Abstract
Oats have many interesting features. However, throughout the world, the crop is generally much less important in agriculture and commerce than the major temperate cereals wheat and barley. The main drawback of oats is its thick fibrous husk which lowers the energy value of the grain for feeding to livestock. Moreover, the proportion of husk to kernel or groat can vary considerably, according to environmental factors and variety. Good quality husked oats are suitable for feeding to ruminants, but with increasing levels of fibre, nutrient digestibility decreases Thomke, 1988. In non-ruminants, such as pigs and poultry, the ability to cope with fibre in the diet is very limited. Another feature of oats is the low bulk density of the grain which makes it more expensive to transport and store than other raw materials. These are disadvantages in price-sensitive markets. For human consumption, the inner kernel is the part utilized, the husk being removed mechanically. This requires considerable expertise, capital equipment and energy. On the other hand, the husk protects the kernel from damage which could lead to rancidity or reduction in germination. In the past, oat husk has been used for the industrial production of chemicals such as furfural. However, the main use for separated oat husk is as a low value inclusion in animal feeds.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Anon. (1993) Recommended varieties of cereals 1993. Farmers leaflet No. 8. National Institute of Agricultural Botany, Cambridge, 53 pp.
Atiyya, H.S. and Williams, W. (1976) Genetic control of the nuda character complex in the genus Avena. Journal of Agricultural Science, Cambridge, 86, 329–34.
Barr, A.R. (1989) Breeding oats for Mediterranean-type environments, in Proceedings of 3rd International Oat Conference, Lund, Sweden, 1988, (eds B. Mattsson and R. Lyhagen), Svalöf AB, Sweden, pp. 24–34.
Barr, A.R., McLean, R.J. and Roberts, G. (1988) Breeding naked grained oats for southern Australia. Ninth Australian Plant Breeding Conference, pp. 211–12.
Barr, A.R., Pell, A.S., Davies, R. et al. (1990), Breeding naked (= hull-less) oats for intensively reared animal rations. Final report to the Egg Industry. Chicken Meat Research Councils, July 1 1987 — June 1 1990, 74 pp.
Baum, B.R. (1972) Material for an international oat register. Plant Research Institute Contribution no. 895, Ottawa, 266 pp.
Baum, B.R. (1977) Oats: Wild and Cultivated. A Monograph of the Genus Avena L. (Poaceae), Thorn Press Ltd, Canada Department of Agricultural Research Branch, Ottawa, 463 pp.
Biffen, R.H. (1937). Huskless oats. Agriculture, London, 43, 8–10.
Boland, P.P. (1972) Studies on Avena nuda. MSc thesis, University College of Wales, Aberystwyth, 113 pp.
Boland, P.P. and Lawes D.A. (1973) The inheritance of the naked grain character in oats studied in a cross between the naked variety Caesar and the husked variety BO 1/11. Euphytica, 22, 582–91.
Bonnett, O.T. (1966) Inflorescences of maize, wheat, rye, barley and oats: their initiation and development. Bulletin of the Illinois Agricultural Experimental Station, 721, 92–105.
Bottrel, W. (1870) Tales and hearthside traditions of West Cornwall, III, 66–7.
Bretschneider, E. (1881) Botanicon Sinicum. Journal of the North China Royal Asiatic Society, 16, 78.
Brown, P.D., McKenzie, R.I.H. and Mikaelsen, K. (1980) Agronomic, genetic and cytologic evaluation of a vigorous new semi dwarf oat. Crop Science, 20, 303–6.
Brown, P.D., Harder, D.E., Chong, J. et al. (1992) Request for support for registration of OT 258, unpublished report. 6 pp.
Burrows, V.D. (1984) Donald oats. Canadian Journal of Plant Science, 64, 411–13.
Burrows, V.D. (1986a) Breeding oats for food and feed: conventional and new techniques and materials, in Oats: Chemistry and Technology, (ed. F.H Webster), American Association of Cereal Chemists, St Paul, MN, pp. 13–6.
Burrows, V.D. (1986b). Tibor oat. Canadian Journal of Plant Science, 66, 403–5.
Burrows, V.D. (1992a) AC Lotta oat. Canadian Journal of Plant Science, 72, 443–5.
Burrows, V.D. (1992b) AC Hill oat. Canadian Journal of Plant Science, 72, 439–41.
Burrows, V.D. (1993) AC Percy oat. Canadian Journal of Plant Science, 73, 835–7.
Burrows, V.D., Cave, N.A. and Hamilton, R.M.G. (1992) Breeding naked oat for food, feed and industrial purposes in Canada, in The Changing Role of Oats in Human and Animal Nutrition. Proceedings of Fourth International Oat Conference, Adelaide, South Australia, October, 1992, (ed. A.R. Barr), Robee Bureau Services, South Australia, pp. 64–8.
Butler-Stoney, T.R. and Valentine, J. (1991) Exploitation of the genetic potential of oats for use in feed and human nutrition. H-GCA Project Report no. 32, 28 pp.
Cave, N.A. and Burrows, V.D. (1984) Naked oats in feeding the broiler chicken. Poultry Science, 64, 771–3.
Červenka, J. (1988) [Breeding naked oats in Czechoslovakia] Mlýnsko-Pekárenský Prumsl, 4, 108–10.
Červenka, J. (1989) [Breeding and growing naked oats — a new variety Adam] Uroda, 5, 29–30.
Ciu, L. and Li, C. (1989) [Studies on the quality of naked oats in China]. Zuowu Pinzhong Ziyuan, 3, 32–3.
Clamot, G. (1969) [Study of the inheritance of naked grain character in oats]. Bulletin Recherches Agronomique Gembloux, IV, 323–38.
Clothier, R.B. (1991) Disease resistance in naked oats. AFRC Institute of Grassland and Environmental Research, 1990 Report, p. 29.
Coffman, F.A. (1977) Oat history, identification and classification. Technical Bulletin No. 1516. USDA, ARS, 356 pp.
Cuddeford, D. (1990) Naked oats: their use as an animal feed with particular reference to horses. Oats — the new direction. Semundo Limited, pp. 27–31.
Cuddeford, D., Khan, N and Muirhead R. (1992). Naked oats — an alternative energy source for performance horses, in The Changing Role of Oats in Human and Animal Nutrition. Proceedings of the Fourth International Oat Conference, Adelaide, South Australia, October 1992, (ed. A.R. Barr), Robee Bureau Services, South Australia, pp. 42–50.
Davies, O.D. (1985) The value of naked oats in weaner rations. ADAS Trawsgoed unpublished report, 2 pp.
Davies, O.D. (1986) The value of naked oats in weaner rations. ADAS Trawsgoed, unpublished report, 2 pp.
Davies, T.W. (1991) Evaluation of naked oats, ADAS Wolverhampton, unpublished report, 65 pp.
Derick, R.A. (1937, revised 1953) Oats in Canada, Canada Department of Agriculture, Publication 554.
Doyle, C.J. and Valentine, J. (1988) Naked oats: an assessment of the economic potential for livestock feed in the United Kingdom. Plant Varieties and Seeds, 1, 99–108.
Emme, E.K. and Mordvinkina, A.J. (1939) [Hybrids of the 14-chromosome naked oats]. Bulletin of the Academie des Sciences de ľURSS Serie Biologique, 530–40.
Everington, J. (1989) Oats for livestock feed, in The Potential for the Production and Utilisation of Oats in the United Kingdom, (ed R. M. Bennett), H-GCA Research Review No. 14, pp. 37–62.
Gerard, J. (1597) The Herbal or Generali Historie of Plantes. London.
Givens, D.I. and Brunnen, J.M. (1987) Nutritive value of naked oats for ruminants. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 18, 83–7.
Green, C. (1992) Minor cereals, markets and opportunities. Proceedings of the Cereals R&D Conference, Cambridge. H-GCA. 227–242.
Hamilton-Jenkin, A.K. (1932) Cornish Homes and Customs, J.M. Dent, London, pp. 272.
Haydanek, M.G. Jr and McGorrin, R.J. (1986) Oat flavor chemistry: principles and prospects, in Oats: Chemistry and Technology, (ed. F. H. Webster), American Association of Cereal Chemists, St Paul, MN, pp. 335–69.
Hayes, J. (1992) Naked Oats — Growers’ Guide, 2nd edn, The Superioat Company Limited, 34 pp.
Hulan, H.W. and Proudfoot, F.G. (1986) The nutritive value of naked oats (Avena nuda) for SCWL layer genotypes to 364 days of age. Research Station, Kentville, Nova Scotia, Annual Report 1986, pp. 189–193.
Hulan, H.W. and Proudfoot, F.G. (1987) The nutritive value of naked oats (Avena nuda) for SCWL layer genotypes. Research Station, Kentville, Nova Scotia, Annual Report 1987, pp. 116–18.
Hutchinson, J.B. and Martin, H.F. (1955) The chemical composition of oats. I. The oil and free fatty acid content of oats and groats. Journal of Agricultural Science, Cambridge, 45, 411–18.
Jenkins, G. (1971) Naked oats. Report of the Plant Breeding Institute for 1970, pp. 45–6.
Jenkins, G. (1973) The effect of sowing date and photoperiod on panicle morphology in naked oats. Annals of Applied Biology, 73, 85–94.
Jenkins, G. and Hanson, P.R. (1976) The genetics of naked oats (Avena nuda L.). Euphytica, 25, 167–74.
Lanini, B.J. and Marshall, H.G. (1990) Selection for high specific gravity seed in oat populations heterogeneous for naked genotypes. Crop Science, 30, 565–7.
Lawes, D.A. and Boland, P.P. (1974) Effect of temperature on the expression of the naked grain character in oats. Euphytica, 23, 101–4.
Leggett, J.M. (1978) Naked oats. Annual Report of the Welsh Plant Breeding Station for 1977, pp. 132–4.
Leggett, J.M. (1982) Naked oats at the diploid level. Annual Report of the Welsh Plant Breeding Station for 1981, p. 111.
Leggett, J.M. (1983) Naked oats at the diploid level. Annual Report of the Welsh Plant Breeding Station for 1982, pp. 146–148.
Leggett, J.M. and Thomas, H. (1977) Monosomic studies of naked oats. Annual Report of the Welsh Plant Breeding Station for 1976, pp. 106–8.
Leitch, M.H. and Hayes, J.D. (1989) Grain quality in naked oats, in Food and Agriculture, Sixth Welsh Agricultural R&D Conference, p. 36.
Livingston, D.P. III, Marshall, H.G. and Kolb, F.L. (1990) Registration of four naked-seeded oat germplasms. Crop Science, 30, 1166.
Loader, R.J. (1991) Quality, marketing and research needs in the UK oats crop. H-GCA Project Report no. 38.
Machan, F., Oapek, J., Červenka, J. and Beneš, F. (1991) [Variety composition of rye, oats and triticale]. Proceedings of the III Kroměříže Cereal Days, Feb. 67–82.
MAFF (1986). Feed Composition, Chalcombe Publications, Marlow.
Marshall, H.G. and Kolb, F.L. (1983) Registration of Pennline 116 oat germplasm (Reg. No. GP25). Crop Science, 23, 190.
Marshall, H.G. and Kolb, F.L. (1986) Registration of Penncomp 31 hull-less oat germplasm. Crop Science, 26, 1262.
Marshall, H.G., Kolb, F.L. and Cregger, L.M. (1990) Registration of Pennuda oat. Crop Science, 30, 958.
Marshall, H.G. and Weaver, S.H. (1992) Status of naked oat breeding and commercialisation in the USA, in The Changing Role of Oats in Human and Animal Nutrition. Proceedings of the Fourth International Oat Conference, Adelaide, South Australia, October 1992, (ed. A.R. Barr), Robee Bureau Services, South Australia, pp. 60–3.
Marten, G.C., Shenk, J.S. and Barton II, F.E. (1985) Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy (NIRS): Analysis of Forage Quality, US Department of Agriculture Handbook no. 643, 96 pp.
Mason, R.N. (1992) Naked oats — a commercial reality, in The Changing Role of Oats in Human and Animal Nutrition. Proceedings of the Fourth International Oat Conference, Adelaide, South Australia, October 1992, (ed. A.R. Barr), Robee Bureau Services, South Australia, pp. 51–3.
McKenzie, R.I.H., Brown, P.D., Martens, J.W. and Mallough, E.D. (1981) Registration of Terra oats. Crop Science, 21, 633.
Moravec, L. and Moudry, J. (1989) Naked oats and estimation of the management in 1988. MPP a technika skdadování obilí, 35, 102–4.
Morris, J.R. and Burrows, V.D. (1986) Naked oats in grower-finisher pig diets. Canadian Journal of Animal Science, 66, 833–6.
Moudrý, J. (1991) [Influence on yield and quality of oats]. PhD Thesis. Jihóčeska Univerzita, Prague, Czechoslovakia, 240 pp.
Moudrý, J. (1992) [Naked oats]. Metodiky, Ústav redeckotechnickych informací pro zemeldestri, pp. 1–36.
Moule, C. (1966) [A naked spring oat variety]. Bulletin Technique ďInformation, 212, 591–7.
R.M.N. (1930) Pillas, an extinct grain. Old Cornwall, I, (12) 43–4.
Polwhele, Rev R. (1803) History of Cornwall: Civil, Military, Religious, Architectural, Agricultural, Commercial, Biographical and Miscellaneous. Falmouth, Cadell and Davies, London.
Prugar, J. and 45 colleagues (1990) Kvalita rostlinných produktu. [Quality of the plant products]. Sbornik CSAZ, 137, 1–64.
Rajhathy, T. and Thomas, H. (1974) Cytogenetics of oats (Avena L.). Miscellaneous Publications of the Genetics Society of Canada, no. 2, 90 pp.
Robb, W. (1937) Huskless oats. Scottish Journal of Agriculture, 20, 161–5.
Rogers, W.J. and Thomas, H. (1987) Use of interspecies hybridization for increasing protein content in oats. Progress reports on research and development 1985/1986, H-GCA, London, pp. 17–19.
Runshen, Z. (1988) [The preliminary report on the high yielding cultivation techniques of naked oats]. Gansu Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology (China), 9, 13–15.
Ruszkowski, M. (1957) [Studies on naked oats]. Hodowla Roslin Aklimatyzacja i Nasiennictwo, 1, 61–74.
Schipper, H. and Frey, K.J. (1991) Observed gains from three recurrent selection regimes for increased groat-oil content of oil. Crop Science, 31, 1505–10.
Simons, M.D., Martens, J.W., McKenzie, R.I.H. et al. (1978) Oats: a standardized system of nomenclature for genes governing characters. USD A Agriculture Handbook no., 509, 40 pp.
Sinha, R.N., Wallace, H.A.H., Mills, J.T. and McKenzie, R.I.H. (1979a) Storability of farm-stored hulless oats in Manitoba. Canadian Journal of Plant Science, 59, 949–57.
Sinha, R.N., White, N.D.G., Wallace, H.A.H. and McKenzie, R.I.H. (1979b) Effect of moisture content on viability and infestation on hulless Terra oats in storage. Canadian Journal of Plant Science, 59, 911–16.
Stanton, T.R. (1923) Naked oats. Journal of Heredity, 14, 177–83.
Stanton, T.R. (1955) Oat identification and classification. Technical Bulletin no. 1100, USDA, Washington DC, 206 pp.
Stanton, T.R. (1961) Classification of Avena, in Oats and Oat Improvement, (ed. F.A. Coffman), American Society of Agronomy, Madison, WI, pp. 75–111.
Stock, H.G. (1991) [Studies into the growing conditions of naked oats (Avena nuda L.) on a diluvial site]. Archiv für Acker — und Pflanzenbau und Bodenkunde, Berlin, 35, 469–76.
Thinlay (1987) Studies on discolouration of oat seeds by fungi. MSc thesis, University College of Wales, Aberystwyth.
Thinlay and Griffiths, E. (1986) Discolouration of oat grains. Quality in Agriculture. Third Welsh Agricultural R&D Conference, Aberystwyth, p. 44.
Thomas, H., Haki, J.M. and Arangzeb, S. (1980) The introgression of characters of the wild oats Avena magna (2n = 4x = 28) into the cultivated oat A.sativa (2n = 6x = 42). Euphytica, 29, 391–9.
Thomke, S. (1988) Oats as an animal feed. Proceedings of 3rd International Oat Conference, Lund, Sweden, 1988, (ed. B. Mattsson and R. Lyhagen), Svalöf AB, Sweden, pp. 164–75.
Thompson, E.G. (1939) Trials of the spring oats Onward, Parker’s Huskless and Early Miller between the years 1935–1938. Journal of the National Institute of Agricultural Botany, 4, 389–99.
Thornton, M.S. (1986) Investigations into the problems associated with the development of naked oats as a crop. PhD Thesis, University College of Wales, Aberystwyth.
Trofimovskaya, A. Ya., Khalikov, A.S., Rodionova, N.A. and Airapetov, G.A. (1978) [New sources of quality improvement of the oat grain]. Selektsia i Semenovodstvo, 4, 34–6.
Valentine, J. (1984a) Accelerated pedigree selection as an alternative to individual plant selection in the normal pedigree breeding method in the self-pollinated cereals. Euphytica, 33, 943–51.
Valentine, J. (1984b) Winter oats. Annual Report of the Welsh Plant Breeding Station 1983, pp. 72–4.
Valentine, J. (1989) Oats — value in human and animal diets. Food and Agriculture, Sixth Welsh Agricultural Research and Development Conference, Cardiff, March 1989, pp. 5–12.
Valentine, J. (1990) Naked oats. Aspects of Applied Biology, 25,19-28.
Valentine, J. and Hale, O.D. (1990) Investigations into reduced germination of seed of naked oats. Plant Varieties and Seeds, 3, 21–30.
Valentine, J. and Middleton B.T. (1983) Winter oats. Annual Report of the Welsh Plant Breeding Station 1982, pp. 87–8.
Valentine, J., Welch, R.W., Jones, J.E. et al. (1986) Naked oats — the quality cereal. Quality in Agriculture. Third Welsh Agricultural R&D Conference, Aberystwyth, p. 45.
Vasel, H., Neukirch, H.-J. and Wischeropp, W. (1987) [Millers of Magdeburg test naked oats]. Getreidewirtschaft, 21, 278–9.
Vasel, H., Goetze, D., Stelzner, Ch. et al. (1988a) [Breeding and introduction into production of naked oats in the GDR]. Tagungsbericht, Akademie der Landwirtschaftswissenschaften der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik, Berlin, 272, 79–84.
Vasel, H., Lichtenfeld, H., Lohse, G. and Stelzner, Ch. (1988b), [Introduction into production and seed production of naked oats in GDR]. Wissenschaftliche Beitrage der Martin Luther Universitaet, Halle-Wittenberg, 34, 423–9.
Vavilov, N.I. (1926) [Studies on the origin of cultivated plants]. Bulletin of Applied Botany and Plant Breeding, 16, 1–248 (English summary, pp. 139–248).
von Kittlitz, E. (1968) [Yield and productivity of naked oat (Avena nuda) with some suggestions regarding its cultivation for breeding]. Zeitschrift für Ackerund Pflanzenbau, 128, 325–34.
von Kittlitz, E. and Uhlig, M. (1974) [Investigations on germinating capacity and on selection of threshing resistant forms of naked oats (Avena nuda L.)]. Zeitschrift für Pflanzenziichtung, 72, 305–16.
Welch, R.W. (1977) The development of rancidity in husked and naked oats after storage under various conditions. Journal of Science of Food and Agriculture, 28, 269–74.
Zadoks, J.C., Chang, T.T. and Konzak, C.F. (1974) A decimal code for the growth stages of cereals. Weed Research, 14, 415–21.
Zaprometov, M.N. (1988) Tannins, lignans and lignins, in Cell Culture and Somatic Cell Genetics of Plants. Vol 5. Phytochemicals in Plant Cell Culture, (eds F. Constabel and I.K. Vasil), Academic Press, London, pp. 89–97.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1995 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Valentine, J. (1995). Naked oats. In: Welch, R.W. (eds) The Oat Crop. World Crop Series. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0015-1_16
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0015-1_16
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-010-4010-5
Online ISBN: 978-94-011-0015-1
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive