Skip to main content

Green and semi-fermented teas

  • Chapter
Tea

Abstract

The tea plant belongs to the genus Camellia within which about 90 named species are included. These species are distributed primarily on the mainland of south-east Asia. Tea, Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze, is consumed as a beverage throughout the world.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 259.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 329.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 329.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Anan, T. and Nakagawa, M. (1974) Effect of light on chemical constituents in tea leaves. Nippon Nogei Kagaku Kaishi, 48, 91–6.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Anan, T., Takayanagi, H., Ikegaya, K. and Nakagawa, M. (1983) Clonal differences in the aroma of green tea. Study of Tea, 65, 46–55.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aono, H., Yanase, Y., Tanaka, S. and Sugii, S. (1976) Use of chemical fibre cloths as the artificial shading materials in tea cultivation. Bulletin of the National Research Institute of Tea, 12, 1–124.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fisher, N., Nitz, S. and Drawert, F. (1987) Bound flavour compounds in plants. 2 Free and bound flavour compounds in green and black tea. Zeitschrift für Lebensmitteluntersuchung und Forschung, 185, 195–201.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hara, T. (1981) Volatile compounds formed on roasting l-theanine with d-glucose. Nippon Nogei Kagaku Kaishi, 55, 1069–72.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hara, T. and Kubota, E. (1974) Changes in aroma compounds during heating of green tea. Nippon Shokuhin Kogyo Gakkaishi, 21, 495–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hara, T. and Kubota, E. (1979) Aroma property and its preservation of early spring tea. Nippon Shokuhin Kogyo Gakkaishi, 26, 391–5.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hara, T. and Kubota, E. (1982a). Volatile compounds formed on heating L-theanine with D-xylose. Study of Tea, 62, 55–6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hara, T. and Kubota, E. (1982b). Aroma compounds formed on heating amino compounds and sugars found in green tea. Study of Tea, 63, 39–44.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hara, T. and Kubota, E. (1983a) Aroma compounds formed on heating catechin with L-theanine. Study of Tea, 64, 32–3.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hara, T. and Kubota, E. (1983b) Oxazoles and pyrazines identified in roasted green tea aroma. Study of Tea, 65, 59–61.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hatanaka, A. and Harada, T. (1973) Formation of Z-3-hexenal, E-hexenal and Z-3-hexenol in macerated Thea sinensis leaves. Phytochemistry, 12, 2341–6.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hatanaka, A., Kajiwara, T. and Sekiya, J. (1976) Biosynthesis of E-2-hexenal in the chloroplast of Thea sinensis. Phytochemistry, 15, 1125–6.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hatanaka, A., Sekiya, J., Kajiwara, T. and Miura, T. (1979). Further characterization of the enzyme system producing C6-aldehyde from C18-unsaturated fatty acid in tea chloroplast. Agricultural and Biological Chemistry, 43, 735–40.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hatanaka, A., Kajiwara, T., Sekiya, J. et al. (1982) Participation and properties of lipoxygenase and hydroperoxide-lyase in volatile C6-aldehyde formation from C18-unsaturated fatty acids in isolated tea chloroplasts. Plants and Cell Physiology, 23, 91–9.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hoshina, J. (1985) Studies on absorption and utilisation of fertilizer nitrogen by tea plants. Bulletin of the National Research Institute of Tea, 20, 1–90.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ikegaya, K., Takayanagi, H. and Anan, T. (1984) The chemical composition of Matsu-cha. Tea Research Journal, 60, 79–81.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ishigaki, K. (1978) Studies on the nutritive characters of tea plants. Bulletin of the National Research Institute of Tea, 14, 1–152.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kawabata, M., Ohtsuki, K., Kokura, H. and Wakahara, Y. (1977) Determination of dimethylsulphide in the headspace vapour of green tea by gas chromatography. Agricultural and Biological Chemistry, 41, 2285–7.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kawakami, M. and Yamanishi, T. (1981) Aroma characteristics of Kabuse-cha (shaded green tea). Nippon Nogei Kagaku Kaishi, 55, 117–23.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kawakami, M. and Yamanishi, T. (1983) Flavour constituents of Rongjing tea. Agricultural and Biological Chemistry, 47, 2077–83.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kawakami, M., Yamanishi, Y. and Kobayashi, A. (1986). The application of the pouchong tea process to the leaves from the tea plant var. assamica-dominant hybrids. Agricultural and Biological Chemistry, 50, 1095–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kawakami, M., Uchida, H. and Kobayashi, A. (1987) Correlation between caffeine and total nitrogen in small tea leaf species (var. assamica.) Nippon Nogei Kagaku Kaishi, 61, 365–7.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kobayashi, A., Tachiyama, K., Kawakami, K. et al .(1985) Effect of solar withering and turn over treatment during indoor withering on the formation of pouchong tea aroma. Agricultural and Biological Chemistry, 49, 1655–60.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kosuge, M., Mori, Y. and Yamanishi, Y. (1979) The aroma characteristics of var. Sayamakaori, a newly registered variety of tea plant. Nippon Nogei Kagaku Kaishi, 52, 259–62.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kosuge, M., Isaka, H. and Yamanishi, T. (1981) Flavour constituents of Chinese and Japanese pan-fired green tea. Eiyo to Shokuryou, 34, 545–9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kubota, E. and Hara, T. (1976) Evaluating methods of green tea grade by chemical and physical techniques. Study of Tea, 50, 63–7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nagata, T. and Sakai, S. (1984) Differences in caffeine, flavanols and amino acids contents in leaves of cultivated species of Camellia. Japanese Journal of Plant Breeding, 34, 459–67.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nagata, T. and Sakai, S. (1985a) Caffeine, flavanol and amino acids contents in leaves of hybrids and species of the section Dubias in the genus Camellia. Japanese Journal of Plant Breeding, 35, 1–8.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nagata, T. and Sakai, S. (1985b) The distribution of Sazanquin in leaves of the genus Camellia. Study of Tea, 67, 1–4.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nakagawa, M. (1970) Relations of catechins with the qualities of green and black teas. Bulletin of the Tea Research Station, Japan, 6, 65–166.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nakagawa, M. (1975) Contribution of green tea constituents to the intensity of taste elements of brew. Study of Tea, 48, 77–83.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nakagawa, M. and Furuya, E. (1975) Varietal differences in amino acids, tannin and total nitrogen contents in tea shoots. Study of Tea, 48, 84–95.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nakagawa, M., Anan, T. and Ishima, N. (1976) The relationship of green tea taste with its chemical composition. Bulletin of the National Research Institute of Tea, 17, 69–123.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nakagawa, M., Anan, T. and Iwasa, K. (1977) The differences of flavour and chemical composition between spring harvested and summer harvested green teas. Study of Tea, 53, 74–81.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nakamura, K., Goto, K., Kudo, Y. and Hara, T. (1981) Storage test of packed tea with free oxygen absorbers. Tea Research Journal, 54, 66–70.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nakayama, A., Doi, Y. and Sakai, S. (1979) Studies on the effect of light quality on growth of the tea plant. Bulletin of the National Research Institute of Tea, 15, 1–49.

    Google Scholar 

  • Omori, K. (1983) Discrimination between Gyokuru and Sen-cha. Tea Research Journal, 58, 28–35.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Otsuki, K., Kawabata, M., Kokura, H. and Taguchi, T. (1987) Simultaneous determination of S-methylmethionine, VU and free amino acids in extracts of green tea with an HPLC amino acid analyser. Agricultural and Biological Chemistry, 51, 2479–84.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Owuor, P. O., Takeo, T., Horita, H. et al. (1987) Differentiation of clonal tea by Terpene Index. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 40, 341–6.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Owuor, P. O., Wu, Q. and Horita, H. (1988) Composition of flavour components in Fujian oolong tea. Tea Research Journal, 68, 33–6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Saijo, R. (1981) Changes in the catechin contents during the development of tea leaves. Study of Tea, 61, 28–30.

    Google Scholar 

  • Saijo, R. (1982) Isolation and chemical structure of new catechins from fresh tea leaves. Agricultural and Biological Chemistry, 46, 1969–70.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Saijo, R. and Takeo, T. (1972) The importance of linoleic acid and linolenic acid as precursors of hexanal and E-2-hexenal in black tea. Plant and Cell Physiology, 13, 991–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Saijo, R. and Takeo, T. (1978) Changes in some metabolites of tea shoots during ageing and shade treatment. Tea Research Journal, 54, 37–43.

    Google Scholar 

  • Saijo, R. and Takeo, T. (1980) The effect of shade treatment on the biosynthesis of catechins in the tea plant. Plant and Cell Physiology, 21, 989–98.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shojaku, S., Takayanagi, H., Anan, T. and Ikegaya, K. (1984) Chemical composition of Chinese Bai-cha, Huang-cha, Qing-cha and Hei-cha and the preference testing of these teas. Tea Research Journal, 60, 59–65.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Takayanagi, H. (1977) Relationship between the contents of manganese and vitamin C in the leaves of shaded tea. Study of Tea, 52, 50–1.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Takayanagi, H., Anan, T., Ikegawa, K. and Nakagawa, M. (1984) Chemical composition of oolong and pouchong tea. Tea Research Journal, 60, 54–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Takayanagi, H., Anan, T., Ikegawa, K. and Nakagawa, M. (1985) Variation in chemical composition during the development of tea shoots. Tea Research Journal, 61, 20–5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Takei, Y., Ishiwata, K. and Yamanishi, T. (1976) Aroma components characteristic of spring harvested green tea. Agricultural and Biological Chemistry, 40, 2151–7.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Takei, Y., Ishikawa, Y., Hirao, H. et al. (1978) The influence of the amount of supplied fertilizer and vinyl-house cultivation on tea aroma. Nippon Nogei Kagaku Kaishi, 52, 505–12.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Takeo, T. (1980) Survey of mineral contents in green and black tea by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry. Nippon Shokuhin Kogyo Gakkaishi, 27, 445–7.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Takeo, T. (1981a) Nitrogen assimilation set the main problems of theanine (N5-ethylglutamine) in tea plant concerning the taste of green tea. Bulletin of the National Research Institute of Tea, 17, 1–68.

    Google Scholar 

  • Takeo, T. (1981b). Production of linalol and geraniol by hydrolytic breakdown of bound forms in disrupted tea shoots. Phytochemistry, 20, 2145–7.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Takeo, T. (1981c). Variation in the amounts of linalol and geraniol produced in tea shoots by mechanical injury. Phytochemistry, 20, 2149–51.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Takeo, T. (1981d) Chemical analysis of aromatic compounds in semi-fermented tea. Nippon Shokuhin Kogyo Gakkaishi, 28, 176–80.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Takeo, T. (1982a) The clonal specificity of the monoterpene alcohol composition of tea shoots. Nippon Nogei Kagaku Kaishi, 56, 45–7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Takeo, T. (1982b) Variation in aromatic compound content in non-fermented and semi-fermented tea. Nippon Nogei Kagaku Kaishi, 56, 799–801.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Takeo, T. (1983a) Direct analysis of minerals in tea infusion by inductively coupled plasma source atomic emission spectrometry. Nippon Shokuhin Kogyo Gakkaishi, 30, 476–9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Takeo, T. (1983b) Variation in the aroma compound content of semi-fermented tea and black tea. Nippon Nogei Kagaku Kaishi, 57, 457–9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Takeo, T. (1984a) Withering effect on the aroma formation found during oolong tea manufacturing. Agricultural and Biological Chemistry, 48, 1083–5.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Takeo, T. (1984b) Characteristic properties of oolong tea made in different areas of China. Tea Research Journal, 60, 50–2.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Takeo, T. and Imamura, Y. (1984) Comparison of liquid properties and coloured compounds found in liquids among oolong, black and green teas. Tea Research Journal, 60, 46–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Takeo, T., Tashiro, M. and Imamura, Y. (1984) Withering effect on the flavour formation of oolong tea. Tea Research Journal, 60, 43–5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Takeo, T., Tsushida, T., Mahanta, P. K. et al. (1985) Food chemical investigation of the aromas of oolong tea and black tea. Bulletin of the National Research Institute of Tea, 20, 91–180.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tokitomo, Y., Ikegama, M., Yamanishi, T. et al .(1984) Effects of withering and mass-rolling processes on the formation of aroma components in pouchong type semi-fermented tea. Agricultural and Biological Chemistry, 48, 87–91.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tsushida, T. (1986) Biochemical studies on the senescence of plucked tea leaves. Bulletin of the National Research Institute of Tea, 21, 203–93.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tsushida, T. and Takeo, T. (1977) Zinc, copper, lead and cadmium contents in green tea. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 28, 255–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tsushida, T. and Takeo, T. (1980) Determination of copper, lead and cadmium in tea by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. Nippon Shokuhin Kogyo Gakkaishi, 27, 585–9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wada, K., Nakada, Y., Honjo, Y. et al. (1988) Chlorophyll content of tea leaves and green tea product in relation to quality control. Tea Research Journal, 68, 22–32.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yamaguchi, K. and Shibamoto, T. (1981) Volatile constituents of green tea, Gyokuro (Camellia sinensis L. var. Yabukita). Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 29, 366–70.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yamanishi, T., Shimojo, S., Ukita, M. et al. (1973) Aroma of roasted green tea (Hoji-cha). Agricultural and Biological Chemistry, 37, 2147–53.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yamanishi, T., Kosuge, M., Tokitomo, Y. and Maeda, R. (1980) Partially fermented tea: pouchong tea. Agricultural and Biological Chemistry, 44, 2139–42.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1992 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Takeo, T. (1992). Green and semi-fermented teas. In: Willson, K.C., Clifford, M.N. (eds) Tea. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-2326-6_13

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-2326-6_13

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-94-010-5027-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-011-2326-6

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics