Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Experimental Methods

  • Chapter
Polymers at Interfaces

  • 267 Accesses

Abstract

In this chapter the experimental systems and techniques that have been used to study the properties of adsorbed polymer layers are discussed. Whenever possible we shall try to evaluate each technique, indicating limitations and pitfalls. It is perhaps useful to point out that no single technique can fully characterise a given system so that the best strategy is to combine data from several (judiciously chosen) techniques.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 219.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 299.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 279.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. See, e.g., A.W. Adamson, “Physical Chemistry of Surfaces”, Wiley, N.Y. 5 (1990) 560.

    Google Scholar 

  2. See, e.g., N.C. Billingham, “Molar Measurements in Polymer Science”, Kogan Page (1977) 199.

    Google Scholar 

  3. J.Th.G. Overbeek, Adv. Colloid Interface Sci. 15 (1982) 251.

    Google Scholar 

  4. R.S. Chow and K. Takamura, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 125 (1988) 226.

    Google Scholar 

  5. E. Matjevíc, (a) J. Colloid Interface Sci. 32 (1969) 257; (b) ibid. 58 (1977) 374; (c) J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem. 35 (1973) 3691.

    Google Scholar 

  6. D.H. Everett, J.M. Haynes, and P.J. McElroy, Science Progr. Oxford 59 (1971) 279

    Google Scholar 

  7. R. Laible and K. Hamann, Adv. Colloid Interface Sci. 13 (1980) 65.

    Google Scholar 

  8. K.E.J. Barrett, “Dispersion Polymerisation in Organic Media”, Wiley Interscience, N.Y. (1975).

    Google Scholar 

  9. K. Ryan, Chem. and Ind. (1988) 359.

    Google Scholar 

  10. B. Vincent, J. Chem. Eng. Sci. 48 (1993) 429.

    Google Scholar 

  11. J. Edwards, S. Lenon, A.F. Toussaint, and B. Vincent, in “Polymer Adsorption and Dispersion Stability”, ed. E.D. Goddard and B. Vincent, Amer. Chem. Soc. Symp. Ser. 240 (1984) 245.

    Google Scholar 

  12. I.D. Robb, Comprehensive Polymer Sci. 2 (1989) 733.

    Google Scholar 

  13. E. Parsonage, M. Tirrell, H. Watanabe, and R. G. Nuzzo, Macromolecules 24 (1991) 2007.

    Google Scholar 

  14. G.G. Cameron, Comprehensive Polymer Sci. 1 (1989) 517.

    Google Scholar 

  15. A. T. Bullock, G. G. Cameron, and P. Smith, Eur. Polym. J. 11 (1975) 617.

    Google Scholar 

  16. H.E. Johnson and S. Granick, Macromolecules 23 (1990) 3367; P. Frantz and S. Granick, Phys. Rev. Lett. 66 (1991) 899.

    Google Scholar 

  17. J.C. Dijt, M.A. Cohen Stuart, J.E. Hofman, and G.J. Fleer, Colloids Surfaces 51 (1990) 141

    Google Scholar 

  18. E. Killmann and M. von Kuzenko, Angewandte Makromol. Chem. 35 (1974) 39.

    Google Scholar 

  19. J.F. Tassin, R.L. Siemens, W.T. Tang, G. Hadziioannou, J.D. Swalen, and B.A. Smith, J. Phys. Chem. 93 (1989) 2106.

    Google Scholar 

  20. J.A. Creighton, C.G. Blatchford, and M.G. Albrecht, J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. II 75 (1979) 790.

    Google Scholar 

  21. T.Z. Fu and C.J. Durning, Polymer Preprints ACS Div. Polym. Chem. 31 (1990), 519.

    Google Scholar 

  22. T. Cosgrove, C. Prestidge, and B. Vincent J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 86 (1990) 1377.

    Google Scholar 

  23. P.F. Luckham and J. Klein, Macromolecules 18 (1985) 721.

    Google Scholar 

  24. J. Marra and M.L. Hair, Macromolecules 21 (1988) 2349.

    Google Scholar 

  25. G. S. Sadakne and J. L. White, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 17 (1973) 483.

    Google Scholar 

  26. M.L. Hair, “IR Spectroscopy in Surface Chemistry”, Marcel Dekker, New York (1967).

    Google Scholar 

  27. L. Little, “IR Spectroscopy of Adsorbed Species”, Academic Press, London (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  28. A.V. Kiselev and V.I. Lygin “IR Spectroscopy of Surface Compounds”, Academic Press, London (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  29. B. Fontana and J. Thomas, J. Phys. Chem. 65 (1962) 480.

    Google Scholar 

  30. I.D. Robb and J.C. Day, Polymer 21 (1980) 408.

    Google Scholar 

  31. K.K. Chittur, D.J. Fink, R.L. Leininger, and T.B. Hutson, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 111 (1986) 419.

    Google Scholar 

  32. D.J. Kuzmenka and S. Granick, Colloids Surfaces 31 (1988) 105.

    Google Scholar 

  33. C. Prestidge, PhD Thesis, Bristol (1990).

    Google Scholar 

  34. M. Hair, C. Tripp, and D. Guzonas, ACS Symposium Ser. 447 (1990) 237

    Google Scholar 

  35. A. Carrington and A.D. McLachlan, “Introduction to Magnetic Resonance”, Chapman and Hall, London (1979).

    Google Scholar 

  36. T. C. Farrar and E. D. Becker “Pulse and Fourier Transform NMR” Academic Press (London) (1971).

    Google Scholar 

  37. F. Blum, Colloids and Surfaces 45 (1990) 361.

    Google Scholar 

  38. T. Cosgrove and P. Griffiths, Adv. Colloid Interface Sci. 42 (1992) 175.

    Google Scholar 

  39. B. Bloembergen, E. M. Purcell, and R. V. Pound, Phys. Rev. 73 (1948) 679

    Google Scholar 

  40. T. Miyamoto and H.J. Cantow, Makromol. Chemie 162 (1972) 43.

    Google Scholar 

  41. A. Diaz-Barrios and G.J. Howard, Makromol. Chemie 182 (1981) 108.

    Google Scholar 

  42. K.G. Barnett, T. Cosgrove, M.A. Cohen Stuart, D.S. Sissons, and B. Vincent, Macromolecules 14 (1981) 1018

    Google Scholar 

  43. T. Cosgrove and K. Ryan, Langmuir 6 (1990) 136.

    Google Scholar 

  44. G.P. van der Beek, M.A. Cohen Stuart, and T. Cosgrove, Langmuir 7 (1991) 327.

    Google Scholar 

  45. T. Cosgrove, T. Obey, and M. Taylor, Colloids Surfaces 64 (1992) 311.

    Google Scholar 

  46. K.K. Fox, I.D. Robb, and R. Smith, J. Chem. Soc. Faraday 170 (1974) 1186.

    Google Scholar 

  47. I.D. Robb and R. Smith, Polymer 18 (1977) 500.

    Google Scholar 

  48. K. Kobayashi, H. Yajima, Y. Imamura, and R. Endo, Bull. Chem. Soc. Japan 63 (1990) 1813.

    Google Scholar 

  49. M.A. Cohen Stuart, G.J. Fleer, and B.H. Bijsterbosch, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 90 (1982) 321.

    Google Scholar 

  50. E. Killmann, H.J. Strasser, and K. Winter, VI Intern. Congress on Surface Active Compounds, Zurich; Proceedings, Band Ill, (1972) 221.

    Google Scholar 

  51. M. Korn, E. Killmann, and J. Eisenlauer, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 76 (1980) 7; M. Korn and E. Killmann, ibid. 76 (1980) 19.

    Google Scholar 

  52. R. Denoyel, G. Durand, F. Lafuma, and R. Audebert, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 139 (1990) 281.

    Google Scholar 

  53. P. Trens and R. Denoyel, Langmuir (1993), in press.

    Google Scholar 

  54. G.C. Gouy, J.Phys. 9 (1910) 457; D.L. Chapman, Phil. Mag. 25 (1913) 475.

    Google Scholar 

  55. O. Stern, Z. Elektrochem. 30 (1924) 508.

    Google Scholar 

  56. C.F.J. Böttcher, “Theory of Electric Polarization”, Elsevier, Amsterdam (1952).

    Google Scholar 

  57. A.N. Frumkin, Z. Phys. 35 (1926) 792.

    Google Scholar 

  58. R. Payne, in “Progress in Surface Membrane Science”, eds. Y.I. Danielli, M.D. Rosenberg, and D.A. Cadenhead, Academic Press, New York 6 (1973) 51.

    Google Scholar 

  59. B.H. Bijsterbosch and J. Lyklema, Adv. Colloid Interface Sci. 9 (1978) 147.

    Google Scholar 

  60. I.R. Miller and D.C. Graham, J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 78 (1956) 3577.

    Google Scholar 

  61. L.K. Koopal and J. Lyklema, Disc. Faraday Soc. 59 (1975) 230.

    Google Scholar 

  62. L.K. Koopal, J. Electroanal. Chem. 100 (1979) 895.

    Google Scholar 

  63. W. Wojciak and E. Dutkiewicz, Croat. Chem. Acta 38 (1964) 271.

    Google Scholar 

  64. G.R. Joppien, J. Phys. Chem. 82 (1978) 2210.

    Google Scholar 

  65. H.C. Brinkman, Appl. Sci. Research Al 27 (1947) 81.

    Google Scholar 

  66. M.A. Cohen Stuart, F.H.W.H. Waajen, T. Cosgrove, T.L. Crowley, and B. Vincent, Macromolecules 17 (1984) 1825.

    Google Scholar 

  67. J.M.H.M. Scheutjens, G.J. Fleer, and M.A. Cohen Stuart, Colloids Surfaces 21 (1986) 285.

    Google Scholar 

  68. R. W. Webber, J.L. Anderson, and M.S. Jhon, Macromolecules 23 (1990) 1026.

    Google Scholar 

  69. J. A. Quinn, J.L. Anderson, W. S. Ho, and W. S. Petzeny, J. Biophys 12 (1962) 990.

    Google Scholar 

  70. Ph. Gramain and Ph. Myard, Macromolecules 14 (1981) 180.

    Google Scholar 

  71. Y. Cohen, Macromolecules 21 (1988) 494.

    Google Scholar 

  72. M.J. Garvey, Th.F. Tadros, and B. Vincent, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 49 (1974) 57.

    Google Scholar 

  73. M.D.Croucher and T.H. Milkie, in The Effect of Polymers on Dispersion Properties“, ed. Th.F. Tadros, Academic Press, London (1982) 101.

    Google Scholar 

  74. A. Doroszkowski and R. Lambourne, J.Colloid Sci. 26 (1968) 214.

    Google Scholar 

  75. K.S. Schmitz, “Dynamic Light Scattering by Macromolecules”, Academic Press, New York (1990).

    Google Scholar 

  76. Th. van den Boomgaard, T. A. King, Th. F. Tadros, H. Tang, and B. Vincent, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 66 (1978) 68.

    Google Scholar 

  77. A. Guinier and G. Fournet, “Small Angle X-ray Scattering”, Wiley, New York (1955).

    Google Scholar 

  78. K.G. Barnett, T. Cosgrove, B. Vincent, A. N. Burgess, T.L. Crowley, T. King, J. D. Turner, and Th. F. Tadros Polymer 22 (1981) 283.

    Google Scholar 

  79. T.G. Heath, Ph.D. Thesis Bristol (1989).

    Google Scholar 

  80. See, e.g., R.M.A. Azzam and N.M. Bashara, “Ellipsometry and Polarised Light”, North Holland Amsterdam (1989).

    Google Scholar 

  81. F. Abelès, in “Ellipsometry in the measurement of Surfaces and Thin Films”, eds. E. Passaglia, R.R. Stromberg, and J.Kruger, Nat. Bureau. Stand. Misc. Publ. 256 (1964) 41

    Google Scholar 

  82. P. Drude, Ann. Physik 272 (1889) 532; ibid. 272 (1889) 865; ibid. 275 (1890) 481.

    Google Scholar 

  83. F.L. McCrackin and J.P. Colson, in “Ellipsometry in the measurement of Surfaces and Thin Films”, eds. E. Passaglia, R.R. Stromberg and J. Kruger, Nat. Bureau. Stand. Misc. Publ. 256 (1964) 61.

    Google Scholar 

  84. J.C. Charmet and P.G.de Gennes, J. Phys. (Colloque C10) 44 (1983) 27.

    Google Scholar 

  85. J. Lyklema, “Fundamentals of Interfacial and Colloid Science”, Vol I, Academic Press, London (1991) Ch. 7.

    Google Scholar 

  86. R. Varoqui, Nouveau J. Chimie 6 (1982) 187.

    Google Scholar 

  87. P.G. de Gennes, C.R. Acad. Sci. Paris 197 (1983) 883.

    Google Scholar 

  88. M.A. Cohen Stuart, F.H.W.H. Waajen, and S.S. Dukhin, Colloid Polym. J. 262 (1984) 423.

    Google Scholar 

  89. A. M’Pandou and B. Siffert, Colloid Surfaces 24 (1987) 159.

    Google Scholar 

  90. M.A. Cohen Stuart and J.W. Mulder, Colloids Surfaces 15 (1985) 49.

    Google Scholar 

  91. J.C. Dijt, M.A. Cohen Stuart, and G.J. Fleer, Macromolecules 25 (1992) 5416.

    Google Scholar 

  92. A. Doroszkowski and R. Lambourne, J. Polymer Sci. 34 (1971) 253.

    Google Scholar 

  93. A. Doroszkowski and R. Lambourne, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 43 (1973) 97.

    Google Scholar 

  94. M.J. Garvey, D. Mitchell, and A.L. Smith, Colloid Polymer Sci. 257 (1976) 45.

    Google Scholar 

  95. R.J.R. Cairns, R.H. Ottewill, D.W.J. Osmond, and I. Wagstaff, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 54 (1976) 45.

    Google Scholar 

  96. A. Homola and A.A. Robertson, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 54 (1976) 286.

    Google Scholar 

  97. R. Evans and D.H. Napper, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 73 (1978) 43.

    Google Scholar 

  98. M.J. Garvey, Th.F. Tadros, and B. Vincent, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 55 (1976) 440.

    Google Scholar 

  99. D.B. Hough and R.H. Ottewill, in “Colloid and Interface Science”, ed. M. Kerker, Academic Press, N.Y., Vol. VI (1976) 45.

    Google Scholar 

  100. F.W. Cairns, R.H. Ottewill, and J.B. Smitham, Faraday Disc. Chem. Soc. 65 (1978) 33.

    Google Scholar 

  101. J.N. lsraelachvili, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 44 (1973) 255; J.N. lsraelachvili and G.E. Adams, J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 174 (1978) 975.

    Google Scholar 

  102. J. Klein, Y. Almog, and P. Luckham, ACS Symp. Ser. 240 (1984) 99.

    Google Scholar 

  103. J. Klein, J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 179 (1983) 99.

    Google Scholar 

  104. L. Knapschinski, W. Katz, B. Elinke, and H. Sonntag, Colloid Polym. Sci. 260 (1982) 1153.

    Google Scholar 

  105. Th. Götze and H. Sonntag, Colloids Surfaces 25 (1987) 77.

    Google Scholar 

  106. R. Horn, D.T. Smith, and W. Haller, Chem. Phys. Lett. 162 (1989) 404.

    Google Scholar 

  107. T. Cosgrove and L. Mallagh, in “Surfactants in solution”, Vol. 9, ed. K.L. Mittal, Plenum, New York (1989) 455.

    Google Scholar 

  108. D.M. Andrews, E.D. Manev, and D.A. Haydon, Spec. Disc. Faraday Soc. 1 (1970) 46.

    Google Scholar 

  109. H. Sonntag, B. Unterberger, and S. Zimontkowski, Colloid Polymer Sci. 259 (1979) 286.

    Google Scholar 

  110. P.R. Musselwhite and J.A. Kitchener, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 24 (1967) 80.

    Google Scholar 

  111. D.E. Graham and M.C. Phillips, in “Theory and Practice of Emulsion Technology”, ed. A.L. Smith, Academic Press, London (1976) 75.

    Google Scholar 

  112. J. Lyklema and T. van Vliet, Faraday Disc. Chem. Soc. 65 (1978) 25.

    Google Scholar 

  113. “Neutron, X-ray and Light Scattering”, Eds. P. Linder and Th. Zemb, North Holland (1991).

    Google Scholar 

  114. O. Glatter and O. Kratky, “Small-Angle X-ray Scattering”, Academic Press, London (1982).

    Google Scholar 

  115. P. Debye, Ann. Physik (Leipzig) 46 (1915) 809.

    Google Scholar 

  116. R. H. Ottewill, in “Colloidal Dispersions”, ed. J.W. Goodwin, Royal Society of Chemistry (1982) 143.

    Google Scholar 

  117. T. L. Crowley, PhD Thesis Oxford (1984).

    Google Scholar 

  118. T. Cosgrove, Makromol. Reports A29 (Supp. 2) (1992) 125.

    Google Scholar 

  119. L. Auvray and P.G. de Gennes, Europhys. Lett. 2 (1986) 647.

    Google Scholar 

  120. T. Cosgrove, T.G. Heath, K. Ryan, and T. L. Crowley, Macromolecules 20 (1987) 2879.

    Google Scholar 

  121. L. Auvray and J.P. Cotton, Macromolecules 20 (1987) 202.

    Google Scholar 

  122. P. Auroy, Y. Mir, and L. Auvray, Phys. Rev. Lett. 69 (1992) 93.

    Google Scholar 

  123. T. Cosgrove, T.L. Crowley, and B. Vincent, in “Structure of the Interfacial Region”, eds. R.H. Ottewill and C.H. Rochester, Academic Press (1982) 287.

    Google Scholar 

  124. T. P. Russell, Material Sci. Reps. 5 (1990) 171.

    Google Scholar 

  125. M. Born and E. Wolf, “Principles of Optics”, Pergamon Press, Oxford (1970).

    Google Scholar 

  126. J. Als-Nielsen, Z. Phys. B 61 (1985) 411.

    Google Scholar 

  127. R. M. Richardson and S. J. Roser, Liquid Crystals 6 (1987) 797.

    Google Scholar 

  128. T. Cosgrove and K. Ryan, Langmuir 6 (1990) 136.

    Google Scholar 

  129. K.G. Barnett and T. Cosgrove, J. Magn. Res. 43 (1981) 15.

    Google Scholar 

  130. M. S. Kent, L. Bosio, and F. Rondelez, Macromolecules 25 (1992) 6231.

    Google Scholar 

  131. F. Rondelez, D. Ausserré, and H. Hervet, Ann. Rev. Phys. Chem. 38 (1987) 317.

    Google Scholar 

  132. U.K. Chaturvedi, U. Steiner, O. Zak, G. Schatz, and J. Klein, Phys. Rev. Letts. 63 (1989) 616.

    Google Scholar 

  133. A. Budkowski, U. Steiner, J. KLein and L.J. Fetters, Europhys. Lett. 20 (1992) 499.

    Google Scholar 

  134. M.W. Kim, D.G. Pfeiffer, W. Chen, H. Hsiung, Th. Rasing, and Y.R. Shen, Macromolecules 23 (1990) 745.

    Google Scholar 

  135. F.A.M. Leermakers and A.P. Gast, Macromolecules 24 (1991) 718.

    Google Scholar 

  136. A.F.H. Ward and L. Tordai, J. Chem. Phys. 14 (1946) 453.

    Google Scholar 

  137. M. von Smoluchowski, Phys. Z. 17 (1916) 557, 585; Z. Phys. Chem. 92 (1918) 129.

    Google Scholar 

  138. J.Th.G. Overbeek, in “Colloid Science”, Vol I, ed. H.R. Kruyt, Elsevier, Amsterdam (1952).

    Google Scholar 

  139. Z. Adamczyk, T. Dabros, J. Czarnecki, and T.G.M. van de Ven, Adv. Colloid Interface Sci. 19 (1983) 183.

    Google Scholar 

  140. T. Dabros and Th.G.M. van de Ven, Colloid Polym. Sci. 261 (1983) 694.

    Google Scholar 

  141. A. Lévêque, Ann. Min. 13 (1928) 284.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. G. J. Fleer
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. M. A. Cohen Stuart
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. J. M. H. M. Scheutjens
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. T. Cosgrove
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. B. Vincent
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1998 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Fleer, G.J., Stuart, M.A.C., Scheutjens, J.M.H.M., Cosgrove, T., Vincent, B. (1998). Experimental Methods. In: Polymers at Interfaces. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-2130-9_3

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-2130-9_3

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-94-010-5749-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-011-2130-9

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation