Skip to main content
Book cover

The Oat Crop pp 321–368Cite as

Oats for animal feed

  • Chapter

Part of the book series: World Crop Series ((WOCS))

Abstract

Agricultural expansion in the twentieth century has been attributed to favourable, stable prices and to government support of research and development (Blaxter and Webster, 1991) and this has contributed to the surpluses of many commodities within the European Community. The magnitude of some of the changes is illustrated in Table 11.1. The output of animal products virtually doubled with exceptional increases in butter and poultry. Total grain crops show a disproportionate increase compared to animal products. However, the data demonstrate a marked decline in oats production; in 1986, oats production was a quarter of that in 1936. It is perhaps of interest that in 1885 oat production was 1.925 million tons and production remained relatively constant at around 2 million tons up to 1916. In 1918 production achieved nearly 3 million tons and then declined rapidly to 2 million tons and, from 1930, production fell further to reach 1.6 million tons in 1937. During the Second World War, production exceeded 3 million tons and then declined to 2 million in 1959; within six years, production halved and for 1991 the estimated figure is 527 000 tonnes (Home-Grown Cereals Authority, 1992).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   259.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   329.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   329.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • ARC, Agricultural Research Council (1981) The Nutrient Requirements of Pigs, Commonwealth Agricultural Bureau, Slough.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aitchison, E.M., Murray, P.J. and Rowe, J.B. (1986) Improving the nutritive value of round bales of oat straw by treatment with urea or by supplementation with lupins. Proceedings of the Australian Society of Animal Production, 16, 123–6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alaspaa, M. (1986) Treatment of straw with ammonia, urea or a urea + urea phosphate mixture: effect on dietary intake and growth of young Ayrshire bulls raised for beef. Annales Agriculturae Fenniae, 25, 91–7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Al-Bustany, Z. and Elwinger, K. (1988) Whole grains, unprocessed rapeseed and beta-glucanase in diets for laying hens. Swedish Journal of Agricultural Research, 18, 31–10.

    Google Scholar 

  • Amaning-Kwarteng, K. and Kellaway, R.C. (1987) Influence of cotton-seed meal and barley grain supplements on intake, digestion, live-weight gain and wool growth in sheep fed NaOH-treated oat and wheat straw diets. Journal of Agricultural Science, 108, 211–19.

    Google Scholar 

  • Antila, V. (1986) Winter milk fat composition can be changed by feeding. Karjatalous, 62, 28–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Antila, V. (1990) Vegetable oil in cattle feed - more unsaturated fatty acids in milk fat. Scandinavian Dairy Information, 4, 36.

    Google Scholar 

  • Archer, K.A. and Swain, F.G. (1977) Evaluation of oat forage for finishing prime lambs on the Northern Tablelands, New South Wales. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, 17, 385–92.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Armstrong, D.G. and Finlayson, H.J. (1992) Cereals for Ruminants. Proceedings of the Cereals R & D Conference, Robinson College, Cambridge, 7–8 January, 1992, Home-Grown Cereals Authority, Hamlyn House, Highgate Hill, London, pp. 185–211.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bakker, H. (1991) Strategies for animal nutrition – 2000 and beyond, in Recent Advances in Animal Nutrition1991, (eds W. Haresign and D.J.A. Cole), Butterworths-Heinemann, Oxford, pp. 147–59.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barr, A.R., Pell, A.S., Davies, R. et al. (1990) Breeding naked (= hull-less) oats for intensively-reared animal rations. Final Report to Egg Industry/Chicken Meat Research Councils, July 1, 1987–June 30, 1990. Australian Department of Agriculture.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bass, J.M., Fishwick, G., Hemingway, R.G. and Parkins, J.J. (1980) The effects of additions of sodium hydroxide and a concentrated solution containing urea, calcium, phosphorus, sodium, trace elements and vitamins on the intake and digestibility of oat straw by beef cows. Animal Production, 30, 13–21.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bennett, R.M. (1989) The Potential for the Production and Utilisation of Oats in the United Kingdom. Home-Grown Cereals Authority Research Review No. 14. Home-Grown Cereals Authority, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blaxter, K.L. and Webster, A.J.F. (1991) Animal production and food: real problems and paranoia. Animal Production, 53, 261–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brand, A.A., Cloete, S.W.P. and Franck, F. (1989) Urea ammoniation of wheat, oat and barley straw and oat hay. 2. Utilisation by sheep. South African Journal of Animal Science, 19, 11–18.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brand, A.A., Cloete, S.W.P. and Kritzinger, N.M. (1985) The effect of anhydrous ammoniation on the nutritive value of whole oat grain. South African Journal of Animal Science, 15, 43–6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brinkman, M.A. and Forsberg, R.A. (1988) Oats for silage in Proceedings of the 3rd International Oat Conference, Lund, (eds B. Mattson and R. Lyhagen), Svalöf, Sweden, pp. 190–5.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, J. (1991) The Horse in Husbandry, Farming Press Books, Ipswich.

    Google Scholar 

  • Broz, J. and Frigg, M. (1990) Influence of Trichoderma viride enzyme complex on nutritive value of barley and oats for broiler chickens. Archive für GeflugelKunde, 54, 34–7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burgess, P.L., Grant, E.A. and Nicholson, J.W.G. (1972) Feeding value of forage oats. Sheep. Canadian Journal of Animal Science, 52, 448–50.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bush, R.S. (1989) Preference among different grains expressed by young Holstein calves. Canadian Journal of Animal Science, 69, 1099–103.

    Google Scholar 

  • Butler, L.G. and McDonald, C.L. (1986) Growth responses of young Merino wethers to ad libitum feeding of oat grain mixed with either lupin seed or a urea solution. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture, 26, 643–6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Butler, L.G., King, W.R. and McDonald, C.L. (1987) Growth of young Merino sheep grazing cereal stubbles and supplemented ad libitum with oats, of different crude protein contents, sprayed with various amounts of urea. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture, 27, 339–42.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cameron, M.G., Cremin, J.D., Fahey, G.C. et al. (1991) Chemically treated oat hulls in diets for dairy heifers and wethers: effects on intake and digestion. Journal of Dairy Science, 74, 190–201.

    Google Scholar 

  • Campbell, G.L., Classen, H.L. and Ballance, G.M. (1986) Gamma irradiation treatment of cereal grains for chick diets. Journal of Nutrition, 116, 560–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cave, N.A., Hamilton, R.M.G. and Burrows, V.D. (1989) Evaluation of naked oats (Avena nuda) as a feeding stuff for laying hens. Canadian Journal of Animal Science, 69, 789–99.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cave, N.A., Wood, P.J. and Burrows, V.D. (1990) The nutritive value of naked oats for broiler chicks as affected by dietary additions of oat gum, enzyme, antibiotic, bile-salt and fat-soluble vitamins. Canadian Journal of Animal Science, 70, 623–33.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chalupa, W., Vecchiarelli, B., Elser, A.E. et al. (1986) Ruminal fermentation in vivo as influenced by long-chain fatty acids. Journal of Dairy Science, 69, 1293–301.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chestnutt, D.M.B. (1992) Effect of processing barley and wheat grain on the digestion of silage-based diets by breeding ewes. Animal Production, 54, 47–52.

    Google Scholar 

  • Christison, G.I. and Bell, J.M. (1980) Evaluation of Terra, a new cultivar of naked oats (Avena nuda) when fed to young pigs and chicks. Canadian Journal of Animal Science, 60, 465–71.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crosbie, G.B., Tarr, A.W., Portmann, P.A. and Rowe, J.B. (1985) Variation in hull composition and digestibility among oat genotypes. Crop Science, 25, 678–80.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dann, P.R., Azelsen, A. and Bremner, P.M. (1974) Comparison of grazing oats and pasture for sheep production. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, 14, 322–7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davies, N.T. and Nightingale, R. (1975) The effect of phytate on intestinal absorption and secretion of zinc, and whole body retention of zinc, copper, iron and manganese in rats. British Journal of Nutrition, 34, 243–58.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Doyle, C.J. and Valentine, J. (1988) Naked oats: an assessment of the economic potential for livestock feed in the United Kingdom. Plant Varieties and Seeds, 1, 99–108.

    Google Scholar 

  • Edney, M.J., Campbell, G.L. and Classen, H.L. (1989) The effect of betaglucanase supplementation on nutrient digestibility and growth in broilers given diets containing barley, oat groats or wheat. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 25, 193–200.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Elwinger, K. and Saterby, B. (1987) The use of β-glucanase in practical broiler diets containing barley or oats. Swedish Journal of Agricultural Research, 17, 133–40.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Enser, M. (1984) The chemistry, biochemistry and nutritional importance of animal fats, in Fats in Animal Nutrition, (ed. J. Wiseman), Butterworths, London, pp. 23–51.

    Google Scholar 

  • Evans, B.J., Fowler, V.R. and Fordyce, R. (1985) Naked oats and other cereals in the diets of early-weaned pigs. Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production, paper 104, p. 549 abs.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fishwick, G. and Parkins, J.J. (1979) The evaluation of a novel solution containing urea, phosphorus, calcium and sodium as a dietary supplement for beef cows given oat straw and barley. Experimental Husbandry, 35, 24–37.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fishwick, G., Parkins, J.J., Hemingway, R.G. and Ritchie, N.S. (1978) A comparison of the voluntary intake and digestibility by beef cows of diets based on oat straw and supplemented with different forms of nonprotein nitrogen. Animal Production, 26, 135–41.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fitzwygram, F. (1894) Horses and Stables, 4th edn, Longmans, Green, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frape, D.L. (1986) Equine Nutrition and Feeding, Longman Scientific and Technical, Harlow, Essex.

    Google Scholar 

  • Friend, D.W., Fortin, A., Poste, L.M. et al. (1988) Feeding and metabolism trials, and assessment of carcass and meat quality for growing-finishing pigs fed naked oats (Avena nuda). Canadian Journal of Animal Science, 68, 511–21.

    Google Scholar 

  • Friend, D.W., Fortin, A., Butler, G. et al. (1989) Naked oats (Avena nuda) with and without lysine supplementation, for boars and barrows: growth, carcass and meat quality, energy and nitrogen metabolism. Canadian Journal of Animal Science, 69, 765–78.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fuller, M.F., McWilliam, R., Wang, T.C. and Giles, L.R. (1989) The optimum dietary amino acid pattern for growing pigs. 2. Requirements for maintenance and for tissue accretion. British Journal of Nutrition, 62, 255–67.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Galloway, S.T. and Ewan, R.C. (1989) Energy evaluation of tallow and oat groats for young swine. Journal of Animal Science, 67, 1744–50.

    Google Scholar 

  • Garleb, K.A., Fahey, G.C., Lewis, S.M. et al. (1988) Chemical composition and digestibility of fiber fractions of certain by-product feedstuffs fed to ruminants. Journal of Animal Science, 66, 2650–62.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Givens, D.I. (1987) The nutritive value of untreated cereal straws in the UK: a short review. Agricultural Progress, 62, 26–34.

    Google Scholar 

  • Givens, D.I. and Brunnen, J.M. (1987) Nutritive value of naked oats for ruminants. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 18, 83–7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Givens, D.I., Adamson, A.H. and Cobby, J.M. (1988) The effect of ammoniation on the nutritive value of wheat, barley and oat straws. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 19, 173–84.

    Google Scholar 

  • Givens, D.I., Everington, J.M. and Adamson, A.H. (1989) Chemical composition, digestibility in vitro, and digestibility and energy value in vivo of untreated cereal straws produced on farms throughout England. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 26, 323–35.

    Google Scholar 

  • Guglya, V.G. (1987) Use of grain-haylage for feeding heifers. Zhivotnovodstvo, 4, 35–6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hardman, A.C. (1980) A Guide to Feeding Horses and Ponies, Pelham Books, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harper, M.W. (1924) Management and Breeding of Horses, Orange Judd Publishing Co., New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hawkins, G.E. and Autrey, K.M. (1955) Performance of dairy cows on immature oat forage. Journal of Dairy Science, 38, 613–15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hennessy, D.W. and Robinson, G.G. (1978) Oat forage and grain supplements for production of yearling beef from pasture on Northern Tablelands of New South Wales. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, 18, 183–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Henry, W.A. (1901) Feeds and Feeding, 3rd edn, W.A. Henry, Madison, WI.

    Google Scholar 

  • Herrera-Saldana, R.E., Huber, J.T. and Poore, M.H. (1990) Dry matter, crude protein and starch degradability of five cereal grains. Journal of Dairy Science, 73, 238–93.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hesselman, K., Elwinger, K., Nilsson, M. and Thomke, S. (1981) The effect of β-glucanase supplementation, stage of ripeness and storage treatment of barley in diets fed to broiler chickens. Poultry Science, 60, 2664–71.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hesselman, K., Elwinger, K. and Thomke, S. (1982) Influence of increasing levels of β-glucanase on the productive value of barley diets for broiler chickens. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 7, 351–8.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hingston, A.R. and Christensen, D.A. (1982) The effect of type of silo and formic acid preservation on the nutritive value of barley, wheat and oat silages for growing Hereford steers. Canadian Journal of Animal Science, 62, 155–62.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hintz, H.F. (1983) Horse Nutrition. A Practical Guide, Arco Publishing, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hintz, H.F., Reuter, M.J. and Sirois, P. (1992) Effect of fiber content on digestible energy content of oats. Equine Practice, 14, 5–7.

    Google Scholar 

  • HMSO (1968) A Century of Agricultural Statistics, Great Britain, 1866-1966. Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food; Department of Agriculture and Fisheries for Scotland, HMSO, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hodge, A., Ginaljo, M., Maguire, M. and Rogers, G. (1984) A comparison of crushed oats versus whole oats for milk production in dairy cows. Animal Production in Australia, 15, 696 Abs.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hodge, R.W., Bogdanovic, B. and Sweatman, D. (1981) The response of crossbred ewes given oats supplemented with urea, protein pellets or lucerne chaff. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, 21, 400–3.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holst, P.J. (1987) Supplementary feeding of oat grain or lucerne hay to crossbred ewes at lambing. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture, 27, 211–16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Home-Grown Cereals Authority (1991) Cereals Statistics 1991, Home-Grown Cereals Authority, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Home-Grown Cereals Authority (1992) Revised MAFF UK Cereal Production 1 Estimate. Weekly Digest, 18 (33), 1.

    Google Scholar 

  • Horton, G.M.J. (1978) The intake and digestibility of ammoniated cereal straws by cattle. Canadian Journal of Animal Science, 58, 471–8.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Horton, G.M.J. and Steacy, G.M. (1979) Effect of anhydrous ammonia treatment on the intake and digestibility of cereal straws by steers. Journal of Animal Science, 48, 1239–49.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Houpt, K.A. (1983) Taste preferences in horses. Equine Practitioner, 5, 22–6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Householder, D.D. and Potter, G.D. (1988) cited by Cunha, T.J. in Horse Feeding and Nutrition, 2nd edn, 1991, Academic Press, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Householder, D.D., Potter, G.D. and Lichtenwalner, R.E. (1977) cited by Cunha, T.J. in Horse Feeding and Nutrition, 2nd edn, 1991, Academic Press, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hsu, J.T., Faulkner, D.B., Garleb, K.A. (1987) Evaluation of corn fiber, cottonseed hulls, oat hulls and soybean hulls as roughage sources for ruminants. Journal of Animal Science, 65, 244–55.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hulan, H.W. and Proudfoot, F.G. (1984) The nutritive value of locally grown naked oats (Avena nuda) for SCWL laying hens to 308 days of age. Annual Report 1984, Research Station, Kentville, Nova Scotia, pp. 158–60.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hulan, H.W. and Proudfoot, F.G. (1985) The nutritive value of naked oats (Avena

    Google Scholar 

  • nuda) for broiler chickens. Annual Report 1985, Research Station, Kentville, Nova Scotia, pp. 153–5.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hulan, H.W. and Proudfoot, F.G. (1986) The nutritive value of naked oats (Avena nuda) for SCWL layer genotypes to 364 days of age. Annual Report 1986, Research Station, Kentville, Nova Scotia, pp. 189–93.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hulan, H.W. and Proudfoot, F.G. (1987) The nutritive value of naked oats (Avena nuda) for SCWL layer genotypes. Annual Report 1987, Research Station, Kentville, Nova Scotia, pp. 116–18.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hulan, H.W., Proudfoot, F.G. and Zarkadas, CG. (1981) Nutritive value and quality of oat groats for broiler chickens. Canadian Journal of Animal Science, 61, 1013–21.

    Google Scholar 

  • Joly, J.M. (1987) Ammonia treated straw in Vienne, in Les Fourrages Secs: Recolte, Traitement, Utilisation, (ed. C. Demarquilly), INR A, Versailles, pp. 492–3.

    Google Scholar 

  • Karunajeena, H. and Tham, S.H. (1987) The influence of oat groats, and dietary level of lysine on the laying performance of crossbred hens. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 17, 271–83.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kellner, O. (1910) The Scientific Feeding of Animals, Macmillan, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kennelly, J.J. and Aherne, F.X. (1980) The effect of fiber addition to diets formulated to contain different levels of energy and protein on growth and carcass quality of swine. Canadian Journal of Animal Science, 60, 385–93.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kilcher, M.R. and Troelsen, J.E. (1973) Contribution and nutritive value of major plant omponents of oats through progressive stages of development. Canadian Journal of Plant Science, 53, 251–6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Klendshoj, C., Potter, G.D., Lichtenwalner, R.E. and Householder, D.D. (1980) Nitrogen Digestion in the Small Intestine of Horses Fed Crimped or Micronized Sorghum or Oats, in Proceedings of the Texas Agricultural Conference, Texas A. & M. University, College Station, Texas.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kvietok, J. (1989) Possibilities for the use of oat silage in the production of beef in upland areas. Vedecke Prace Ustavu Luk a Pasienkov v Bankskej Bystrici, 20, 230–7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lampila, M. and Heikkila, T. (1986) Barley or oats for dairy cattle? Karjatalous, 62, 35–6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Latrille, L., Pare, J.P., St. Laurent, G. and Pomar, C. (1983) Heavy veal production with Holstein calves raised by multiple suckling or milk replacers and fattened with whole corn, barley or oats. Canadian Journal of Animal Science, 63, 643–53.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, L.D. (1982) Feeding and Care of the Horse, Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lindemann, M.D., Meade, R.J., Cornelius, S.G. et al. (1983) Evaluation of high protein oats as a replacement for corn in diets fed to growing-finishing swine. Journal of Animal Science, 56, 853–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lopez, N.E., Baker, J.P. and Jackson, S.G. (1988) Effect of cutting and vacuum cleaning on the digestibility of oats by horses. Equine Veterinary Science, 8, 375–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • MAFF, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Department of Agriculture Fisheries for Scotland and Department of Agriculture for Northern Ireland (1975) Energy allowances and feeding systems for ruminants, Technical Bulletin, 33, HMSO, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • MAFF, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (1986) UK Tables of Feed Composition and Nutritive Value for Ruminants, Chalcombe Publications, Marlow, Bucks.

    Google Scholar 

  • MAFF, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (1990) UK Tables of Nutritive Value and Chemical Composition of Feeding Stuffs, Rowett Research Services Ltd., Aberdeen.

    Google Scholar 

  • MAFF, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (1991) MAFF Statistics 102/91, 21 May, 1991, HMSO, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • MAFF, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (1992) Agriculture in the United Kingdom: 1991, HMSO, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Margan, D.E., Graham, N.M. and Searle, T.W. (1987) The energy value of whole oat grain in adult wether sheep. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture, 27, 223–30.

    Google Scholar 

  • Martin, P.A. (1990) Digestion in sheep of diets containing naked oats or barley. Journal of Science Food and Agriculture, 52, 477–84.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Martin, P.A. and Thomas, P.C. (1987) Reduction in the saturated fatty acid content of cows’ milk fat through diet formulation. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 46, 2, 114A.

    Google Scholar 

  • Martin, P.A. and Thomas, P.C. (1988a) Dietary manipulation of the yield and composition of milk: effects of dietary inclusions of barley and oats in untreated or formaldehyde-treated forms on milk fatty acid composition. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 43, 145–54.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Martin, P.A. and Thomas, P.C. (1988b) The manipulation of milk fat composition by including naked oats in a silage-based diet for dairy cows. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 47, 96A.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maruyama, K., Shands, H.L., Harper, A.E. and Sunde, M.L. (1975) An evaluation of the nutritive value of new high protein oat varieties (cultivars). Journal of Nutrition, 105, 1048–54.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McDonald, P., Edwards, R.A. and Greenhalgh, J.F.D. (1988) Animal Nutrition, 4th edn, Longman Scientific and Technical, Harlow, Essex.

    Google Scholar 

  • McDonald, R.C. and Wilson, K.R. (1980) Dry matter yields, digestibilities, mineral levels and cattle growth rates on greenfeed oats at different stages of development. New Zealand Journal of Experimental Agriculture, 8, 105–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • McNab, J.M. and Shannon, D.W.F. (1974) The nutritive value of barley, maize, oats and wheat for poultry. British Poultry Science, 15, 561–7.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Miller, G.A., Youngs, V.L. and Oplinger, E.S. (1980) Environmental and cultivar effects on oat phytic acid concentration. Cereal Chemistry, 57, 189–91.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mishra, S.N. (1988) Oats for grazing, in Proceedings of the 3rd International Oat Conference, Lund, (eds B. Mattson and R. Lyhagen), Svalöf, Sweden, pp. 180–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moate, P.J., Rogers, G.L. and Robinson, I.B. (1984) Lupins or oats as supplements for cows fed pasture in early lactation. Proceedings of the Australian Society for Animal Production, 15, 721.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mollah, Y. and Annison, E.F. (1981) Wheat:maize interactions in the bioassay of metabolisable energy in poultry diets in relation to the digestibility of starch. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society of Australia, 6, 138.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moore, R.J. and Kornegay, E.T. (1986a) Effect of source and duration of feeding on fiber digestibility by growing pigs fed high fiber diets. Animal Science Report, Virginia Agricultural Experimental Station, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, no. 6, pp. 93–5.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moore, R.J. and Kornegay, E.T. (1986b) Effect of dietary fiber level and duration of feeding on fiber digestibility and mineral utilization by growing pigs fed high-fiber diets. Animal Science Report, Virginia Agricultural Experimental Station, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, no. 6, pp. 96–100.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moran, J.B. (1983) Barley, wheat or oats grain as cereal sources for dairy cows, in Feed Information and Animal Production, Proceedings of the Second Symposium of the International Network of Feed Information Centres, (eds G.F. Robards and R.G. Packham), Commonwealth Agricultural Bureau, p. 429.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moran, J.B. (1986) Cereal grains in complete diets for dairy cows: a comparison of

    Google Scholar 

  • rolled barley, wheat and oats and of three methods of processing oats. Animal Production, 43, 27–36.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morgan, C.A. and Campling, R.C. (1978) Digestibility of whole barley and oat grains by cattle of different ages. Animal Production, 27 323–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morgan, M.H. (1979) The Art of Horsemanship by Xenophon, J.A. Allen, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morris, J.R. and Burrows, V.D. (1986) Naked oats in grower-finisher pig diets. Canadian Journal of Animal Science, 66, 833–6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morrison, F.B., Fuller, J.G. and Bohsted, G (1919) Crushed versus whole oats for work horses. Wisconsin Agricultural Experimental Station Bulletin, 302, 63.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moser, R.L., Peo, E.R., Moser, B.D. and Lewis, A.J. (1982) Effect of grain source and dietary level of oat hulls on phosphorus and calcium utilization in the growing pig. Journal of Animal Science, 54, 800–5.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moss, A.R., Givens, D.I. and Everington, J.M. (1990) The effect of sodium hydroxide treatment on the chemical composition, digestibility and digestible energy content of wheat, barley and oat straws. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 29, 73–87.

    Google Scholar 

  • Myer, R.O., Barnett, R.D. and Walker, W.R. (1985) Evaluation of hull-less oats (Avena nuda L.) in diets for young swine. Nutrition Reports International, 32, 1273–7.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nandra, K.S., Gupta, B.K., Randhana, S.S. and Malik, N.S. (1989) Comparative feeding value of berseem-oat and oat silages for milch buffaloes. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences, 59, 1013–15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nordin, M. and Campling, R.C. (1976) Digestibility studies with cows given whole or rolled cereal grains. Animal Production, 23, 305–15.

    Google Scholar 

  • NRC, National Research Council (1984) Nutrient Requirements of Poultry, 8th revised edn, National Academy Press, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • NRC, National Research Council (1989) Nutrient Requirements of Horses, 5th revised edn, 1989. National Academy Press, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oddy, V.H., Ewoldt, C.L., Jones, A.W. and Warren, H.M. (1990) Metabolisable energy content of diets based on oat grain. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture, 30, 503–6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Olsson, N. and Ruudvere, A. (1955) The nutrition of the horse. Nutrition Abstracts and Reviews, 25, 1–18.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Oltjen, J.W. and Bolsen, K.K. (1980) Wheat, barley, oat and corn silages for growing steers. Journal of Animal Science, 51, 958–65.

    Google Scholar 

  • Orskov, E.R., Fraser, C. and Gordon, J.G. (1974a) Effect of processing of cereals on rumen fermentation, digestibility, rumination time and firmness of subcutaneous fat. British Journal of Nutrition, 32, 59–68.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Orskov, E.R., Fraser, C. and McHattie, I. (1974b) Cereal processing and food utilization by sheep. 2. A note on the effect of feeding unprocessed barley, maize, oats and wheat on food utilization by early weaned lambs. Animal Production, 18, 85–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Orskov, E.R., Barnes, B.J. and Lukins, B.A. (1980) A note on the effect of different amounts of NaOH application on digestibility by cattle of barley, oats, wheat and maize. Journal of Agricultural Science, Cambridge, 94, 271–3.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Orskov, E.R., MacDearmid, A., Grubb, D.A. and Innés, G.M. (1981) Utilisation of alkali-treated grain. 1. Alkali-treated grain in complete diets for steers and lambs. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 6, 273–83.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pettersson, D., Graham, H. and Åman (1987) The productive value of whole and dehulled oats in broiler chicken diets and influence of beta-glucanase supplementation. Nutrition Reports International, 36, 743–50.

    Google Scholar 

  • Punj, M.L., Kochar, A.S. and Bhatia, I.S. (1969) Utilisation of phytic phosphorus by rumen micro-organisms. Indian Veterinary Journal, 46, 881–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Robards, G.E. and Williams, G.A. (1980) Sodium hydroxide treatment and urea supplementation of chaffed oaten hay. Proceedings of the Australian Society of Animal Production, 13, 261-4.

    Google Scholar 

  • Robbins, G.S., Pomeranz, Y. and Briggle, L.W. (1971) Amino acid composition of oat groats. Journal of Agricultural Food Chemistry, 10, 536–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Round, M.H. (1986) Cubed lucerne hay, oats and grain legumes and pellets as diets for export sheep. Proceedings of the Australian Society of Animal Production, 16, 339–42.

    Google Scholar 

  • Round, M.H. (1988) Oat hulls in pelleted diets for export sheep. Proceedings of the Australian Society for Animal Production, 17, 314–17.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rowe, J.B. and Crosbie, G.B. (1988) The digestibility of grain of two cultivars of oats differing in lignin content. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research, 39, 639–44.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rowe, J.B., Brown, G., Ralph, I.G. et al. (1989) Supplementary feeding of young Merino sheep, grazing wheat stubble, with different amounts of lupin, oat or barley grain. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture, 29, 29–35.

    Google Scholar 

  • Saastamoinen, M. and Heinonen, T. (1985) Phytic acid content of some oat varieties and its correlation with chemical and agronomical characters. Annales Agriculturae Fenniae, 24, 103–5.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Salo, M.-L. (1978) Relationships between physical and chemical characteristics and calculated metabolisable energy values in barley and oats with highly variable volume weights. Journal of the Scientific Agricultural Society of Finland, 50, 276–84.

    Google Scholar 

  • Salo, M.-L. and Alaviuhkola, T. (1980) Normal and light weight oats as feed for growing pigs. Journal of the Scientific Agricultural Society of Finland, 52, 435–40.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sambrook, I.E. (1985) The digestibility and hypocholesterolaemic effects of barley, wheat, oats and rye in growing pigs, in Digestive Physiology of Pigs, Proceedings of the Third International Seminar, Copenhagen, May 1985.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sanborn, J.M. (1891) Whole versus ground grain for horses. Utah Agricultural College Experimental Station Bulletin, 9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sibbald, I.R. (1979) Bioavailable amino acids and true metabolisable energy of cereal grains. Poultry Science, 58, 934–9.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sibbald, I.R. and Price, K. (1976) Relationships between metabolisable energy values for poultry and some physical and chemical data describing Canadian wheats, oats and barleys. Canadian Journal of Animal Science, 56, 255–68.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Slagsvold, P. and Hintz, H.F. (1979) Digestibility by ponies of oat straw treated with anhydrous ammonia. Animal Production, 28, 347–52.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Spurway, R.A., Wheeler, J.L. and Hedges, D.A. (1974) Forage and sheep production from oats, rape and vetch sown in autumn with or without nitrogen fertiliser. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, 14, 619–28.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sraon, H.S., Carlson, C.W. and Reeves, D.L. (1975) Determination of nutritional value of genetically distinct oat varieties. Proceedings of the South Dakota Academy of Sciences, 54, 178–82.

    Google Scholar 

  • Staigmiller, R.B. and Adams, D.C. (1989) Free-choice grain and forage diets for early-weaned beef calves. Nutrition Reports International, 39, 1053–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Staniforth, A.R. (1979) Cereal Straw, Clarendon Press, Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Strachan, R.T. and Boorman, J.M. (1970) Grain unnecessary with grazing oats. Cattle. Queensland Agricultural Journal, 96, 658–61.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sullivan, M.T., Hales, J.W. and Norton, B.W. (1982) A comparison of triticale and oats as forages for fattening cattle in south-east Queensland. Proceedings of the Australian Society of Animal Production, 14, 289–92.

    Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, T.G. (1965) The availability of the calcium and phosphorus of plant materials for animals. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 24, 105–12.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tetlow, R.M. (1990) A decade of research into whole-crop cereals at Hurley, in Whole-crop Cereals, (eds J.M. Wilkinson and B.A. Stark), Chalcombe Publications, Marlow, Bucks, pp. 1–19.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thom, E.R. and Gillespie, R.N. (1987) The contribution of forage oats to annual feed production when grown after maize in a double cropping system. New Zealand Journal of Experimental Agriculture, 15, 419–23.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thompson, K.N., Jackson, S.G. and Baker, J.P. (1984) Apparent digestion coefficients and associative effects of varying hay:grain ratios fed to horses. Nutrition Reports International, 30, 189–97.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thorlacius, S.O. and Beacom, S.E. (1981) Feed value for lambs of faba bean, field pea, corn and oat silages. Canadian Journal of Animal Science, 61, 663–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tilley, J.M. and Terry, R.A. (1963) A two-stage technique for the in vitro digestion of forage crops. Journal of the British Grassland Society, 18, 104–11.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Toland, P.C. (1976) The digestibility of wheat, barley, or oat grain fed either whole or rolled at restricted levels with hay to steers. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, 16, 71–5.

    Google Scholar 

  • Toland, P.C. (1978) Influence of some digestive processes on the digestion by cattle of cereal grain fed whole. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, 18, 29–33.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Utley, P.R., Marchant, W.H. and McCormick, W.G. (1977) Winter annual pastures for growing beef calves. Agricultural Research, 18, 145–57.

    Google Scholar 

  • Valentine, J. (1987) Breeding cereals of high nutritional quality with special reference to oats and naked oats. Aspects of Applied Biology, 15, 541–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Valentine, J. (1990) Naked oats. Aspects of Applied Biology, 25, 19–28.

    Google Scholar 

  • Valentine, S.C. and Bartsch, B.D. (1989) Milk production by dairy cows fed hammermilled lupin grain, hammermilled oaten grain or whole oaten grain as supplements to pasture. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture, 29 309–13.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vipond, J.E., Hunter, E.A. and King, M.E. (1985) The utilization of whole and rolled cereals by ewes. Animal Production, 40, 297–301.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wahlstrom, R.C. and Libal, G.W. (1975) Varying levels of high-protein oats in diets for growing-finishing swine. Journal of Animal Science, 41, 809–12.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wahlstrom, R.C. and Libal, G.W. (1979) Effect of high-protein oats in diets for young weaned pigs. Journal of Animal Science, 48, 1374–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wahlstrom, R.C., Reiner, L.J. and Libal, G.W. (1977) Oats, dehulled oats and hull-less barley as ingredients in pig starter diets. Journal of Animal Science, 45, 948–52.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wainman, F.W., Dewey, J.P.J. and Boyne, A.W. (1975) Feedingstuffs Evaluation Unit First Report 1975. Department of Agriculture and Fisheries for Scotland, Edinburgh.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wallis, I.R., Mollah, Y. and Balnave, D. (1985) Interactions between wheat and other dietary cereals with respect to metabolisable energy and digestible amino acids. British Poultry Science, 26, 265–74.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, T.C. and Fuller, M.F. (1989) The optimum dietary amino acid pattern for growing pigs. Experiments by amino acid deletion. British Journal of Nutrition, 62, 77–89.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wedin, W.F. and Hoveland, C. (1987) Cereal vegetation as a source of forage, in Nutritional Quality of Cereal Grains: Genetic and Agronomic Improvement, (eds R.A. Olson and K.J. Frey), American Society of Agronomy, Madison, WI, pp. 83–99.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilkinson, J.M. and Stark, B. A. (1990) Whole-Crop Cereals, (eds J.M. Wilkinson and B.A. Stark), Chalcombe Publications, Marlow, Bucks.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wiseman, J., Cole, D.J.A. and Lewis, D. (1982) Energy values in pig nutrition 3. The digestible and metabolisable energy content of barley wheat, maize, oats and rye. Journal of Agricultural Science Cambridge, 98, 89–97.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wolter, R., Valette, J.P., Durix, A. et al. (1982) A comparison of the digestibility of four cereals (oats, barley, maize, wheat), according to their physical form, in ponies. Annales Zootechnie, 34, 445–58.

    Google Scholar 

  • Youngs, V.L. (1972) Protein distribution in the oat kernel. Cereal Chemistry, 49, 407–11.

    Google Scholar 

  • Youngs, V.L. and Forsberg, R.A. (1987) Oat, in Nutritional Quality of Cereal Grains: Genetic and Agronomic Improvement, (eds R.A. Olson and K.J. Frey), Madison, WI, pp. 457–99.

    Google Scholar 

  • Youngs, V.L., Peterson, D.M. and Brown, C.M. (1982) Oats, in Advances in Cereal Science Technology, Vol. 5, (ed. Y. Pomeranz), American Association of Cereal Chemists, St Paul, MN, pp. 49–105.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1995 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Cuddeford, D. (1995). Oats for animal feed. In: Welch, R.W. (eds) The Oat Crop. World Crop Series. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0015-1_11

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0015-1_11

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-94-010-4010-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-011-0015-1

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics