Abstract
In lacustrine environments, little attention has been paid to small-scale interactions between zooplankton diel vertical migration (DVM) and feeding rhythms. Moreover, most of the information on in situ diel feeding and migratory rhythms is based on low sampling frequencies. The kinetics and the degree of coupling of these processes are thus only roughly known. Here, we present a study conducted on a diel cycle in Lake Geneva to establish the temporal and spatial relationships between DVM and grazing activity of the dominant planktonic crustaceans. Our methodological approach is based on reliable and frequent (every 30 minutes) sampling, and on gut fullness analysis. We test the hypothesis of temporal and spatial segregation in DVM and feeding activity of sympatric taxa to counteract resource competition. We also evaluate the variation in DVM and feeding activity between taxa, size and sexes. In Lake Geneva, the Daphnia complex of different species and size (D. hyalina x galeata) and the diaptomid (Eudiaptomus gracilis) have distinct DVM and diel feeding patterns which lead to temporal and spatial segregation. Differences arise from the amplitude and kinetics of DVM and diel feeding rhythms. A strong day/night contrast in depth distribution and feeding activity was observed for the large daphnids while the small daphnids and the diaptomids had lower amplitudes of DVM and weaker diel changes in feeding activity. Large Daphnia exhibited a bimodal feeding pattern coupled with dynamic interchange of individuals between the epi- and hypolimnetic layers at dusk and dawn. In contrast, little coupling between DVM and feeding patterns was found for the diaptomid. These distinct behaviours can be viewed as specific adaptative strategies developed by calanids and daphnids to limit interspecific competition and to compromise between avoidance of starvation in deep waters and avoidance of visual predators in surface layers. Our study supports the hypothesis of exogenous control of Daphnia DVM by the relative change in light intensity at dusk and dawn, but also suggests that small Daphnia (not large ones), are controlled by absolute light variations when this major stimulus is lacking. Our results also support the hypothesis that selective predation by fish is responsible for the observed differences in DVM and diel feeding patterns of sized-daphnids and diaptomids. Other factors explaining the coupling of DVM and feeding patterns are hunger, vertical temperature gradient and for daphnids, size. Thus, ecological plasticity in crustacean DVM and feeding patterns results from the interactive effect of multiple abiotic and biotic driving forces. Finally, our study also shows that large Daphnia have a marked contribution to the acceleration of downward nutrient fluxes in Lake Geneva, via their diurnal rhythm in feeding and vertical migration. Ecological implications of the study for lake management and sampling design of zooplankton grazing studies are also presented.
Résumé
Dans les écosystèmes lacustres, les interactions à fine échelle temporelle entre les patrons diurnes de migration verticale et de broutage du zooplancton sont peu étudiées. En outre, jusqu’à présent, les études ont généralement été réalisées selon des chroniques temporelles assez lâches. La cinétique et le degré d’interaction entre les patrons journaliers de migration verticale et de broutage sont donc encore mal connus. La présente étude, conduite au LacLéman (Lac de Genève) au cours d’un cycle nycthéméral. lenie de préciser les liaisons spatiales et temporelles existant entre les migrations journalières et la consommation de phytoplancton chez les taxons de Crustacés les mieux représentés. Notre approche méthodologique repose sur une maille temporelle d’échantillonnage fine et sur l’analyse de la fluorescence du contenu stomacal. Nous testons l’hypothèse d’une ségrégation spatio-temporelle visant à réduire la compétition entre les taxons sympatriques et reposant sur des différences entre les patrons journaliers respectifs de migration et d’alimentation. Nous évaluons pour ces rythmes d’activité les différences entre les espèces, les classes de tailles et les sexes. Au lac Léman, le complexe de différentes espèces et tailles de daphnies (Daphnia hyalina x galeala) et le diaptomide (Eudiaptomus gracilis) présentent des patrons journaliers de migration et d’alimentation distincts, assurant une ségrégation spatio-temporelle. Les différences proviennent de variations dans la cinétique et l’amplitude des migrations et dans les niveaux d’alimentation. Les grandes daphnies affichent un fort contraste jour/nuit dans leur répartition verticale et leur état de réplétion, tandis que les petites daphnies et les diaptomides présentent une faible amplitude de migration et de variations circadtennes de réplétion. Les grandes daphnies ont un rythme alimentaire bimodal couplé avec un relais dynamique des organismes entre l’épilimnion et l’hypolimnion au crépuscule et à l’aube. Chez le diaptomide, les interactions sont au contraire faibles entre les patrons de migration verticale et de réplétion. Ces différents comportements peuvent être perçus comme des stratégies adaptatives spécifiques développées par les daphnies et les diaptomides pour limiter la compétition interspécifique et aboutir à un compromis satisfaisant entre l’évitement de la famine en eaux profondes et de la prédation par les poissons dans les eaux superficielles. Notre étude conforte l’hypothèse d’un contrôle exogène de la migration verticale de Daphnia par les changements relatifs de la lumière au crépuscule et à l’aube. En l’absence de ce stimulus, la répartition verticale des petites daphnies semble par contre contrôlée par les variations absolues de lumière. Nos observations confortent également l’hypothèse que la prédation sélective par les poissons est responsable des différences observées dans les patrons de migration des grandes daphnies et ceux des petites daphnies et des diaptomides. Les autres facteurs pouvant influencer les patrons de migration et d’alimentation des crustacés du Lac Léman sont la famine, le gradient thermique vertical et, chez les daphnies, la taille. En définitive, la plasticité écologique des patrons journaliers de migration et d’alimentation résulte des effets interactifs de plusieurs processus générateurs de nature abiotique et biotique. Enfin, noire étude démontre aussi que les grandes daphnies ont un rôle très important dans le transfert des nutriments dans les couches profondes durant l’été, via leurs migrations verticales et les variations circadiennes d’activité alimentaire. Les implications écologiques pour l’aménagement lacustre et la planification des études portant sur le broutage du ooplancton sont aussi présentées.
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Angeli, N., Pinel-Alloul, B., Balvay, G., Ménard, I. (1995). Diel patterns of feeding and vertical migration in daphnids and diaptomids during the clear water phase in Lake Geneva (France). In: Balvay, G. (eds) Space Partition within Aquatic Ecosystems. Developments in Hydrobiology, vol 104. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0293-3_16
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