Abstract
Scanning Near-field Optical Microscopy (SNOM), based on metal coated adiabatically tapered fibres, combined with shear force feedback and operated in illumination mode, has proven to be the most powerful SNOM arrangement, because of its true localisation of the optical interaction, its true optical contrast (fluorescence, polarisation, etc.) and its sensitivity down to the single molecular level. We present the first application of SNOM to (i) Fluorescence In Situ Hybridisation (FISH) of human metaphase chromosomes, where the localised fluorescence allows to identify specific DNA sequences in addition to the topographic force image, and (ii) Langmuir-Blodgett mono-layers, where the orientation of the polymer backbone and the degree of polymerisation is visualised in the near-field polarised fluorescence simultaneously with the topography in the force signal.
Photon Scanning Tunnelling Microscopy (PSTM), based on frustration of total internal reflection with uncoated dielectric probes and operated in transmission mode, is experimentally easier than aperture SNOM, but less straightforward in its interpretation as generally near field and far field scattering are observed mixed with topographic effects. We have applied combined PSTM/AFM to (i) Langmuir-Blodgett mono-layers, and (ii) integrated optical ridge waveguides. Both systems have virtually no surface structure. In the waveguides purely the electric field distribution is probed by coupling to the evanescent wave. Direct observation by PSTM of TM and TE modal field distributions, mode beating and application to a Y-junction wavelength (de)multiplexer is presented.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Pohl, D.W., Denk, W. and Lanz, M. (1984) Optical stethoscopy: image recording with resolution λ/20, Appl. Phys. Lett. 44, 651–653.
Betzig, E., Trautman, J.K., Harris, T.D., Weiner, J.S. and Kostelak, R.L. (1991) Breaking the Diffraction Barrier: Optical Microscopy on a Nanometric Scale, Science 251, 1468–1470.
Betzig, E. and Trautman, J.K. (1992) Near-field optics: microscopy, spectroscopy and surface modification beyond the diffraction limit, Science 257, 189–195.
Toledo-Crow, R., Yang, P.C., Chen, Y. and Vaez-Iravani, M. (1992) Near-field differential scanning optical microscope with atomic force regulation, Appl. Phys. Lett. 60, 2957–2959.
Betzig, E., Finn, P.L. and Weiner, J.S. (1992) Combined shear force and near-field scanning optical microscopy, Appl. Phys. Lett. 60, 2484–2486.
Betzig, E. and Chichester, R.J. (1993) Near-field Fluorescence Imaging of Cytoskeletal Actin, Bioimaging 1, 129–133.
Moers, M.H.P., Gaub, H.E. and Van Hulst, N.F. (1994) Poly(diacetylene) Monolayers Studied with a Fluorescence Scanning Near-Field Optical Microscope, Langmuir 10, 2774–2777.
Betzig, E. and Chichester, R.J. (1993) Single Molecule observed by Near field Scanning Optical Microscopy, Science 262, 1422–1425.
Trautman, J.K., Macklin, J.J., Brus, L.E. and Betzig, E. (1994) Near field spectroscopy of single molecules at room temperature, Nature 369, 40–42.
Hess, H., Betzig, E., Harris, T.D., Pfeiffer, L.N. and West, K.W. (1994) Near-field spectroscopy of the quantum constituents of a luminescent system, Science 264, 1740–1745.
Sunney Xie, X. and Dunn, R.C. (1994) Probing Single Molecule Dynamics, Science 265, 361–364.
Ambrose, W.P., Goodwin, P.M., Martin, J.C. and Keller, R.A. (1994) Alterations of Single Molecule Fluorescence Lifetimes in Near-Field Optical Microscopy, Science 265, 364–367.
Moers, M.H.P., Ruiter, A.G.T., Van Hülst, N.F. and Bölger, B. (Jan. 1995) Optical contrast in Near-Field Techniques, Ultramicroscopy, Proceedings International Conference on Near field Optics II, Raleigh NC, Oct 1993, in press.
Tillmann, R.W., Radmacher, M., Gaub, H.E., Kenney, P. and Ribi, H.O. (1993) J. Phys. Chem. 97, 2928–2932.
Rudkin, G.T. and Stollar, B.D. (1977) High resolution detection of DNA-RNA hybrids in situ by indirect immunofluorescence, Nature 265, 472–473.
Bauman, J.G.J., Wiegant, J. and Van Duijn, P. (1981) Cytochemical hybridisation with fluorochrome-labeled RNA, J. Histochem. Cytochem. 29, 227–246.
Wiegant, J., Wiesmeijer, C.C., Hoovers, J.M.N., Schuuring, E., d’Azzo, A., Vrolijk, J., Tanke, H.J. and Raap, A.K. (1993) Multiple and sensitive fluorescence in situ hybridisation with rhodamine-, fluorescein-, and coumarin-labelled DNAs, Cytogenetics and Cell Genetics 63, 73–76.
Putman, C.A.J., De Grooth, B.G., Wiegant, J., Raap, A.K., Van der werf, K.O., Van Hulst, N.F. and Greve, J. (1993) Detection of In Situ Hybridization to Human Chromosomes with the Atomic Force Microscope, Cytometry 14, 356–361.
Van Hulst, N.F., Moers, M.H.P., Noordman, O.F.J., Tack, R.G., Segerink, F.B. and Bölger, B. (1993) Near-field optical microscope using a silicon-nitride probe, Appl. Phys. Lett. 62, 461–463.
Van Hulst, N.F., Moers, M.H.P. and Bölger, B. (1993) Near-field optical microscopy in transmission and reflection modes in combination with force microscopy, J. Microscopy. 171, 95–105.
Moers, M.H.P., Tack, R.G., Van Hulst, N.F. and Bölger, B. (1994) Photon scanning tunneling microscope in combination with a force microscope, J. Appl. Phys. 75, 1254–1257.
Tsai, D.P., Jackson, H.E., Reddick, R.C., Sharp, S.H. and Warmack, R.J. (1990) Photon scanning tunneling microscope study of optical waveguides, Appl. Phys. Lett. 56, 1515–1517.
Hoekstra, H.J.W.M., Krijnen, G.J.M. and Lambeck, P.V. (1993) New formulation of the beam propagation method, Opt. Commun. 97, 301–303.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1995 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Van Hulst, N., Moers, M., Borgonjen, E. (1995). Applications of Near Field Optical Microscopy. In: Marti, O., Möller, R. (eds) Photons and Local Probes. NATO ASI Series, vol 300. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0423-4_14
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0423-4_14
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-010-4189-8
Online ISBN: 978-94-011-0423-4
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive