Abstract
Due to the long wavelength, radio waves from VLF (3 to 30 kHz) transmitters (which radiate a few tens kW) may propagate halfway around the earth. Since, in addition, the phase is very stable for propagation in the earth-ionosphere waveguide, VLF waves have been extensively used for studying the upper atmospheric parameters as listed in Table I.
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© 1973 D. Reidel Publishing Company, Dordrecht, Holland
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Bjöntegaard, G., Egeland, A. (1973). The Use of VLF Radio Waves in Ionospheric Research. In: McCormac, B.M. (eds) Physics and Chemistry of Upper Atmosphere. Astrophysics and Space Science Library, vol 35. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-2542-3_31
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