Abstract
The main assumption underlying this study is the widely acknowledged and empirically confirmed principle that self-system has a crucial role in social information processing. We are particularly concerned with relationships between cognitive representations of the self and the tendency to categorize other people into groups and categories. Our theoretical stand-point is rooted in a cognitive framework, such as Markus’ self-schema theory, and Fiske’s and her co-workers’ cognitive model of impression formation, but also we are going to take into account the implications of Tajfel and Turner’s social identity theory. The starting point for the reasoning presented here is Jarymowicz’s conceptualization of Self and We as cognitive schemata, distinct from other schemata, and then her interpretation of personal and social identity.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Brown, R., & Turner, C. (1981). Interpersonal and intergroup behaviour. In J.C. Turner, & H. Giles (Eds.), Intergroup Behaviour. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
Abrams, D., Thomas, J., & Hogg, M. (1990). Numerical distinctiveness, social identity, and gender salience. British Journal of Social psychology, 29, 87–92.
Festinger, L. (1954). A theory of of social comparisons processes. Human Relations, 7, 117–140.
Fiske, S.T., Neuberg, S.L., Beattie, A.E., Milberg, S.J. (1987). Category based reactions to others: Some informational conditions of stereotyping and individuating processes. Journal of Experimental and Social Psychology, 23, 399–427.
Fiske, S., & Neuberg, S.L. (1989). Category-based and individuating processes as a function of information and motivation: Evidence from our laboratory. In D. Bar-Tal, C.F. Graumann, A.W. Kruglanski, & W. Stroebe (Eds.), Stereotyping and Prejudice: Changing Conceptions (pp. 83–104). New York: Springer Verlag.
Fiske, S.T., & Taylor, S.E. (1984). Social Cognition. Menlo Park, Ca: Addison-Wesley Publ. Co.
Fiske, S.T., & Von Hendy, H.M. (1992). Personality feedback and situational norms can control stereotyping processes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 62, 577–596.
Hinkle, S., Taylor, L.A., & Fox-Cardamone, D. (1989). Intragroup identification and intergroup differentiation: A multicomponent approach. British Journal of Social Psychology, 28, 305–317.
Jarymowicz, M. (1987). Perceiving One’s Own Individuality: The Estimation and Attractiveness of Self-Distinctness from Others. Warsaw Psychological Monographs. Warszawa: Wyd. UW.
Jarymowicz, M. (1991). The self-distinctive traits as personal identity attributes. Cahiers de Psychologie Cognitive, 11, 679–695.
Jarymowicz, M. (1992). Self, We, and Other(s): Schemata distinctiveness and altruism. In P. Oliner, S. Oliner, L. Baron, L. Blum, D. Krebs, & Z. Smolenska (Eds.), Embracing the Other: Philosophical, Psychological, and Historical Perspectives on Altruism. New York: New York University Press.
Jarymowicz, M. (1993). Odrebnosc schematow Ja-My-Inni a spoleczne identyfikacje. [Distinctiveness of Self-We-Others schemata and social identifications]. Przeglad Psychologiczny, XXXVI, 7–26.
Jarymowicz, M., & Codol, J.P. (1979). Self-others similarity perception: Striving for diversity from other people. Polish Psychological Bulletin, 10, 41–48.
Kwiatkowska, A. (1988). Specific and nonspecific dimensions of Self and evaluation of Self-Others similarity in the disabled. Polish Psychological Bulletin, 19, 215–223.
Kwiatkowska, A. (1993). Self-Others similarity and self-esteem. In M. Jarymowicz (Ed.). To know Self—to understand Others. Delft: Eburon.
Krzemionka, D. (1993). The self-distinctness and standards used in evaluating the similar and dissimilar partner. In M. Jarymowicz (Ed.), To Know Self — To Understand Others. Delft: Eburon.
Markus, H. (1977). Self-schema and processing information about the self. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 35, 63–78.
Markus, H., & Smith, J. (1981). The influence of self-schema on the perception of others. In N. Cantor & J. Kihlstrom (Eds.), Personality, Cognition and Social Interaction. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Maass, A., & Schaller, M. (1991). Intergroup biases and the cognitive dynamics of stereotype formation. In W. Stroebe, & M. Hewstone (Eds.), European Review of Social Psychology (Vol. 2). N.Y.: J. Wiley & Sons.
McArthur, L.Z., & Baron, R.M. (1983). Toward an ecological theory of social perception. Psychological Review, 90, 215–238.
Neuberg, S.L., & Newsom, J.T. (1993). Personal need for structure: Individual differences in the desire for simple structure. Journal of Personal and Social Psychology, 65, 113–131.
Sachdev, I., & Bourish, R.Y. (1985). Social categorization and power differentials in group relations. European Journal of Social Psychology, 15, 415–434.
Sachdev, I., & Bourish, R.Y. (1987). Status differentials and intergroup behaviour. European Journal of Social Psychology, 17, 277–293.
Stangor, C., Lynch, L., Duan, C., & Glass, B. (1992). Categorization of individuals on the basis of multiple social features. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 62, 207–218.
Snyder, C.R., & Fromkin, H.L. (1980). Uniqueness: The Human Pursuit of Difference. Plenum Press.
Stephen, W.G. (1985). Intergroup relations. In G. Lindzey, & E. Aronson (Eds.), The Handbook of Social Psychology (3rd) (Vol. 2, pp. 599–658). New York: Random House.
Szuster-Zbrojewicz, A. (1993). The asymmetry effect in Me-We-Others distance rating and manifestations of exocentric involvement. In M. Jarymowicz (Ed.), To understand Self-to understand Others. Delft: Eburon.
Tajfel, H., & Turner, J.C. (1979). An integrative theory of intergroup conflict. In W.G. Austin, S. Worchel (Eds.), The Social Psychology of Intergroup Relations. Brooks Cole.
Tajfel, H., & Turner, J.C. (1986). The Social Identity Theory of Intergroup Behavior. In S. Worchel, & N.A. Austin (Eds.), Psychology of Intergroup Relations (2nd). (pp. 7–24). Chicago: Nelson Hall.
Turner, J.C. (1985). Social categorization and the self-concept: A social cognitive theory of group behavior. In E.J. Lawler (Ed.), Advances in Group Processes: Theory and Research (pp. 77–122). JAI Press Inc.
Turner, J.C. (1982). Towards a cognitive redefinition of the social group. In H. Tajfel (Ed.), Social Identity and Intergroup Relations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Wilder, D., & Shapiro, P. (1991). Facilitation of out-group stereotypes by enhanced in-group identity. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 27, 431–452.
Wyer, R.S., & Srull, T.K. (1980). The processing of social stimulus information: A conceptual integration. In R. Hastie, T.M. Ostrom, E.B. Ebbesen, R.S. Wyer, D. Hamilton, & D.E. Carlston (Eds.), Person Memory: The Cognitive Basis of Social Perception. Hillsdale, N.J.: Erlbaum.
Wyer, R.S., & Srull, T.K. (1981). Category accessibility: Some theoretical and empirical issues concerning the processing of social stimulus information. In E.T. Higgins, C.P. Herman, & M.P. Zanna (Eds.), Social Cognition: The Ontario Symposium (Vol.1). Hillsdale, N.J.: Erlbaum.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1995 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Kwiatkowska, A. (1995). Cognitive Distinctness of Self — We — Others Schemata and the Tendency to Social Categorization. In: Oosterwegel, A., Wicklund, R.A. (eds) The Self in European and North American Culture: Development and Processes. NATO ASI Series, vol 84. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0331-2_19
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0331-2_19
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-010-4146-1
Online ISBN: 978-94-011-0331-2
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive