Abstract
Few words so commonplace in everday vocabulary are so elusive to grasp as “the whole.”1 Like mirrors, notions of what constitutes a “whole picture” may reflect quite as much of what is in the eye of the beholder as they do about reality. Herein lies a profound dilemma. Once a person, group, or culture articulates its own conception of the whole, immediately antennae on other possible wholes become fixed; receptors to foreign insights become restricted to those categories which are familiar and, therefore, limited.
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Notes
This essay is an abbreviated version of a presentation to theologians and hydrologists at a symposium on water problems, Lund University, October 1982; see Anne Buttimer, “Water Symbolism and the Understanding of Wholeness,” in Reinhold Castensson, ed., Vattnet bar livet (Linkoping, Sweden: University of Linkoping, 1984 ), pp. 57–92.
See Martin Heidegger, Being and Time (New York: Harper and Row, 1962); On the Way to Language (New York: Harper and Row, 1971); Poetry, Language, Thought, (New York: Harper and Row, 1971). Also, see J.J. Kockelmans, On Heidegger and Language (Evanston, Illinois: Northwestern University Press, 1972 ).
Heidegger, Being and Time; Heidegger, Poetry, Language, Thought. Also, see W. Biemel, Martin Heidegger ( New York: Harcourt-Brace Jovanovich, 1976 ).
Heidegger, “Building Dwelling Thinking,” in Poetry, Language, Thought, pp. 143–162.
Heidegger, “Poetically, Man Dwells…,” in Poetry, Language, Thought, pp. 211–229.
See C.G. Jung, Man and His Symbols ( New York: Doubleday, 1965 ), pp. 20–21.
Ernst Cassirer, The Philosophy of Symbolic Forms (New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press, 1944); Ernst Cassier, Language and Myth (New York: Dover, 1946); Suzanne Langer, Philosophy in a New Key: A Study in the Symbolism of Reason, Rite, and Art (Cambridge, Massachussetts: Harvard University Press, 1957 ).
See F. Huxley, The Dragon: Nature of Spirit, Spirit of Nature ( London: Thames and Hudson, 1979 ).
One allegory from the Judaeo-Christian world may illustrate the prospect: on that first Pentecost Day, after the pouring out of the Holy Spirit, thousands of people from diverse civilizations could suddenly communicate as though they possessed a common vernacular language.
See H.F. Judson, The Eighth Day of Creation (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1979 ); H.F. Judson, The Search for Solutions (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1980 ).
Cited in Judson, Search for Solutions, p. 5.
See E. Mendelssohn, The Social Production of Scientific Knowledge: Sociology of Sciences Yearbook (Dordrecht: Reidel, 1977); S. Lilley. Mendelssohn, The Social Production of Scientific Knowledge: Sociology of Sciences Yearbook (Dordrecht: Reidel, 1977); S. Lilley, “Cause and Effect in the History of Science, ” Centaurus 3 (1953): 58–72.
C.O. Schrag, Radical Reflection and the Origin of the Human Sciences (Lafayette, Indiana: Purdue University Press, 1980 ).
I have attempted a sketch in “Reason, Rationality, and Human Creativity,” Geografiska Annaler 61B (1978): 43–49.
See Norman and Dorothy Myers, “From the Duck Pond to the Global Commons: Increasing Awareness of the Supranational Nature of Energing Environmental Issues,” Ambio XI (1982): 195–201.
Janice Perlman, The Myth of Marginality: Urban Poverty and Politics in Rio de Janeiro ( Berkeley: University of California Press, 1976 ).
H.F. Judson, Search for Solutions, p. 12.
The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Planet Earth (New York: Exeter Books, 1979), p. 106.
See Hajime Nakamura, The Idea of Nature, East and West ( London: Encyclopedia Britannica, 1980 ), p. 284.
See John B. Noss, Man’s Religions (New York: Macmillan, 1956), p. 98; and Nakamura, pp. 262 ff. A provocative critique of the assertion that only Western thought can claim universality is articulated in Hajime Nakamura, Ways of Thinking of Eastern Peoples: India- China-Tibet-Japan, P.P. Wiener, trans. (Honolulu, Hawaii: East-West Center Press, 1964 ), pp. 25–29.
Cited in Nakamura, The Idea, p. 253.
See Judson, Search for Solutions, p. 14.
Nakamura, The Idea, for 260 ff.
See Mircea Eliade, Myth and Reality ( New York: Harper, 1963 ), pp. 1–4.
D. McClagan, Creation Myths: Man’s Introduction to the World ( London: Thames and Hudson, 1977 ), pp. 56–57.
E.S.C. Handy, Polynesian Religion (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1927), pp. 10–11; also, see Richard Cavendish, ed., Mythology: An Illustrated Encyclopedia (London: Orbis Publishers Ltd., 1980 ); and A. Cotterell, A Dictionary of World Mythology ( New York: G.P. Putnam’s Sons, 1980 ).
Eliade, Myth and Reality, p. 31.
Nakamura, The Idea, p. 243.
McClagan, Creation Myths, p. 46.
N.K. Sanders, ed., The Epic of Gilgamesh ( Hamondsworth, Middlesex: Penquin Books, 1960 ).
Rana P.B. Singh, “Sacred Space, Sacred Time, and Pilgrimage in Hindu Society: A Case of Varanasi City,” in R.H. Stoddart and E.A. Morinis, eds., The Geography of Pilgrimages (London: Academic Press), in press.
Ibid.
Rana P.B. Singh, “Geographical Approaches Towards the Lifeworld in Indian Context,” in Professor M.R. Chaudhuri Felicitation Volume (Calcutta: Indian Geographical Society), in press.
New Testament, Gospel of John 4:13. For a discussion of water symbolism in Oceanian, monsoonal and Moslem worlds, see Buttimer, “Water Symbolism.”
Clarence Glacken, Traces on the Rhodian Shore (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1868); Yi-Fu Tu an, The Hydrological Cycle and the Wisdom of God: A Theme in Geoteleology (Toronto: University of Toronto, Department of Geography, 1968); W.J. Mills, “Metaphorical Vision: Changes in Western Attitudes to the Environment,” Annals of the Association of American Geographers 72 (1982): 237–253.
Stephen Pepper, World Hypotheses (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1942); Anne Buttimer, “Musing on Helicon: Root Metaphors in Geography,” Geografiska Annaler 64 B (1982): 89–96.
Mills, “Metaphorical Vision.”
Cited in Glacken, p. 204.
Nakamura, The Idea, p. 283.
F. Spiegelberg, Zen, Rocks and Waters ( New York: Random House, 1961 ), p. 19.
See R.M. Kale, The Meghaduta of Kalidasa (Bombay: Booksellers Publishing, n. d.).
Mills, “Metaphorical Vision,” p. 241.
E. Leboulaye, ed., Oeuvres complètes de Montesquieu (Paris: Garnier Freres, 1975-1979).
Jean Bodin, The Six Books of a Commonweal (The Republic), R. Knolles, trans. (London: G. Bishop, 1906); Jean Bodin, Method for the Easy Comprehension of History, B. Reynolds, trans. ( New York: Columbia University Pres, 1945 ).
P. Vidal de la Blache, Principles of Human Geography, E. de Martonne, ed., M.T. Bingham, trans. ( London: Constable, 1926 ), pp. 424–446.
Glacken; also see A.O. Lovejoy, The Great Chain of Being: A Study in the History of an Idea ( Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1936 ).
Mills, “Metaphorical Vision,” p. 242.
Mills, “Metaphorical Vision,” p. 242; also, see L. Barkan, Nature’s Work of Art: The Human Body as Image of the World ( New Haven: Yale University Press, 1975 ).
Glacken, pp. 254–284.
F.D. Adams, The Birth and Development of the Geological Sciences (London: Bailliere, Tin- dall and Cox, 1938 ).
Mills, “Metaphorical Vision,” p. 244.
Yi-Fu Tuan, Hydrological Cycle.
J.P. Richter, ed., The Literary Works of Leonardo da Vinci ( London: Phaidon, 1970 ).
Ibid., vol. 2, p. 158.
M. Nicolson, The Breaking of the Circle: Studies in the Effect of the ‘New Science’ upon Seventeenth Century Poetry (London: Oxford University Press, 1960 ); J. Hutton, Theory of the Earth with Proofs and Illustrations (Edinburgh: Cadell, Junion and Davis, 1795 ).
E.H. Duncan, “Satan-Lucifer: Lightning and Thunderbolt,” Philogical Quarterly 30 (1951): 441–443.
Hutton, vol. I, p. 3.
E.J. Dijksterhuis, The Mechanization of the World Picture ( London: Oxford University Pres, 1961 ), pp. 442–443.
R. Lenoble, Esquisse d’une histoire de l’idée de nature ( Paris: Editions Albin Michel, 1969 ).
Cicero, De natura Deorum (London: Loeb Classical Library), II, 60.
Pepper, pp. 221–231.
Dijksterhuis, p. 491.
William James, Pragmatism ( New York: New American Library, 1955 ).
Nakamura, Idea, p. 260.
M. Eliade, The Quest ( Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1969 ) pp. 94–101.
See James; and Pepper, pp. 268–279.
Pepper, pp. 232–279.
G. White, Natural Hazards: Local, National, Global ( New York and London: Oxford University Press, 1974 ).
See Jean Gottman, A Geography of Europe ( New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1969 ), pp. 277–279.
Heidegger, Being and Time.
Dan Andersson, Visor och ballader ( Stockholm: Tidens Förlag, 1950 ), p. 89.
P. Teilhard de Chardin, Toward the Future, Rene Hague, trans. ( London: Collins, 1975 ), pp. 163–208.
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Buttimer, A. (1985). Nature, water symbols, and the human quest for wholeness. In: Seamon, D., Mugerauer, R. (eds) Dwelling, Place and Environment. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-9251-7_16
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