Skip to main content

Tests on unvulcanized rubbers

  • Chapter
Physical Testing of Rubber
  • 297 Accesses

Abstract

Most of this book is concerned with tests on vulcanized (or thermoplastic) rubber which is the state in which the consumer receives the product. The consumer is generally only interested in the properties of the finished product whereas the supplier is also concerned about the properties of the raw and compounded rubber. His interest is in the control of his raw materials as regards their processing qualities and the likelihood of them producing satisfactory mouldings, extrusions, etc. Consequently, processibility tests are of immediate concern in the rubber factory and great emphasis has been placed on the development of methods and apparatus which provide reliable, and also very rapid, quality control data. The behaviour of rubbers during processing is complicated and has proved difficult to predict in many cases. Materials frequently manage to exhibit a processing quirk which does not show up in laboratory tests. Thus, there is continuing effort to develop tests which more realistically predict processing behaviour. As evidence of the effort being applied there are more technical papers published in this field than on any other subject covered in this book.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 74.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. White, J.L. and Soos, I. (1993). Rubb. Chem. Tech., 66(3), 435.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. ISO 1658, 1994. Natural Rubber. Test Recipes and Evaluation of Vulcanization Characteristics.

    Google Scholar 

  3. ISO 2302, 1985. Rubber, Isobutylene-Isoprene (IIR) — Evaluation Procedures.

    Google Scholar 

  4. ISO 2303, 1990. Rubber, Isoprene (IR) Non Oil-extended, Solution Polymerized types — Test Recipe and Evaluation of Vulcanization Characteristics.

    Google Scholar 

  5. ISO 2322,1985. Rubber, Styrene-Butadiene (SBR) — Emulsion Polymerized — Test Recipe and Method of Evaluation.

    Google Scholar 

  6. ISO 2475, 1990. Rubber, Chloroprene (CR) — General Purpose Types — Evaluation Procedures.

    Google Scholar 

  7. ISO 2476, 1988. Rubber, Butadiene (BR) Solution Polymerized Types — Test Recipe and Evaluation of Vulcanization Characteristics.

    Google Scholar 

  8. ISO 4097, 1991. Rubber, Ethylene-Propylene-Diene (EPDM) Non-oil Extended Raw General Purpose Types — Evaluation Procedures.

    Google Scholar 

  9. ISO 4658, 1990. Rubber, Acrylonitrile-Butadiene (NBR) — Test Recipe and Evaluation of Vulcanization Characteristics.

    Google Scholar 

  10. ISO 4659, 1989. Rubber, Raw Styrene Butadiene (Carbon Black or Carbon Black and Oil Masterbatches) — Test Recipe and Method of Evaluation.

    Google Scholar 

  11. ISO 7663. Rubber, Halogenated Isobutene-Isoprene (BUR and CIIR) — Test Recipe and Evaluation of Vulcanization Characteristics.

    Google Scholar 

  12. ISO 1796, 1982. Raw Rubber — Sample Preparation.

    Google Scholar 

  13. ISO 1795, 1992. Sampling and Further Preparative Procedures for Raw, Natural and Synthetic Rubber.

    Google Scholar 

  14. BS 6315, 1993. Sampling and Further Preparative Procedures for Raw, Natural and Synthetic Rubber.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Williams, I. (1924). Ind. Eng. Chem., 16, 362.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Scott, J.R. (1931). Trans. IRI, 7, 169.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Scott, J.R. (1935). Trans. IRI, 10, 481.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Scott, J.R. (1940). RABRM Lab. Circular 172.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Herne, H., Hine, D.J. and Wright, M. (1952). RABRM Research Report 70.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Scott, J.R. (1935). RABRM Lab. Circular 134.

    Google Scholar 

  21. ISO 2007, 1991. Determination of Plasticity — Rapid Piastimeter Method.

    Google Scholar 

  22. BS 903: Part A59, 1990. Methods using Plastimeters.

    Google Scholar 

  23. ISO 7323, 1985. Determination of Plasticity Number and Recovery Number — Parallel Plate Method.

    Google Scholar 

  24. ASTM D926-93. Plasticity and Recovery (Parallel Plate Method).

    Google Scholar 

  25. Koopmann, R. (1985). Polym. Test., 5(5).

    Google Scholar 

  26. ISO 2930, 1981. Rubber, Raw Natural — Determination of Plasticity Retention Index (PRI).

    Google Scholar 

  27. ASTM D3194-84. Rubber from Natural Sources — Plasticity Retention Index (PRI).

    Google Scholar 

  28. Norman, R.H. (1980). Plast. Rubb. Int., 5(6), 243.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Berry, J.P. and Sambrook, R.W. (May 1977). Paper 28, Rubbercon 77.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Leblanc, J.L. (1980). Eur. Rubb. J., 162(2), 20.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Amsden, C.S. (1985). Polym. Test., 5(1), 45.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. ISO 289-1, 1994. Determination of Mooney Viscosity.

    Google Scholar 

  33. BS 903 Part A58, 1990. Methods using the Mooney Viscometer.

    Google Scholar 

  34. ASTM D1646-94. Viscosity, Stress Relaxation and Pre-vulcanization Characteristics (Mooney Viscometer).

    Google Scholar 

  35. ASTM D3346-90. Processibility of SBR (Styrene-Butadiene Rubber) with the Mooney Viscometer.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Kramer, H. (1981). Polym. Test., 2(2), 107.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Kramer, H. (1992). Rubb. Plast. News, 21(20), 16.

    Google Scholar 

  38. Niemiec, S. (1980). Polym. Test., 1(3), 201.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Crane, D. and Ness, P.E. (1989). ACS Rubb. Div. Meeting Detroit, Paper 126.

    Google Scholar 

  40. Kramer, H. (1990). ACS Rubb. Div. Meeting, Washington, Paper 5.

    Google Scholar 

  41. Noordermeer, J.W.M., America, R.J.H. and Visser, G.W. (1992). Standards and Quality in the Rubber Industry, London, Proceedings, 67.

    Google Scholar 

  42. Nakajima, N. and Harrell, E.R. (1979). Rubb. Chem. Tech., 52(1), 9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Nakajima, N. and Harrell, E.R. (1979). Rubb. Chem. Tech., 52(5), 962.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Bristow, G.M. (1990). J. Nat. Rubb. Res., 5(3), 182.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Whorlow, R.W. (1949). RABRM Res. Memo. R347; (1951). J. Rubb. Res., 20, 39.

    Google Scholar 

  46. Piper, G.H. and Scott, J.R. (1945). J. Sci. Instrum., 22, 206.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Bulgin, D. and Wratten, R. (1953). Proc. 2nd Inst. Congress on Rheology, London, Butterworth.

    Google Scholar 

  48. Ghafouri, S.N. and Freakley, P.K. (1992). Polym. Test., 11(2), 101.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Han, M., White, J.L., Nakajima, N. and Brzowskowski, R. (1990). Kaut, u Gummi Kunst., 43(12), 1060.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Champaneria, R.K., Harris, B., Lotfipour, M., Packham, D.E. and Turner, D.M. (1987). Plast. Rubb. Process. Appln., 8(3), 185.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Taylor, R.H., Fielding, J.H. and Mooney, M. (1947). Rubb. Age, N.Y., 61, 567.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Koopmann, R. and Kramer, H. (June 1982). Paper 012, Conference Internationale du Caoutchouc, Paris.

    Google Scholar 

  53. Wharlow, R.W. (1951). RABRM Res. Memo. R375.

    Google Scholar 

  54. Moghe, S.R. (1976). Rubber Chem. Tech., 49(2), 247.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Male, F.J. (1994). ACS Rubb. Div. Meeting, Chicago, Paper 11.

    Google Scholar 

  56. Friedersdorf, C.B. and Duvdevani, I. (1994). ACS Rubb. Div. Meeting, Chicago, Paper 4.

    Google Scholar 

  57. Burhin, H., Spreutels, W. and Sezna, J. (1989). ACS Rubb. Div. Conference, Detroit, Paper 74.

    Google Scholar 

  58. Colbert, G.P. (April 2, 1979). Rubb. and Plast. News.

    Google Scholar 

  59. Halim, O.A. and Brichta, A.M. (1983). Rubb. World, 188(5).

    Google Scholar 

  60. Leblanc, J.L. (1981). Plast. Rubber Process. Appln., 1(2).

    Google Scholar 

  61. Pica, D., Barket, R., Rice, P. and Ma, C.C. (1979). Rubb. World, 180(4).

    Google Scholar 

  62. Sezna, J.A. (May 1984). Paper 22, ACS Rubber Div. Meeting, Indianapolis.

    Google Scholar 

  63. Leblanc, J.L. (1994). Plast. Rubb. Process. Appln., 21(2), 81.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Garvey, B.S., Whitlock, M.H. and Freeze, J.A. (1942). Ind. Eng. Chem., 34, 1309.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. ASTM D2230-90. Extrudability of Unvulcanized Compounds.

    Google Scholar 

  66. Pawlowski, H. and Dick, J. (1992). Rubber World, 206(3), 35.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Dick, J. and Pawlowski, H. (1992). ACS Rubb. Div. Meeting, Nashville, Paper 37.

    Google Scholar 

  68. Dick, J., Pawlowski, H. and Scheers, E. (1993). ACS Rubb. Div. Meeting, Orlando, Paper 98.

    Google Scholar 

  69. Pawlowski, H., Dick, J. (1994). ACS Rubb. Div. Meeting, Pittsburgh, Paper 32.

    Google Scholar 

  70. Burhin, H.G. (1994). Kaut. u Gummi Kunst., 47(4), 262.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Bohlin, L., Nilsson, L.A. and Stromvall, H.E. (1986). IRC 86, Goteborg, Proceedings, Suppl. Vol., 103.

    Google Scholar 

  72. Letton, A. and Paramasivam, M. (1992). ACS Rubb. Div. Meeting, Louisville, Paper 2.

    Google Scholar 

  73. Paul, K.T. (Feb. 1972). RAPRA Bulletin.

    Google Scholar 

  74. Paul, K.T. (March 1973). RAPRA Members J.

    Google Scholar 

  75. Markert, J. (1984). Eur. Rubb. J., 166(7), 28.

    Google Scholar 

  76. Markert, J. (1988). Int. Polym. Process., 2(3), 204.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Chohan, R.K., David, B., Nir, A. and Tadmor, Z. (1987). Int. Polym. Process., 2(1), 13.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Graf, HJ., Hellberg, G., Lauhus, W.P. and Werner, H. (1989). Kunststoffe German Plastics, 79(5), 7.

    Google Scholar 

  79. Denby, J.M., (1971). Polym. Eng. Sci., 11, 433.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  80. White, J.L., (1977). Rubb. Chem. Tech., 50, 163.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Cotten, G.R. and Thiele, J.L. (May 1978). ACS Rubb. Div. Meeting, Montreal, Paper 4.

    Google Scholar 

  82. Ng, T.S. (1983). Kaut. u. Gummi. Kunst., 36(1).

    Google Scholar 

  83. Muramatsu, K., Furukawa, J. and Yamashitu, S. (1961). Nippon Gomu Kyokaishi, 34, 997.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Kusano, T., Murakami, K. and Yamakawa, T. (1981). Int. Polym. Sci. Tech., 8, 4.

    Google Scholar 

  85. Yoshida, J. (1952). Chem. Abs., 46, 3786.

    Google Scholar 

  86. Bristow, G.M. (1982). NR Tech., 13(3).

    Google Scholar 

  87. Baader, T. (1954). Kaut. u. Gummi, 7, 263WT.

    Google Scholar 

  88. Baader, T. (1953). Kaut. u. Gummi, 6, 210WT, 235WT, 258WT.

    Google Scholar 

  89. Baader, T. (1954). Kaut. u. Gummi, 7, 15WT.

    Google Scholar 

  90. Kandyrin, L.B., Al’tzitser, U.S., Anfimov, B.N. and Kuleznev, V.N. (1977). Kauch. i. Rezina, No. 4, 18.

    Google Scholar 

  91. Brezik, R., (1984). Int. Polym. Sci. Tech., 11(12).

    Google Scholar 

  92. Ng, T.S. (1985). IKT 86, Stuttgart, Summaries, 143.

    Google Scholar 

  93. Lim, C.L., Ong, E.I. (1990). J. Nat. Rubb. Res., 5(1), 9.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Popovic, R.S., Plavsic, M., Popovic, R.G., Ilic, N. (1991). Kaut, u Gummi Kunst, 44(7), 702.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Breemhaar, W., Koopmann, R., Markert, J., and Noordermeer, J. (1993). Kaut, u Gummi Kunst., 46(12), 957.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. ISO 289-2, 1994. Determination of Pre-vulcanization Characteristics.

    Google Scholar 

  97. ISO 3417, 1991. Method for the Determination of Vulcanization Characteristics using an Oscillating Disc Curemeter.

    Google Scholar 

  98. ISO 6502, 1991. Measurement of Vulcanization Characteristics with Rotor-less Curemeters.

    Google Scholar 

  99. BS 903: Part A60, 1992. Method for the Determination of Vulcanization Characteristics using an Oscillating Disc Cure Meter.

    Google Scholar 

  100. ASTM D2084-93. Vulcanization using Oscillating Disc Cure Meter.

    Google Scholar 

  101. ASTM D5289-93a. Vulcanization using Rotorless Cure Meters.

    Google Scholar 

  102. BS 903 Part A60-1 1995. Introduction and Guide to the Use of Cure Meters.

    Google Scholar 

  103. Norman, R.H. (1980). Polym. Test., 1(4).

    Google Scholar 

  104. Hands, D. and Horsfall, F. (Oct. 983). Paper 11, ACS Rubb. Div. Meeting, Houston.

    Google Scholar 

  105. Hands, D., Norman, R.H. and Stevens, P. (1984). Rubbercon Conference, Birmingham.

    Google Scholar 

  106. Bristow, G.M. (1982). NR Tech., 13(1).

    Google Scholar 

  107. Sezna, J.A. (1993). ACS Rubb. Div. Meeting, Denver, Paper 69.

    Google Scholar 

  108. bin Ahmad, A., Lim Hun Soo. (1992). Indian J. Nat. Rubb. Res., 5(1 & 2), 113.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Dick, J. and Pawlowski, H. (1995). Polym. Test., 14(1), 45.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. Persson, S. (1987). Plast. Rubb. Process. Appln., 7(2), 111.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. Paik, N.-C. and Choi, S.-Y. (1985). IRC 85, Kyoto, Proceedings, 262.

    Google Scholar 

  112. Gent, A.N. and Kim, H.J. (1990). Rubb. Chem. Tech., 63(4), 613.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. Bussemaker, O.K.F. (Dec. 1964). Rubb. Chem. Tech., 37, 1178.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. Sarkar, A., Bhowmick, A.K., Chakravarty, S.N. (1988). Polym. Test., 8(6), 415.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. Muny, R.P. (1988). Advances in Pressure Sensitive Tape Technology, Ithaca, Proceedings, 159.

    Google Scholar 

  116. Orlovskii, P.N., Lukomskoya, A.I., Tsydzik, M.A. and Bogotova, S.K. (1960). Sov. Rubb. Tech., No. 7, 20.

    Google Scholar 

  117. McDuff, K. (1978). Green Strength — A Review, RAPRA.

    Google Scholar 

  118. ISO 9026 1991. Determination of Green Strength.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1996 R. P. Brown

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Brown, R.P. (1996). Tests on unvulcanized rubbers. In: Physical Testing of Rubber. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0529-3_6

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0529-3_6

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-94-010-4235-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-011-0529-3

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics