Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Biology of stress: interactions with reproduction, immunology and intermediary metabolism

  • Chapter
Health and Welfare of Captive Reptiles

Abstract

Animals must maintain a steady physiological state, homeostasis, in response to a changing environment. An understanding of the stress response is essential if one is to appreciate the complex physiological mechanisms maintaining homeostasis in vertebrates. Moreover, a comprehensive understanding of the biology of stress is essential if we are to reduce stress in the care of any vertebrate species, including those that are not domesticated and traditional laboratory animals.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 219.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 279.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Abruzzini, A.F., Ingram, L.O. and Clem, L.W. (1982) Temperature-mediated processes in teleost immunity: Homeoviscous adaptation in teleost lymphocytes (41300). Proceedings of the Society of Experimental Biology and Medicine, 169, 12–18.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Afifi, A., El Rashdy, M. and El Ridi, R. (1993) Seasonal conditions determine the manner of skin rejection in reptiles. Journal of Experimental Zoology, 265, 459–468.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Adams, B.M. (1968) Effect of cortisol on growth and uric acid excretion in the chick. Journal of Endocrinology, 40, 145–151.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ahmed, A.S., Penhaie, W.J. and Talal, N. (1985) Sex hormones, immune responses, and autoimmune diseases. Mechanisms of sex hormone action. American Journal of Pathology, 121, 531–551.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Badir, N. and Khader, A.I. (1980) Effect of seasonal changes on humoral immune responses of the lizard, Chalcides ocellatus. In Aspects of Developmental and Comparative Immunology (ed. J. B. Solomon), Pergamon Press, Oxford, pp. 515.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baverstock, P.R. and Bradshaw, S.D. (1975) Variation in rate of growth and adrenal corticosteroidogenesis in field and laboratory populations of the lizard Amphibolurus ornatus. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, 52A, 557–565.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Besedovsky, H. O. and Sorkin, E. (1977) Network of immune-neuroendocrine interactions. Clinical and Experimental Immunology, 27, 1–12.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bigaj, J. and Plytycz, B. (1984) Endogenous rhythm in the thymus gland of Rana temporaria. Thymus, 5, 327–344.

    Google Scholar 

  • Borysenko, M. and Lewis, S. (1979) The effect of malnutrition on immuno-competence and whole body resistance to infection in Chelydra serpentina. Developmental and Comparative Immunology, 3, 89–100.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bourne, A. (1991) Androgens. In Vertebrate Endocrinology: Fundamentals and Biomedical Implications. Vol. 4, Part B, Reproduction (eds P.K.T. Pang, M.P. Schreibman and R.E. Jones), Academic Press, San Diego, pp. 33–66.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bourne, A.R., Taylor, J.L. and Watson, T.G. (1986) Annual cycles of plasma and testicular androgens in the lizard Tiliqua (Trachydosaurus) rugosa. General and Comparative Endocrinology, 61, 278–286.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brackin, M.F. (1978) The relation of rank to physiological state in Cnemidophorus sexlineatus dominance hierarchies. Herpetologica, 34, 185–191.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brackin, M.F. (1979) The seasonal reproductive, fat body, and adrenal cycles of male six-lined racerunners (Cnemidophorus sexlineatus) in central Oklahoma. Herpetologica, 35, 216–222.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bradshaw, S.D. (1972) The endocrine control of water and electrolyte metabolism in desert reptiles. General and Comparative Endocrinology, Suppl. 3, 360–373.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bradshaw, S.D. (1975) Osmoregulation and pituitary-adrenal function in desert reptiles. General and Comparative Endocrinology, 25, 230–248.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bradshaw, S.D. (1986) Ecophysiology of Desert Reptiles. Academic Press, New York, pp. 232–259.

    Google Scholar 

  • Butler, D.G. and Knox, W.H. (1970) Adrenalectomy of the painted turtle (Chrysemys picta belli): Effect on ionoregulation and tissue glycogen. General and Comparative Endocrinology, 14, 551–566.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cabanac, M. and Gosselin, F. (1993) Emotional fever in the lizard Callopistes maculatus (Teiidae). Animal Behaviour, 46, 200–202.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Callard, G.V. (1975) Control of the interrenal gland of the freshwater turtle Chrysemys picta in vivo and in vitro. General and Comparative Endocrinology, 25, 323–331.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Callard, G.V., Chan, S.W.C. and Callard, I.P. (1975) Temperature effects on ACTH-stimulated adrenocortical secretion and carbohydrate metabolism in the lizard (Dipsosaurus dor salis). Journal of Comparative Physiology, 99, 271–277.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Callard, I.P. and Callard, G.V. (1978) The adrenal gland of reptilia. In General, Comparative and Clinical Endocrinology of the Adrenal Cortex. Part 2, Physiology, (eds I. Cherster-Jones and I.W. Henderson). Academic Press, New York, pp. 370–418.

    Google Scholar 

  • Callard, I.P. and Chan, D.K.O. (1972) Hormonal effects on liver glycogen and blood sugar level in the iguanid lizard Dipsosaurus dorsalis. General and Comparative Endocrinology, 18, 552–556.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chan, S.W.C. and Callard, I.P. (1972) Circadian rhythm in the secretion of corticosterone by the desert iguana, Dipsosaurus dorsalis. General and Comparative Endocrinology, 18, 565–568.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chester-Jones, I. (1977) Evolutionary aspects of the adrenal cortex and its homologues. Journal of Endocrinology, 71, 3–32.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coe, J.E., Leong, D., Portis, J.L. and Thomas, L.A. (1976) Immune response in the garter snake (Thamnophis ordinoides). Immunology, 31, 417–424.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cohn, D.A. (1979) Sensitivity to androgen. A possible factor in sex differences in the immune response. Clinical and Experimental Immunology, 38, 218–227.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cooper, E.L. (1973) The thymus and lymphomyeloid system in poikilothermic vertebrates. In Contemporary Topics in Immunobiology (eds A.J.S. Davies and R.L. Carter), Volume 2, Plenum Press, New York, pp. 13–38.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Cooper, E.L., Klempau, A.E. and Zapata, A.G. (1985) Reptilian immunity. In Biology of the Reptilia (ed. C. Gans), Volume 14, John Wiley and Sons, New York, pp. 389–399.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cree, A. and Guillette, L.J. Jr (1991) Effect of β-adrenergic stimulation on uterine contractions in response to arginine vasotocin and prostaglandin F2α in the gecko Hoplodactylus maculatus. Biology of Reproduction, 44, 499–510.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cree, A., Guillette, L.J. Jr, Cockrem, J.F. and Joss, J. (1990a) Effects of capture and temperature stresses on plasma steroid concentrations in male tuatara (Sphenodon punctatus). Journal of Experimental Zoology, 253, 38–46.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cree, A., Guillette, L.J. Jr, Cockrem, J.F. et al. (1990b) Absence of circadian cycles in plasma sex steroids in male and female tuatara (Sphenodon punctatus), and the effects of acute capture stress on females. General and Comparative Endocrinology, 79, 103–113.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cree, A., Guillette, L.J. Jr, Brown, M.A. et al. (1991) Slow estradiol-induced vitellogenesis in the tuatara, Sphenodon punctatus. Physiological Zoology, 64, 1234–1251.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Crews, D. (1975) Psychobiology of reptilian reproduction. Science, 189, 1059–1065.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Crews, D. (1980) Interrelationships among ecological, behavioral and neuroendocrine processes in the reproductive cycle of Anolis carolinenesis and other reptiles. Advances in the Study of Behaviour, 11, 1–74.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Crews, D. and L.D. Garrick. (1980) Methods of inducing reproduction in captive reptiles. In The Reproductive Biology and Diseases of Captive Reptiles (eds J. Murphy and J.T. Collins), Soc. Study Amphi. Rept., Lawrence, Kansas, pp. 49–70.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cuchens, M.A. and Clem, L.W. (1977) Phylogeny of lymphocyte heterogeneity II. Differential effects of temperature on fish T-like and B-like cells. Cellular Immunology, 34, 219–230.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cuchens, M.A., McLean, E. and Clem, L.W. (1976) Lymphocyte heterogeneity in fish and reptiles. In Phylogeny of Thymus and Bone Marrow-Bursa Cells (eds R.K. Wright and E.L. Cooper), Elsevier/North Holland Biomedical, Amsterdam, pp. 219–230.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dallman, M.F., Darlington, D.N., Suemaru, S. et al. (1989) Corticosteroids in homeostasis. Acta Physiologica Scandanavica, 136, Suppl. 583, 27–34.

    Google Scholar 

  • Daugherty, D.R. and Callard, I.P. (1972) Plasma corticosterone levels in the male iguanid lizard, Sceloporus cyanogenys, under various physiological conditions. General and Comparative Endocrinology, 19, 69–79.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dauphin-Villemant, C. and Xavier, F. (1987) Nychthemeral variations of plasma corticosteroids in captive female Lacerta vivipara Jacquin: influence of stress and reproductive state. General and Comparative Endocrinology, 67, 292–302.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dauphin-Villemant, C., Leboulenger, F. and Vaudry, H. (1990a) Adrenal activity in the female lizard Lacerta vivipara Jacquin during artificial hibernation. General and Comparative Endocrinology, 79, 201–214.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dauphin-Villemant, C., Leboulenger, F., Xavier, F. and Vaudry, H. (1990b) Adrenal activity in the female lizard Lacerta vivipara Jacquin associated with breeding activities. General and Comparative Endocrinology, 78, 399–413.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • DeNardo, D.F. and Licht, P. (1993) Effects of corticosterone on social behavior of male lizards. Hormones and Behaviour, 21, 184–199.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Derickson, W.K. (1976) Lipid storage and utilisation in reptiles. American Zoologist, 16, 711–723.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Devenport, L., Knehans, A., Sundstrom, A. and Thomas, T. (1989) Cortico-sterone’s dual metabolic actions. Life Science, 45, 1389–1396.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dores, R.M. (1982) Localization of multiple forms of ACTH- and beta-endorphin-related substances in the pituitary of the reptile, Anolis carolinensis. Peptides, 3, 913–924.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dorfman, R.I. and Dorfman, A.S. (1962) Thymolytic activity of corticoids in combination with other steroids. Endocrinology, 71, 271–276.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Elliott, S.K. (1985) Testicular and adrenal morphology during the annual reproductive cycle of the lizard, Eumeces obsoletus (Scincidae). Master’s thesis, Wichita State University, Wichita. 107 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • El Deeb, S., El Ridi, R. and Badir, N. (1980) Effect of seasonal and temperature changes on humoral response of Eumeces schneiden (Reptilia, Sauna, Scincidae). Developmental and Comparative Immunology, 4, 753–758.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • El Ghareeb, A., Wahby, A. F., El Ridi, R. and Badir, N. (1983) Cellular and humoral immune response of the GALT-less lizard, Agama stellio. Developmental and Comparative Immunology, 1, 719–720.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • El Ridi, R. (1992) Reptilian immune system. In Encyclopedia of Immunology, (eds. I.M. Roitt and P.J. Delves), Academic Press, New York, pp. 1313–1316.

    Google Scholar 

  • El Ridi, R. and Kandil, O. (1981) Membrane markers of reptilian lymphocytes. Developmental and Comparative Immunology, 5, Suppl. 1, 143–150.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • El Ridi, R., Badir, N. and El Rouby, S. (1981) Effect of seasonal variations on the immune system of the snake, Psammophis schokari. J. Exp. Zool., 216, 357–365.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • El Ridi, R., Wahby, A., Saad, A.-H. and Soliman, A.-W. (1987) Concanavalin A responsiveness and interleukin 2 production in the snake, Psammophis sibilans. Immunobiology, 174, 177–189.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • El Ridi, R., Zada, S., Afifi, A. et al. (1988) Cyclic changes in the differentiation of lymphoid cells in reptiles. Cell Differentiation, 24, 1–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Elsey, R.M., Joanen, T., McNease, L. and Lance, V. (1990a) Growth rate and plasma corticosterone levels in juvenile alligators maintained at different stocking densities. Journal of Experimental Zoology, 255, 30–36.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Elsey, R.M., Joanen, T., McNease, L. and Lance, V. (1990b) Stress and plasma corticosterone levels in the American alligator — relationships with stocking density and nesting success. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, 95A, 55–63.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Elsey, R.M., Lance, V.A., Joanen, T. and McNease, L. (1991) Acute stress suppresses plasma estradiol levels in female alligators (Alligator mississippiensis). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, 100A, 649–651.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Freedman, M.R., Horwitz, BA. and Stern, J.S. (1986) Effect of adrenalectomy and glucocorticoid replacement on development of obesity. American Journal of Physiology, 250, R595–R607.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Freeman, B.M., Manning, A.C.C. and Flack, I.H. (1981) The effects of restricted feeding on adrenal cortical activity in the immature domestic fowl. British Poultry Science, 22, 295–303.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Frye, F.L. (1991) Reptile Care: An Atlas of Diseases and Treatments. T.F.H. Publications, Neptune City, NJ. pp. 365–380.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gabe, M. (1970) The Adrenal. In Biology of the Reptilia, Vol. 3 (ed. C. Gans), Academic Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gase, J.M., Sar, M. and Strumpf, W.E. (1979) Androgen target cells in the bursa of Fabricius of the chick embryo: autoradiographic localization. Proceedings of the Society of Experimental Biology and Medicine, 160, 55.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gillingham, J.C. and Miller, T.J. (1991) Reproductive ethology of the tuatara Sphenodon punctatus: applications in captive breeding. International Zoo Yearbook, 30, 157–164.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gist, D.H. (1972) Effects of mammalian ACTH on liver and muscle glycogen levels in the South American caiman (Caiman sclerops). General and Comparative Endocrinology, 19, 1–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gist, D.H. (1978) Adrenocortical effects on carbohydrate metabolism in Anolis carolinensis. General and Comparative Endocrinology, 35, 500–502.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gist, D.H. and Kaplan, M.L. (1976) Effects of stress and ACTH on plasma corticosterone levels in the caiman Caiman crocodilus. General and Comparative Endocrinology, 28, 413–419.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grassman, M. and Crews, D. (1990) Ovarian and adrenal function in the parthenogenetic whiptail lizard Cnemidophorus uniparens in the field and laboratory. General and Comparative Endocrinology, 76, 444–450.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grassman, M. and Hess, D.L. (1992a) Sex differences in adrenal function in the lizard Cnemidophorus sexlineatus: I. Seasonal variation in the field. Journal of Experimental Zoology, 264, 177–182.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grassman, M. and Hess, D.L. (1992b) Sex differences in adrenal function in the lizard Cnemidophorus sexlineatus: II. Responses to acute stress in the laboratory. Journal of Experimental Zoology, 264, 183–188.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gray, J.M., Yarian, D. and Ramenofsky, M. (1990) Corticosterone, foraging behavior, and metabolism in dark-eyed juncos, Junco hyemails. General and Comparative Endocrinology, 79, 375–384.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Greenberg, N., Chen, T. and Crews, D. (1984) Social status, gonadal state, and the adrenal stress response in the lizard, Anolis carolinensis. Hormones and Behaviour, 18, 1–11.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Greenberg, N. and Wingfield, J. (1987) Stress and reproduction: reciprocal relationships. In Hormones and Reproduction in Fishes, Amphibians and Reptiles (eds D.O. Norris and R.E. Jones), Plenum Press, New York, pp. 461–503.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Gregory, L.F. (1994) Capture stress in the loggerhead sea turtle (Caretta caretta). Master’s thesis, University of Florida, Gainesville. 72 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gregory, P.T. (1982) Reptilian hibernation. In Biology of the Reptilia, (eds C. Gans and F. H. Pough), Vol. 13, Academic Press, New York, pp. 53–154.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gross, T.S., Guillette, L.J. Jr, Gross, D.A. and Cox, C. (1992) Control of oviposition in reptiles and amphibians. Proceedings of the American Association of Zoo Veterinarians, pp. 81–93.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gross, W.B. (1992) Effect of short-term exposure of chickens to corticosterone on resistance to challenge exposure with Escherichia coli and antibody response to sheep erythrocytes. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 53, 291–293.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grossman, C.J. (1984) Regulation of the immune system by sex steroids. Endocrine Reviews, 5, 435–455.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Guillette, L.J. Jr (1985) The evolution of egg retention in lizards: A physiological model. In The Biology of Australasian Frogs and Reptiles (eds G. Grigg, R. Shine and H. Ehmann) Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales, Sydney, pp. 379–386.

    Google Scholar 

  • Guillette, L.J. Jr, Dubois, D.H. and Cree, A. (1991) Prostaglandins, oviducal function and parturient behavior in nonmammalian vertebrates. American Journal of Physiology, 260, R854–R861.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Guillette, L.J. Jr and Méndez De La Cruz, F.R. (1993) The reproductive cycle of the viviparous Mexican lizard Sceloporus torquatus. Journal of Herpetology, 27, 168–174.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gulino, A., Screpanti, I., Torrisi, M. R. and Frati, L. (1985) Estrogen receptors and oestrogen sensitivity of fetal thymocytes are restricted to blast lymphoid cells. Endocrinology, 117, 47–54.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harvey, S., Merry, B.J. and Phillips, J.G. (1980) Influence of stress on the secretion of corticosterone in the duck (Anas platyrhynchos). Journal of Endocrinology, 87, 161–171.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harvey, S., Klandorf, H. and Pinchasov, Y. (1983) Visual and metabolic stimuli cause adrenocortical suppression in fasted chicken during refeeding. Neuroendocrinology, 37, 59–63.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hebard, W.B. and H.A. Charipper (1955) A comparative study of the morphology and histochemistry of the reptilian adrenal gland. Zoologia, 40, 101–127.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Houssay, B.A. and Penhos, J.C. (1960) Pancreatic diabetes and hypophysectomy in the snake Xenodon merremii. Acta Endocrinologia, 35, 313–323.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hussein, M.F., Badir, N., El Ridi, R. and Akef, M. (1978a) Differential effect of seasonal variation on lymphoid tissue of the lizard, Chalcides ocellatus. Developmental and Comparative Immunology, 2, 297–310.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hussein, M.F., Badir, N., El Ridi, R. and Akef, M. (1978b) Effect of seasonal variation on lymphoid tissues of the lizards, Mabuya quinquetaeniata Licht and Uromastyx aegyptia. Developmental and Comparative Immunology, 2, 469–478.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hussein, M.F., Badir, N., El Ridi, R. and Akef, M. (1979a) Lymphoid tissues of the snake, Spalerosophis diadema, in the different seasons. Developmental and Comparative Immunology, 3, 77–88.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hussein, M.F., Badir, N., El Ridi, R. and El Deeb, S. (1979b) Effect of seasonal variation on the immune system of the lizard, Scincus scincus. Journal of Experimental Zoology, 209, 91–96.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ishii, S. (1991) Gonadotropins. In Vertebrate Endocrinology: Fundamentals and Biomedical Implications. Vol. 4, Part B, Reproduction (eds P.K.T. Pang, M.P. Schreibman and R.E. Jones), Academic Press, San Diego, pp. 33–66.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jackson, I.M. (1986) Phylogenetic distribution and significance of the hypothalamic releasing hormones. American Zoologist, 26: 927–938.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jacob, V. and Oommen, O.V. (1992) A comparison of the effects of corticosterone and cortisol on intermediary metabolism of Calotes versicolor. General and Comparative Endocrinology, 85, 86–90.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jones, R.E. and Baxter, D.C. (1991) Gestation, with emphasis on corpus luteum biology, placentation, and parturition. In Vertebrate Endocrinology: Fundamentals and Biomedical Implications. Vol. 4, Part A, Reproduction (eds Pang, P.K.T., M.P. Schreibman and R.E. Jones), Academic Press, San Diego, pp. 205–302.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones, R.E., Summers, C.H. and Lopez, K.H. (1983) Adrenergic inhibition of uterine contractions and oviposition in the lizard Anolis carolinensis. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol., 51, 77–83.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Keiver, K.M., Weinberg, J. and Hochachka, P.W. (1992) The effect of anoxic submergence and recovery on circulating levels of catecholamines and corticosterone in the turtle, Chrysemys picta. General and Comparative Endocrinology, 85, 308–315.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kluger, M.J., Ringler, D.H. and Anver, M.R. (1975) Fever and survival. Science, 188, 166–168.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kovacs, W.J. and Olsen, N.J. (1987) Androgen receptors in human thymocytes. Journal of Immunology, 139, 490–493.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kreig, R.J. Jr, Niimi, K., Chan, J.CM. et al. (1991) Cortisone effects on growth, food efficiency, and in vitro growth hormone release. Kidney International, 39, 1135–1139.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Krohmer, R.W., Grassman, M. and Crews, D. (1987) Annual reproductive cycle in the male red-sided garter snake, Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis: field and laboratory studies. General and Comparative Endocrinology, 68, 64–75.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lance, V.A. (1990) Stress in reptiles. In Progress in Comparative Endocrinology (eds Epple, A., C.G. Scanes and M.H. Statson), Wiley-Liss, Inc., New York, pp. 461-466.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lance, V.A. and Elsey, R.M. (1986) Stress-induced suppression of testosterone secretion in male alligators. Journal of Experimental Zoology, 239, 241–246.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lance, V.A. and Lauren, D. (1984) Circadian variation in plasma corticosterone in the American alligator, Alligator mississippiensis, and the effects of ACTH injections. General and Comparative Endocrinology, 54, 1–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lauren, D.J. (1985) The effect of chronic saline exposure on the electrolyte balance, nitrogen metabolism, and corticosterone titer in the American alligator, Alligator mississippiensis. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, 81A, 217–223.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leceta, J. and Zapata, A. (1985) Seasonal variations in the immune response of the tortoise Mauremys caspica. A morphometrical, light microscopical study. Developmental and Comparative Immunology, 9, 653–668.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leceta, J. and Zapata, A. (1986) Seasonal variations in the immune response of the tortoise Mauremys caspica. Immunology, 57, 483–487.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leceta, J., Garrido, E., Torroba, M. and Zapata, A.G. (1989) Changes in the thymus of the turtle Mauremys caspica in relation to the seasonal cycle. Cell and Tissue Research, 256, 213–219.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Le Douarin, N.M., Michel, G. and Baulieu, E.-E. (1980) Studies of testosterone-induced involution of the bursa of Fabricius. Development Biology, 75, 288–302.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Le Ninan, F., Cherel, Y., Sardet, C. and Le Maho, Y. (1988) Plasma hormone levels in relation to lipid and protein metabolism during prolonged fasting in king penguin chicks. General and Comparative Endocrinology, 71, 331–337.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Licht, P. (1985) Reptiles. In Marshall’s Physiology of Reproduction, Reproductive Cycles of Vertebrates (ed G.E. Lamming). Vol. 1, Churchill Livingston, Edinburgh, pp. 206–272.

    Google Scholar 

  • Licht, P., G.L. Breitenbach, and J.D. Congdon. (1985a) Seasonal cycles in testicular activity, gonadotropin, and thyroxine, in the painted turtle, Chrysemys picta, under natural conditions. General and Comparative Endocrinology, 59, 130–139.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Licht, P., Wood, J.F. and Wood, F.E. (1985b) Annual and diurnal cycles in plasma testosterone and thyroxine in the male green sea turtle Chelonia mydas. General and Comparative Endocrinology, 57, 335–344.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lindzey, J. and Crews, D. (1988) Effects of progestins on sexual behavior in castrated lizards (Cnemidophorus inornatus). Journal of Endocrinology, 119, 265–273.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lofts, B. and Bern, H. (1972) Functional morphology of steroidogenic tissues. In Steroids in Nonmammalian Vertebrates (ed. D.R. Idler), Academic Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mahapatra, M.S., Mahata, S.K. and Maiti, B. (1991) Effect of stress on serotonin, norepinephrine, epinephrine and corticosterone contents in the soft-shelled turtle. Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology Physiology, 18, 719–724.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maher, M.J., Hale, R.J. and Sherr, B. (1967) The effect of corticosterone on liver glycogen in the eastern ring-necked snake, Diadophis punctatus. American Zoologist, 7, 717 (abstract).

    Google Scholar 

  • Mahmoud, I.Y., Guillette, L.J. Jr, McAsey, M.E. and Cady, C. (1989) Stress-induced change in serum testosterone, estradiol-17β and progesterone in the turtle, Chelydra serpentina. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, 93A, 423–427.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mansour, M. H., El Ridi, R. and Badir, N. (1980) Surface markers of lymphocytes in the snake, Spalerosophis diadema. I Investigations of lymphocyte surface markers. Immunology, 40, 605–611.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mansour, M.H., El Ridi, R. and Badir, N. (1981) Surface markers of lymphocytes in the snake, Spalerosophis diadema. II Distribution of snake lymphocyte subpopulations in different seasons. In Aspects of Developmental and Comparative Immunology (ed. J.B. Solomon), Pergamon Press, Oxford, p. 519.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mason, D. (1991) Genetic variation in the stress response: susceptibility to experimental allergic encephalomyelitis and implications for human inflammatory disease. Immunology Today, 12, 57–60.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mead, K.F. and Borysenko, M. (1984) Surface immunoglobulin on granular and agranular leukocytes in the thymus and spleen of the snapping turtle, Chelydra serpentina. Developmental and Comparative Immunology, 8, 109–120.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meier, A.H., Trobec, T.N., Haymaker, H.G. et al. (1973) Daily variations in the effects of handling on fat storage and testicular weights in several vertebrates. Journal of Experimental Zoology, 184, 281–288.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meijer, T. and Schwabl, H. (1989) Hormonal patterns in breeding and non-breeding kestrels, Falco tinnunculus: field and laboratory studies. General and Comparative Endocrinology, 74, 148–160.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mendonça, M.T. and Licht, P. (1986) Seasonal cycles in gonadal activity and plasma gonadotropin in the musk turtle, Sternotherus odoratus. General and Comparative Endocrinology, 62, 459–469.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Miller, M.R. and Wurster, D.H. (1958) Further studies on the blood glucose and pancreatic islets of lizards. Endocrinology, 63, 191–200.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moore, M.C. (1987) Circulating steroid hormones during rapid aggressive responses of territorial male mountain spiny lizards, Sceloporus jarrovi. Hormones and Behaviour, 21, 511–521.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moore, M.C. and Lindzey, J. (1992) The physiological basis of sexual behavior in male reptiles. In Biology of the Reptilia (eds C. Gans and D. Crews), Vol. 18, Physiology E: Hormones, Brain and Behavior, Univ. Chicago Press, Chicago, pp. 70–113.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moore, M.C., Thompson, C.W. and Marler, C.A. (1991) Reciprocal changes in corticosterone and testosterone levels following acute and chronic handling stress in the tree lizard, Urosaurus ornatus. General and Comparative Endocrinology, 81, 217–226.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Muthukkaruppan, V.R., Borysenko, M. and El Ridi, R. (1982) RES and function of the reptilia. In The Reticulo-endothelial System: A comprehensive treatise (eds N. Cohen and M.M. Sigel), Vol. 3, Phylogeny and Ontogeny, Plenum Press, New York, pp. 461–508.

    Google Scholar 

  • Natarajan, K. and Muthukkaruppan, V.R. (1984) Immunoglobulin classes in the garden lizard, Calotes versicolor. Developmental and Comparative Immunology, 8, 845–854.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Palmer, B. And L. J. Guillette, Jr (1991) Oviductal proteins and their influence on embryonic development in birds and reptiles. In Egg Incubation: its effects on embryonic development in birds and reptiles (eds D.C. Deeming and M.W.J. Ferguson), Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, pp. 29–46.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Pearce, P., Khalid, B.A.K. and Funder, J.W. (1981) Androgens and the thymus. Endocrinology, 109, 1073–1077.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Petitte, J.N. and Etches, R.J. (1991) Daily infusion of corticosterone and reproductive function in the domestic hen (Gallus domesticus). General and Comparative Endocrinology, 83, 397–405.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pickering, A.D. (1984) Cortisol-induced lymphocytopenia in brown trout, Salmo trutta L. General and Comparative Endocrinology, 53, 252–259.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Plytycz, B. and Bigaj, J. (1983) Seasonal cyclic changes in the thymus of the adult frog, Rana temporaria. Thymus, 5, 327–344.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pough, F.H. (1980) The advantages of ectothermy for tetrapods. American Naturalist, 115, 92–112.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rehder, N.B., Bird, D.M. and Lague, P.C. (1986) Variations in plasma corticosterone, estrone, estradiol-17β, and progesterone concentrations with forced renesting, molt, and body weight of captive female American kestrels. General and Comparative Endocrinology., 62, 386–393.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Saad, A.-H. (1988) Corticosteroids and immune systems of non-mammalian vertebrates: a review. Developmental and Comparative Immunology, 12, 481–494.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Saad, A.-H. (1989a) Sex-associated differences in the mitogenic responsiveness of snake blood lymphocytes. Developmental and Comparative Immunology, 13, 225–229.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Saad, A.-H. (1989b) Pregnancy-related involution of the thymus in the viviparous lizard, Chalcides ocellatus. Thymus, 14, 223–232.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Saad, A.-H. (1993) Neuroimmunomodulation in reptiles. I. Pathways of Neuro-immune interactions in the turtle, Mauremys caspica. J. Egypt. Ger. Soc. Zool., 10, 81–103.

    Google Scholar 

  • Saad, A.-H., Abdel Khelik, N. and El Ridi, R. (1990) Blood testosterone level: A season-dependent factor regulating immune reactivity in lizards. Immunobiology, 180, 184–194.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Saad, A.-H. and El Deeb, S. (1990) Immunological changes during pregnancy in the viviparous lizard, Chalcides ocellatus. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology, 25, 279–286.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Saad, A.-H. and El Ridi, R. (1984) Mixed leukocyte reaction, graft-versus-host reaction, and skin allograft rejection in the lizard, Chalcides ocellatus. Immunobiology, 166, 484–493.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Saad, A.-H. and El Ridi, R. (1988) Endogenous corticosteroids mediate seasonal cyclic changes in immunity of lizards. Immunobiology 177, 390–403.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Saad, A.-H., El Ridi, R., El Deeb, S. and Soliman, A.-W. (1986) Effect of hydrocortisone on immune system of the lizard, Chalcides ocellatus III: effect on cellular and humoral immune responses. Developmental and Comparative Immunology, 10, 235–245.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Saad, A.-H., El Ridi, R., El Deeb, S. and Soliman, A.-W. (1987) Corticosteroid and immune system in the lizard, Chalcides ocellatus. In Developmental and Comparative Immunology, (eds E.L. Cooper, C. Langlet and J. Bierne), Alan R. Liss, New York, pp. 141–151.

    Google Scholar 

  • Saad, A.-H., El Ridi, R., Zada, S. and Badir, N. (1984a) Effect of hydrocortisone on immune system of the lizard, Chalcides ocellatus I. Response of lymphoid tissues and cells to in vivo and in vitro hydrocortisone. Developmental and Comparative Immunology, 8, 121–130.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Saad, A.-H., El Ridi, R., Zada, S. and Badir, N. (1984b) Effect of hydrocortisone on immune system of the lizard, Chalcides ocellatus II. Differential action on T and B lymphocytes. Developmental and Comparative Immunology, 8, 835–844.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Saad, A.-H., Mansour, M.H., El Yazji, M. and Badir, N. (1992a) Endogenous testosterone controls humoral immunity in the lizard, Chalcides ocellatus. Zool. Sci., 9, 1037-1045.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Saad, A.-H., Nabil, M. and Raheem, K.A. (1992b) Influence of sex on humoral immunity of lizards in two different seasons. J. Egypt. Ger. Soc. Zool., 7, 131–139.

    Google Scholar 

  • Saad, A.-H., Raheem, A.K., Nabil, M. and Issa, I. (1993) Blood Cortisol levels and immunologic cell activity in lizards. Herp., 2, 129–136.

    Google Scholar 

  • Saad, A.-H. and Shoukrey, N. (1988) Sexual dimorphism on the immune responses of the snake, Psammophis sibilans. Immunobiology, 177, 404–419.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Saad, A.-H., Torroba, M., Varas, A. and Zapata, A. (1991) Testosterone induces lymphopenia in turtles. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology, 28,171–180.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Scanes, C.G., Merrill, G.F., Ford, R. et al. (1980) Effects of stress (hypoglycaemia, endotoxin and ether) on the peripheral circulating concentration of corticosterone in the domestic fowl (Gallus domesticus). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, 66, 183–186.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schwantes, N.L. (1986) Aspects of circulating corticosterone in sea turtles. Master’s thesis, Texas A & M University, College Station, 59 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Selye, H. (1936) A syndrome produced by diverse nocuous agents. Nature, 138, 32.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Selye, H. (1937) Studies on adaptation. Endocrinology, 21, 169–188.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Selye, H. (1946) The general adaptation syndrome and the diseases of adaptation. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology, 6, 117.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Selye, H. (1973) The evolution of the stress concept. American Scientist, 61, 692–699.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shine, R. and Guillette, L.J. Jr (1988) The evolution of viviparity in reptiles: A physiological model and its ecological consequences. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 132, 43–50.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Silverin, B. (1986) Corticosterone-binding proteins and behavioral effects of high plasma levels of corticosterone during the breeding period in the pied flycatcher. General and Comparative Endocrinology, 64, 67–14.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Silverin, B., Viebke, P.A. and Westin, J. (1989) Hormonal correlates of migration and territorial behavior in juvenile willow tits during autumn. General and Comparative Endocrinology, 75, 148–156.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stephens, D.B. (1980) Stress and its measurement in domestic animals: a review of behavioral and physiological studies under field and laboratory conditions. Advances in Veterinary Science and Comparative Medicine, 24, 179–210.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stewart, J., Meaney, M.J., Aitken, D. et al. (1988) The effects of acute and lifelong food restriction on basal and stress-induced serum corticosterone levels in young and aged rats. Endocrinology, 123, 1934–1941.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stimson, W.H. and Crilly, P.J. (1981) Effects of steroids on the secretion of immunoregulatory factors by thymic epithelial cell cultures. Immunology, 44, 401–407.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stimson, W.H. and Hunter, I.C. (1980) Oestrogen-induced immunoregulation mediated through the thymus. Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Immunology, 4, 27–33.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Subramonia Pillai, P and Muthukkaruppan, V.R. (1981) The role of T and B antigen-binding cells in the immune response to sheep erythrocytes in the lizard, Calotes versicolor. Immunology, 42, 541–548.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Summers, C.H. (1988) Chronic low humidity-stress in the lizard Anolis carolinensis: effects on ovarian and oviductal recrudescence. Journal of Experimental Zoology, 248, 192–198.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Summers, C.H., Austin, H.B. and Jones, R.E. (1985) Induction of oviposition in cycling Anolis carolinensis requires a b-adrenoreceptor blocker and a high dosage of arginine vasotocin. General and Comparative Endocrinology, 57, 389–392.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Summers, C.H. and Norman, M.F. (1988) Chronic low humidity-stress in the lizard Anolis carolinensis: changes in diurnal corticosterone rhythms. Journal of Experimental Zoology, 247, 271–278.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tam, W.H., Phillips, J.G. and Lofts, B. (1972) Seasonal changes in the secretory activity of the adrenal gland of the cobra (Naja naja, Linn.). General and Comparative Endocrinology, 19, 218–224.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tang, F., Hsieh, A.C.L., Lee, C.P. and Baconshone, J. (1984) Interaction of cold and starvation in the regulation of plasma corticosterone levels in the male rat. Hormones and Metabolic Research, 16, 445–448.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tyrrell, C. (1993) Corticosterone cycles in wild and captive tuatara (Sphenodon punctatus). Unpublished MSc thesis, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tyrrell, C., Cree, A. and Guillette, L.J. (1993) Low plasma corticosterone concentrations in wild tuatara (Sphenodon punctatus). New Zealand Journal of Zoology, 20, 127 (abstract).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • de V. Pienaar, U. (1962) Haematology of some South African Reptiles. Witwatersrand Univ. Pr., Johannesburg.

    Google Scholar 

  • Varas, A., Torroba, M. and Zapata, A.G. (1992) Changes in the thymus and spleen of the turtle Mauremys caspica after testosterone injection: a morphometric study. Developmental and Comparative Immunology, 16, 165–174.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Warwick, C. (1990) Reptilian ethology in captivity: Observations of some problems and an evaluation of their aetiology. Applied Animal Behavioural Science, 26, 1–13.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wetherall, J.D. and Turner, K.J. (1972) Immune response of the lizard, Tiliqua rugosa. Australian Journal of Experimental Biology and Medical Science., 50, 79–95.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Whittier, J.M., Mason, R.T. and Crews, D. (1987) Plasma steroid hormone levels of female red-sided garter snakes, Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis: relationship to mating and gestation. General and Comparative Endocrinology, 67, 33–43.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Whittier, J.M. and Tokarz, R.R. (1992) Physiological regulation of sexual behavior in female reptiles. In Biology of the Reptilia (eds C. Gans and D. Crews), Vol. 18, Physiology E: Hormones, Brain and Behavior, Univ. Chicago Press, Chicago, pp. 24–69.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, B.S. and Wingfield, J.C. (1992) Correlation between female reproductive condition and plasma corticosterone in the lizard Uta stansburiana. Copeia, 1992, 691–697.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wingfield, J.C. (1988) Changes in reproductive function of free-living birds in direct response to environmental perturbations. In Processing of Environmental Information in Vertebrates, (ed. M.H. Stetson), Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp. 121–148.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Wingfield, J.C. and Silverin, B. (1986) Effects of corticosterone in territorial behaviour of free-living male song sparrows Melospiza melodia. Hormones and Behaviour, 20, 405–417.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wingfield, J.C, Moore, M.C. and Farner, D.S. (1983) Endocrine responses to inclement weather in naturally breeding populations of white-crowned sparrows (Zonotrichia leucophrys pugetensis). The Auk, 100, 56–62.

    Google Scholar 

  • Worley, R.T.S. and Jurd, R.D. (1979) The effect of a laboratory environment on graft rejection in Lacerta viridis, the European green lizard. Developmental and Comparative Immunology, 3, 653–665.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Young, L.J., Greenberg, N. and Crews, D. (1991) The effects of progesterone on sexual behavior in male green anole lizards (Anolis carolinenesis). Hormones and Behaviour, 25, 477–488.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zapata, A.G., Varas, A. and Torroba, M. (1992) Seasonal variations in the immune system of lower vertebrates. Immunology Today, 13, 142–147.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zapata, A., Garrido, E., Leceta, J. and Gomariz, R. (1983) Relationships between neuroendocrine and immune systems in amphibians and reptiles. Developmental and Comparative Immunology, 7, 771–774.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. Louis J. Guillette Jr.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Alison Cree
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Andrew A. Rooney
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Herpetology, College Gates, 2 Deansway, Worcester, WR1 2JD, England

    Clifford Warwick (Director of the Institute of Herpetology) (Director of the Institute of Herpetology)

  2. Fund for Clinical Research, 741 Plum Lane, Davis, California, 95616, USA

    Fredric L. Frye (Director of the Fund for Clinical Research) (Director of the Fund for Clinical Research)

  3. Department of Herpetology, Dallas Zoo, 621 East Clarendon Drive, Dallas, Texas, 75203, USA

    James B. Murphy (Curator of the Department of Herpetology) (Curator of the Department of Herpetology)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1995 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Guillette, L.J., Cree, A., Rooney, A.A. (1995). Biology of stress: interactions with reproduction, immunology and intermediary metabolism. In: Warwick, C., Frye, F.L., Murphy, J.B. (eds) Health and Welfare of Captive Reptiles. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1222-2_3

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1222-2_3

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4020-0403-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-011-1222-2

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation