Abstract
The notion of ‘a framework for monetary stability’ — the title of this conference — immediately implies the desirability of maintaining steady growth, or under some circumstances even a steady level, of money however defined. This presumption is consistent with the recent practice of a number of central banks, and with the rhetoric of many more. For more than two decades, target growth rates for one or another measure of money have often played a key role in the formulation and implementation of monetary policy. European central banks, including in particular the Bundesbank, have been especially prominent in this regard.
I am grateful to Ben Broadbent for research assistance, and to the G.E. Foundation and the Harvard Program for Financial Research for research support. Parts of the paper draw on my recent work, including Friedman (1990, 1993) and Friedman and Kuttner (1992).
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Andersen, Leonall C. , and Jordan, Jerry L. (1968), “Monetary and Fiscal Actions: A Test of Their Relative Importance in Economic Stabilization” Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, Review, 50 (November), 11–24.
Brunner, Karl, and Meltzer, Allan H. (1972), “Money, Debt, and Economic Activity” , Journal of Political Economy, 80 (September-October), 951–977.
Eichenbaum, Martin, and Singleton, Kenneth J. (1986), “Do Equilibrium Real Business Cycle Theories Explain Postwar Business Cycles?” in: S. Fischer (ed.), NBER Macroeconomics Annual. Cambridge, MIT Press.
Estrella, Arturo, and Hardouvelis, Gikas A. (1991), “The Term Structure as a Predictor of Real Economic Activity” Journal of Finance, 46 (June), 555–576.
Feinman, Joshua N., and Porter, Richard D. (1992), “The Continuing Weakness of M2” Mimeo, Federal Reserve Board.
Feldstein, Martin, and Stock, James H. (1993), “The Use of A Monetary Aggregate to Target Nominal GDP” Mimeo, National Bureau of Economic Research.
Friedman, Benjamin M. (1983), “The Roles of Money and Credit in Macroeconomic Analysis” in: J. Tobin (ed.), Macroeconomics, Prices and Quantities: Essays in Memory of Arthur M. Okun. Washington: The Brookings Institution.
Friedman, Benjamin M. (1990), “Targets and Instruments of Monetary Policy.” in: B. Friedman and F. Hahn (eds.), Handbook of Monetary Economics, Amsterdam, North-Holland Publishing Co.
Friedman, Benjamin M. (1993), “Ongoing Change in the U.S. Financial Markets: Implications for Monetary Policy.” Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City, Changing Capital Markets: Implications for Monetary Policy.
Friedman, Benjamin M., and Kuttner, Kenneth N. (1992), “Money, Income, Prices and Interest Rates” American Economic Review, 82 (June), 472–492.
Friedman, Benjamin M., and Kuttner, Kenneth N. (1993a), “Another Look at the Evidence on Money-Income Causality” Journal of Econometrics, 57 (May/June), 189–203.
Friedman, Benjamin M., and Kuttner, Kenneth N. (1993b), “Why Does the Paper-Bill Spread Predict Real Economic Activity?” in: J.H. Stock and M.W. Watson (eds.). New Research on Business Cycle Indicators and Forecasting, Chicago, University of Chicago Press.
Friedman, Milton (1984), “Lessons from the 1979–82 Monetary Policy Experiment” American Economic Review, 74 (May), 397–400.
Friedman, Milton, and Schwartz, Anna J. (1963), A Monetary History of the United States 1867– 1960, Princeton, Princeton University Press.
Goldfeld, Stephen M. (1973), “The Demand for Money Revisited” Brookings Papers on Economic Activity (No. 3), 577–638.
Goldfeld, Stephen M. (1976), “The Case of the Missing money” Brookings Papers on Economic Activity (No. 3), 683–730.
Judd, John J., and Scadding, John L. (1982), “The Search for a Stable Money Demand Function: A Survey of the Post-1973 Literature” Journal of Economic Literature, 20 (September), 993– 1023.
McCallum, Bennett T. (1987), “The Case for Rules in the Conduct of Monetary Policy: A Concrete Example” Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond, Economic Review (September/ October), 10–18.
McCallum, Bennett T. (1988), “Robustness Properties of a Rule for Monetary Policy” Carnegie-Rochester Conference Series on Public Policy, 29 (Autumn), 173–204.
Mishkin, Frederic S. (1990), “Information in the Longer-Maturity Term Structure About Future Inflation” Quarterly Journal of Economics , 55 (August), 815–828.
Poole, William (1970), “Optimal Choice of Monetary Instrument in a Simple Stochastic Macro Model” Quarterly Journal of Economics , 84 (May), 197–216.
Ramey, Valerie (1993), “How Important Is the Credit Channel in the Transmission of Monetary Policy?” Carnegie-Rochester Conference Series on Public Policy.
Sims, Christopher A. (1980), “A Comparison of Interwar and Postwar Business Cycles: Monetarism Reconsidered” American Economic Review, 70 (May), 247–250.
Stock, James H., and Watson, Mark W. (1989), “Interpreting the Evidence on Money-Income Causality” Journal of Econometrics , 40 (January), 161–182.
Tobin, James (1969), “A General Equilibrium Approach to Monetary Theory” Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, 1 (February), 15–29.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1994 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Friedman, B.M. (1994). Intermediate Targets versus Information Variables as Operating Guides for Monetary Policy. In: De Beaufort Wijnholds, J.O., Eijffinger, S.C.W., Hoogduin, L.H. (eds) A Framework for Monetary Stability. Financial and Monetary Policy Studies, vol 27. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0850-8_11
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0850-8_11
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-0-7923-3173-5
Online ISBN: 978-94-011-0850-8
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive