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Ionizing Radiation Affecting the Lower Ionosphere

  • Conference paper
ELF-VLF Radio Wave Propagation

Part of the book series: NATO Advanced Study Institutes Series ((ASIC,volume 10))

Abstract

Ionization below 100 km altitude is produced by electromagnetic and corpuscular radiation which bombards the earth from a variety of cosmic, solar, and magnetospheric sources. Variations in the energy input to the earth’s atmosphere from these sources have been observed for nearly a half-century by means of a variety of ground based measurements including VLF (3–30 kHz) radio transmissions (e.g. Espenshied 1926; Lauter 1950, 1961; Bracewell et al. 1951). But, only during the last decade have the characteristics of these sources been quantitatively studied in detail primarily with satellites, but also with rockets and balloons. Several reviews have been recently made of the sources of the lower ionosphere (e.g. Aikin 1971; Thomas 1971; Bauer 1973; and Banks and Kockarts 1973). All these studies point out the difficulty in providing a definitive description of the sources of the lower ionosphere, because the atmospheric constituents, chemistry, and energy inputs have yet to be completely identified and accurately measured.

This work was supported by the Naval Ordnance Systems Command, Department of the Navy, under contract NOOO17-72-C-4401.

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  1. Applied Physics Laboratory, The Johns Hopkins University, Silver Spring, Maryland, 20910, USA

    T. A. Potemra

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Potemra, T.A. (1974). Ionizing Radiation Affecting the Lower Ionosphere. In: ELF-VLF Radio Wave Propagation. NATO Advanced Study Institutes Series, vol 10. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-2265-1_2

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-2265-1_2

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