phenotype correlated with dispersal in Microtus. Transactions of the Illinois Academy of Sciences, 67, 471–5.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pokki, J. (1981) Distribution, demography and dispersal of the field vole, Microtus agrestis (L.), in the Tvarminne archipelago, Finland. Acta Zoologica Fennica, 164, 1–48.

    Google Scholar 

  • Power, M.E. (1984) Habitat quality and the distribution of algae-grazing catfish in a Panamanian stream. Journal of Animal Ecology, 53, 357–74.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Price, M.V. and Waser, N.M. (1979) Pollen dispersal and optimal out-crossing in Delphinium nelsoni. Nature, 280, 389–91.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Prout, T. (1981) A note on the island model with sex dependent migration. Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 59, 327–32.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pruitt, W.O. (1984) Snow and small mammals, in Winter Ecology of Small Mammals, (ed. J.F. Merritt), Carnegie Museum of Natural History, Pittsburgh, pp. 1–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pulliam, H.R. and Caraco, T. (1984) Living in groups: is there an optimal size? Behavioural Ecology: an evolutionary approach, 2nd edn (eds J.R. Krebs and N.B. Davies), Blackwell Scientific, Oxford, pp. 122–47.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ralls, K., Harvey, P.H. and Lyles, A.M. (1986) Inbreeding in natural populations of mammals, in Conservation Biology: the science of scarcity and diversity, Sinauer, Sunderland, Massachusetts, pp. 35–56.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rausher, M.D. (1984) The evolution of habitat preferences in subdivided populations. Evolution, 38, 598–608.

    Google Scholar 

  • Riggs, L.A. (1979) Experimental studies of dispersal in the California vole, Microtus californicus. Ph.D. Thesis, University of California at Berkeley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Saxon, M. (1984) B.Sc. (Hons) thesis, Monash University, Victoria, Australia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scott, M.P. and Tan, T.N. (1985) A radiotracer technique for the determination of male mating success in natural populations. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 17, 29–33.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Scotts, D.J. (1983) The social organization of Antechinus stuartii (Macleay) (Marsupialia, Dasyuridae) at Sherbrooke Forest, Victoria. B.Sc. (Hons) thesis, Monash University, Victoria, Australia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shields, W.M. (1983) Optimal inbreeding and the evolution of philopatry, in The Ecology of Animal Movement (eds I.R. Swingland and P.J. Greenwood), Clarendon Press, Oxford, pp. 132–59.

    Google Scholar 

  • Silk, J.B. (1984) Local resource competition and the evolution of male-biased sex ratios. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 108, 203–13.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, M.H., Manlove, M.N. and Joule, J. (1978) Spatial and temporal dynamics of the genetic organisation of small mammal populations, in Populations of Small Mammals Under Natural Conditions (ed. D.P. Snyder), Pyamatuning Ecology Laboratory, Pittsburgh, pp. 99–113.

    Google Scholar 

  • Southwood, T.R.E. (1977) Habitat, the templet for ecological strategies? Journal of Animal Ecology, 46, 337–65.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stenseth, N.C. (1978) Demographic strategies in fluctuating populations of small rodents. Oecologia, 33, 149–72.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stenseth, N.C. (1981) On Chitty’s theory for fluctuating populations: the importance of genetic polymorphism in the generation of regular density cycles. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 90, 9–36.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stenseth, N.C. (1983) Causes and consequences of dispersal in small mammals, in The Ecology of Animal Movement (eds I.R. Swingland and P.J. Greenwood), Clarendon Press, Oxford, pp. 63–101.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tamarin, R.H. (1977) Dispersal in island and mainland voles. Ecology, 58, 1044–54.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tamarin, R.H. (1978) Dispersal, population regulation, and K-selection in field mice. American Naturalist, 112, 545–55.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tamarin, R.H. (1980) Dispersal and population regulation in rodents, in Biosocial Mechanisms of Population Regulation (eds M.N. Cohen, R.S. Malpass and H.G. Klein), Yale University Press, New Haven, pp. 117–33.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tamarin, R.H. (1984) Body mass as a criterion of dispersal in voles: a critique. Journal of Mammalogy 65, 691–2.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tamarin, R.H., Reich, L.M. and Moyer, C.A. (1984) Meadow vole cycles within fences. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 62, 1796–804.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tamarin, R.H., Sheridan, M. and Levy, C.K. (1983) Determining matrilineal kinship in natural populations of rodents using radionuclides. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 61, 271–4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, P.D. (1981) Intra-sex and inter-sex sibling interactions as sex ratio determinants. Nature 291, 64–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Trivers, R.L. (1972) Parental investment and sexual selection, in Sexual Selection and the Descent of Man (ed. B. Campbell), Heinemann, London, pp. 136–79.

    Google Scholar 

  • Uchmanski, J. (1983) The effect of emigration on population stability: a generalization of the model of regulation of animal numbers, based on individual differences. Oikos, 41, 49–56.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wahlund, S. (1928) Zuzammensetzung von Populationen und Korrelationserscheinungen vom Standpunkt der Verebungslehre aus betrachet. Hereditas, 11, 65–106.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Warkowska-Dratnal, H. and Stenseth, N.C. (1985) Dispersal and the microtine cycle: comparison of two hypotheses. Oecologia, 65, 468–77.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Waser, N.M. and Price, M.V. (1983) Optimal and actual outcrossing in plants, and the nature of plant-pollinator interactions, in Handbook of Experimental Pollination Biology (eds C.E. Jones and R.J. Little) Scientific and Academic Editions, New York, pp. 341–59.

    Google Scholar 

  • Webster, A.B. and Brooks, R.J. (1981) Social behaviour of Microtus pennsylvanicus in relation to seasonal changes in demography. Journal of Mammalogy, 62, 738–51.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • West, S.D. and Dublin, H.T. (1984) Behavioral strategies of small mammals under winter conditions: solitary or social? in Winter Ecology of Small Mammals (ed. J.F. Merritt), Carnegie Museum of Natural History, Pittsburgh, pp. 293–99.

    Google Scholar 

  • Whitham, T.G. (1980) The theory of habitat selection: examined and extended using Pemphigus aphids. American Naturalist, 115 449–66.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wolff, J.O. (1980) The role of patchiness in the population dynamics of snowshoe hares. Ecological Monographs, 50, 111–30.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wolff, J.O. and Lidicker, W.Z. (1981) Communal winter nesting and food sharing in taiga voles. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 9, 237–40.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wright, S. (1978) Evolution and the Genetics of Populations, Vol. 4, Variability Within and Among Natural Populations, University of Chicago Press, Chicago.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. A. Cockburn
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biology, University of Oslo, Norway

    Nils Chr. Stenseth

  2. Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, USA

    William Z. Lidicker Jr

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1992 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Cockburn, A. (1992). Habitat heterogeneity and dispersal: environmental and genetic patchiness. In: Stenseth, N.C., Lidicker, W.Z. (eds) Animal Dispersal. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-2338-9_4

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-2338-9_4

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-94-010-5033-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-011-2338-9

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation