Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

The Marine Benthic Ecology and Biogeography

  • Chapter
Biogeography and Ecology in New Zealand

Part of the book series: Monographiae Biologicae ((MOBI,volume 27))

Abstract

In 1960 I reviewed the littoral ecology and biogeography of the southern oceans (Knox, 1960) and three years later the biogeography and intertidal ecology of the Australasia coasts (Knox, 1963). In a decade since the latter of these reviews considerable advances have been made in our knowledge of the composition, distribution and systematics of the New Zealand benthic marine flora and fauna.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • ADIE, R. J. 1933. Geological evidence on possible Antarctic land connections. Pp. 455–63 in ‘Pacific Basin Biogeography. A Symposium. Tenth Pacific Science Congress, Honolulu, Hawaii, 1961.’ GRESSITT, J. L. (ed.). Bishop Museum, Honolulu.

    Google Scholar 

  • ALLAN, R. S. 1935. The fauna of the Reefton Beds (Devonian, New Zealand). N.Z. Geol. Sur. Pal. Bull. No. 14, 72 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • ALLAN, R. S. 1947. A revision of the Brachiopoda of the Lower Devonian strata of Reefton, New Zealand. J. Pal. 21: 436–452.

    Google Scholar 

  • ALLAN, R. S. 1960. The succession of Tertiary brachiopod faunas in New Zealand. Ree. Cant. Mus. 7: 233–268.

    Google Scholar 

  • BAKER, A. N. 1968. The echinoid fauna of north-eastern New Zealand. Trans. Roy. Soc. N.Z-, Biol. Sci. 11(1): 1–7.

    Google Scholar 

  • BARNARD, L. J. 1972. The marine fauna of New Zealand: Algae living littoral Gammaridea (Crustacea, Amphipoda). Bull. N.Z. Dep. scient. ind. Res. 210. 216 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • BATHAM, E. J. 1956. Ecology of southern New Zealand sheltered rocky shore. Trans. Roy. Soc. N.Z. 84(2): 447–465.

    Google Scholar 

  • BATHAM, E. J. 1958. Ecology of southern New Zealand exposed shore at Little Papanui, Otago Peninsula. Trans. Roy. Soc. N.Z. 85(4): 647–658.

    Google Scholar 

  • BATHAM, E. 1965. Rocky shore ecology of a southern New Zealand fiord.Trans. Roy. Soc. N.Z., ZooL 6: 215–227.

    Google Scholar 

  • BENNETT, E. W. 1964. The marine fauna of New Zealand: Crustacea Brachyura. N.Z. Dep. scient. ind. Res. Bull. 153. 120 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • BERQUIST, P. L. 1961. Notes on the marine algal ecology of some exposed rocky shores of Northland, New Zealand. Botanica Marina 1: 86–94.

    Google Scholar 

  • BRODIE, J. W. 1964. Bathymetry of the New Zealand region.Bull. N.Z. Dep. scient. ind. Res. 161: 55 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • BRODIE, J. W. & DAWSON, E. W. 1965. Morphology of the north Macquarie Ridge. Nature, Lond. 207(4999): 844–855.

    Google Scholar 

  • BURLING, R. W. 1961. Hydrology of circumpolar waters south of New Zealand. Bull. N.Z. Dep. scient. ind. Res. 143: 66 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • CARNAHAN, J. A. 1952. Intertidal zonation at Rangitoto Island, New Zealand. Pacific Sci. 6: 35–46.

    Google Scholar 

  • CHAPMAN, V. J. 1956. Revision of the marine algae of New Zealand, Part 1. Myxophyceae and Chlorophyceae. J. Linn. Soc. (Bot.) 55: 330–350.

    Google Scholar 

  • CULLEN, D. J. 1967. The submarine geology of Foveaux Strait. Bull. N.Z• Dep. scient. ind. Res. 184: 68 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • DAWSON, E. W. 1959. An interpretation of the molluscan genus Amphidesma in New Zealand. J. Malacol. Soc. Aust. 3: 39–58.

    Google Scholar 

  • DAWSON, E. W. 1965. Oceanography and marine zoology of the New Zealand Subantarctic. Proc. N.Z. ecol. Soc. 12: 44–57.

    Google Scholar 

  • DAWSON, E. W. 1970. Faunal relationships between the New Zealand Plateau and the New Zealand sector of Antarctica based on echinoderm distribution. N.Z. J. mar. freshw. Res. 4(2): 126–140.

    Google Scholar 

  • DELL, R. K. 1952. Marine biology. Pp. 129–150 in ‘The Antarctica Today’. SIMPSON, F. A. (ed.). A. H. & A. W. Reed, Wellington.

    Google Scholar 

  • DELL, R. K. 1956. The archibenthal Mollusca of New Zealand. Dominion Mus. Bull. 18: 1–235.

    Google Scholar 

  • DELL, R. K. 1958. The marine mollusca of the Kermadec Islands in relation to the molluscan faunas in the south-west Pacific. Proc. 8th Pacific Sci. Congr. 3: 499–502.

    Google Scholar 

  • DELL, R. K. 1960. Crabs (Decapoda, Brachyura) of the Chatham Islands 1954 Expedition. N.Z. Dep. scient. ind. Res. Bull. 139: 1–7.

    Google Scholar 

  • DELL, R. K. 1962. New Zealand marine provinces-do they exist? Tuatara 10(1): 43–52.

    Google Scholar 

  • DELL, R. K. 1964. Marine mollusca from Macquarie and Heard Islands. Rec. Dom. Mus. 4: 267–301.

    Google Scholar 

  • DELL, R. K. 1968. Composition and distribution of the New Zealand Brachyuran fauna. Trans. Roy. Soc. N.Z.,Zool 10(25): 225–240.

    Google Scholar 

  • DELL, R. K., GRIFFEN, D. J. G. & YALDWYN, J. C. 1970. A new swimming crab from the New Zealand Subantarctic and a review of the Genus Nectocarcinus A. Milne-Edwards. Trans. Roy. Soc. NZ., Biol. Sci 12(7): 49–68.

    Google Scholar 

  • DELLOW, V. 1950. Intertidal ecology at Narrow Neck Reef, New Zealand. (Studies in intertidal zonation 3.) Pacific Sci. 4(4): 255–274.

    Google Scholar 

  • DELLOW, V. 1955. Marine algal ecology of the Hauraki Gulf. Trans. Roy. Soc. N.Z. 83: 1–91.

    Google Scholar 

  • FELL, H. B. 1949. The constitution and relations of the New Zealand echinoderm fauna. Trans. Roy. Soc. N.Z. 77(5): 208–211.

    Google Scholar 

  • FELL, H. B. 1953a. Echinoderms from the subantarctic islands of New Zealand: Asteroidea, Ophiuroidea and Echinoidea. Rec. Dom. Mus., Wellington 2(2): 73–111.

    Google Scholar 

  • FELL, H. B. 1953b. The origins and migrations of Australasian echinoderm fauna since the Mesozoic. Trans. Roy. Soc. N.Z. 81(1): 245–255.

    Google Scholar 

  • FELL, H. B. 1958. Deep-sea echinoderms of New Zealand. Zool. Publ. Vict. Univ. Wellington 24: 1–40.

    Google Scholar 

  • FELL, H. B. 1960. Biological results of the Chatham Islands 1954 Expedition. Part 2. Archibenthal and littoral echinoderms. Bull. N.Z. DeP. scient, ind. Res. 139. 76 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • FELL, H. B. 1962. West-wind-drift dispersal of echinoderms in the Southern Hemisphere. Nature 193(4817): 759–761.

    Google Scholar 

  • FELL, H. B. 1963. The spatangid echinoids of New Zealand. Zool. Publ. Vict. Univ. Wellington 32: 1–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • FINLAY, H.J. 1925. Some modern concepts applied to the study of Cainozoic mollusca from New Zealand. Verbeek. Mem. Birthday Vol.: 161–172.

    Google Scholar 

  • FINLAY, H. J. 1926. A further commentary on New Zealand molluscan systematics. Trans. N.Z. Inst. 57: 320–485.

    Google Scholar 

  • FLEMING, C. A. 1944. Molluscan evidence of Pliocene climatic change in New Zealand. Trans. Roy. Soc. N.Z. 74: 207–230.

    Google Scholar 

  • FLEMING, C. A. 1949. The geological history of New Zealand. Tuatara 2(2): 72–89.

    Google Scholar 

  • FLEMING, C. A. 1952. The Post-Miocene evolution of marine faunas in the South-west Pacific and its bearing on the problem of marine faunal provinces. Proc. 7th Pacific Sci Congr. 3: 309–318.

    Google Scholar 

  • FLEMING, C. A. 1959. Notes on New Zealand Recent and Tertiary mussels (Mytilidae). Trans. Roy. Soc. N.Z. 87: 165–178.

    Google Scholar 

  • FLEMING, C. A. 1960. Trans-Tasman relationships in natural history. Pp. 228–246 in ‘Science in New Zealand’, CALLAHAN, F. R. (ed.). Aust. and N.Z. Ass. Advanc. Sci., Wellington.

    Google Scholar 

  • FLEMING, C. A. 1962a. The nomenclature of biogeographic elements in the New Zealand biota. Trans. Roy. Soc. NZ. Gen. 1(2): 13–22.

    Google Scholar 

  • FLEMING, C. A. 1962b. New Zealand biogeography: A paleontologists approach. Tuatara 10(2): 53–108.

    Google Scholar 

  • GARNER, D. M. 1959. The subtropical convergence in New Zealand surface waters. N.Z. J. Geol. Geophys. 2: 315–337.

    Google Scholar 

  • GARNER, D. M. 1961. Hydrology of New Zealand coastal waters: 1955. Bull. N.Z. Dep. scient, ind. Res. 138: 85 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • GARNER, D. M. 1962. Analysis of hydrological observations in the New Zealand region, 1874–1955. Bull. NZ. Dep. scient, ind. Res. 144: 45 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • GARNER, D. M. 1967a. Hydrology of the Southern Hikurangi Trench Region. Bull. N.Z. Dep. scient, ind. Res. 177.

    Google Scholar 

  • GARNER, D. M. 1967b. Hydrology of the south-east Tasman Sea. Bull. N.Z. Dep. scient, ind. Res., 181: 40 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • GARNER, D. M. 1969. Seasonal range of sea temperature on the New Zealand Shelf. N.Z. mar.freshw. Res. 3: 209–219.

    Google Scholar 

  • GARNER, D. M. 1970. Hydrological studies in the New Zealand region, 1966 and 1967. Oceanic hydrology north-west of New Zealand. Hydrology of the north-east Tasman Sea. Bull. N.Z. Dep. sclent, ind. Res. 202: 50 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • GRIFFEN, D. J. G. 1969. The marine fauna of New Zealand: spider crabs, Family Majidae (Crustacea, Brachyura). Bull. N.Z. Dep. scient. ind. Res. 172: 111 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • HEDGPETH, J. W. 1953. An introduction to the zoogeography of the northwestern Gulf of Mexico with reference to the invertebrate fauna. Publ. Inst. mar. Sci. 3(1): 111–224.

    Google Scholar 

  • HEDGPETH, J. W. 1971. Perspectives of benthic ecology in Antarctica. Pp. 93–136 in ‘Research on the Antarctica’. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci., Washington, D.C.

    Google Scholar 

  • HORNIBROOK, N. DE B. 1951. Tertiary and Recent marine Ostracoda of New Zealand. N.Z. Geol. Sur. Pal. Bull. No. 18: 82 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • HORNIBROOK, N. DE B. 1953. Faunal immigrations to New Zealand: I. Immigration of Foraminifera to New Zealand in the Upper Cretaceous and Tertiary. N.Z. J. Sci. Tech., B 34: 436–444.

    Google Scholar 

  • HOUTMAN, TH. J. 1967. Water masses and fronts in the Southern Ocean, south of New Zealand. N.Z. Dep. scient. ind. Res. Bull. 174.

    Google Scholar 

  • KENNY, R. & HAYSON, N. 1962. Ecology of rocky shore organisms at Macquarie Island. Pacific Sci. 10: 245–263.

    Google Scholar 

  • KNOX, G. A. 1954. The intertidal flora and fauna of the Chatham Islands. Nature 174: 877.

    Google Scholar 

  • KNOX, G. A. 1957. General account of the Chatham Islands 1954 Expedition. Bull. N.Z. Dep. scient. ind. Res. 122. 37 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • KNOX, G. A. 1960. Littoral ecology and biogeography of the southern oceans. Proc. Roy. Soc. B 152(949): 577–624.

    Google Scholar 

  • KNOX, G. A. 1963. The biogeography and intertidal ecology of the Australasian coasts. Oceanogr. Mar. Biol. Ann. Rev. 1: 341–404.

    Google Scholar 

  • KNOX, G. A. 1963. Problems of speciation in intertidal animals with special reference to New Zealand shores. Pp. 7–29 in ‘Speciation in the Sea’, Systematics Assoc. (U.K.), Publ. No. 5.

    Google Scholar 

  • KNOX, G. A. 1968a. Tides and intertidal zones. Pp. 131–146 in Symposium on Antarctic Oceanography, Santiago, Chile, 13–16 September, 1966. Scott Polar Research Institute, Cambridge, England.

    Google Scholar 

  • KNOX, G. A. 1968b. The plants and animals of the rocky shores. Pp. 536–552 in ‘Natural History of Canterbury’, KNOX, G. A. (ed.). A. H. & A. W. Reed, Wellington.

    Google Scholar 

  • KNOX, G. A. 1970. Biological oceanography of the South Pacific. Pp. 155–182 in ‘Scientific Exploration of the South Pacific’. W. S. WOOSTER (ed.). Nat. Acad. Sci., Washington, D.C.

    Google Scholar 

  • LAING, R. M. 1927. A reference list of New Zealand marine algae. Trans. Proc. N.Z. Inst. 57: 126–185.

    Google Scholar 

  • LAING, R. M. 1929. A reference list of New Zealand marine algae. Supplement 1. Trans. Proc. N.Z. Inst. 60: 575–583.

    Google Scholar 

  • LAING, R. M. 1939. New Zealand seaweeds-Reference List No. II. Trans. Roy. Soc. N.Z. 69: 134–164.

    Google Scholar 

  • LINDAUER, V. J. 1947. An annotated list of the brown seaweeds, Phaeophyceae, of New Zealand. Trans. Roy. Soc. N.Z. 76: 542–566.

    Google Scholar 

  • LINDAUER, V. W., CHAPMAN, V. J. & AIKEN, M. 1961. The marine algae of New Zealand. Part II. Phaeophyceae. Nova Hedwegia 3(2/3): 129–350.

    Google Scholar 

  • LUCKENS, PENELOPE A. 1972. Distribution ofDivaricella huttoniana (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Lucinidae) in the New Zealand Region. N.Z. J. mar.freshw. Res. 6(3): 259–276.

    Google Scholar 

  • MARWICK, J. 1953. Faunal migrations in New Zealand seas during the Triassic and Jurassic. N.Z. J. Sci. Tech., B 34: 317–321.

    Google Scholar 

  • MCDOUGALL, J. G. & BRODIE, J. W. 1967. Sediments of the western shelf of the North Island, New Zealand. Bull. N.Z. Dep. scient, ind. Res. 179: 54 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • MCKNIGHT, D. G. 1969. Infaunal benthic communities of the New Zealand continental shelf. N.Z. J. mar.freshw. Res. 3: 409–444.

    Google Scholar 

  • MCKNIGHT, D. G. 1969. An outline distribution of the New Zealand shelf fauna: Benthos survey, station list and distribution of the Echinoidea. Bull. N.Z. Dep. scient. ind. Res. 195: 91 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • MOORE, L. B. 1944. New Zealand seaweed for agar manufacture. N.Z. J. Sci. Tech., B 25: 183–209.

    Google Scholar 

  • MOORE, L. B. 1949. The marine algal provinces of New Zealand. Trans. Roy. Soc. N.Z. 77: 187–189.

    Google Scholar 

  • MOORE, L. B. 1953. Some distribution problems illustrated from brown algae of the genus Halopteris. Proc. 7th Pacific Sci. Congr., 5: 13–18.

    Google Scholar 

  • MOORE, L. B. 1961. Distribution patterns in New Zealand seaweeds. Tuatara 9: 18–23.

    Google Scholar 

  • MORTON, J. & MILLER, M. 1968. ‘The New Zealand Seashore’. Collins, London-Auckland. 638 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • NAYLOR, M. 1954a. The check list of the marine algae of the Dunedin district.Trans. Roy. Soc. N.Z. 82: 645–663.

    Google Scholar 

  • NAYLOR, M. 1954b. Occurrence of Durvillea caepestipes on Chatham Island. Nature 173: 1099–1100.

    Google Scholar 

  • NEALL, V. E. 1970. Notes on the ecology and paleoecology of Neothyris, an endemic New Zealand brachiopod. N.Z. J. mar.freshw. Res. 4: 117–225.

    Google Scholar 

  • NORRIS, R. M. 1964. Sediments of the Chatham Rise. Bull. N.Z. Dep. scient. ind. Res. 159: 39 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • OLIVER, W. R. B. 1923. Marine littoral plant and animal communities in New Zealand. Trans. N.Z. Inst. 54: 495–545.

    Google Scholar 

  • PANTIN, H. M. 1966. Sedimentation in Hawke Bay.Bull. N.Z. Dep. scient. ind. Res. 171: 70 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • PAWSON, D. L. 1961. Distribution patterns of New Zealand echinoderms. Tuatara 9(1): 9–18.

    Google Scholar 

  • PAWSON, D. L. 1963. The Holothurian fauna of Cook Strait, New Zealand. Zool. Publ. Vict. Univ. Wellington 36: 1–38.

    Google Scholar 

  • PAWSON, D. L. 1965a. The bathyal holothurians of the New Zealand region. Zool. Pubi. Vict. Univ. Wellington 39: 1–33.

    Google Scholar 

  • PAWSON, D. L. 1965b. The distribution of echinoderms along the east coast of New Zealand. Trans. Roy. Soc. N.Z-, Zool. 6(24): 245–252.

    Google Scholar 

  • PAWSON, D. L. 1965C. Some echinozoans from north of New Zealand.Trans. Roy. Soc. N.Z., Zool. 5(15): 197–224.

    Google Scholar 

  • PAWSON, D. L. 1965d. New records of echinoderms from the Snares Islands to the south of New Zealand. Trans. Roy. Soc. N.Z., Zool. 6(25): 253–260.

    Google Scholar 

  • PAWSON, D. L. 1966. Phylogeny and evolution of the holothuroids. pp. 641–646 in Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology (U) Echinodermata 3(2). MOORE, R. C. (ed.). University of Kansas Press, Lawrence.

    Google Scholar 

  • PAWSON, D. L. 1968. The Echinozoan fauna of the New Zealand Subantarctic Islands, Macquarie Island and the Chatham Rise. Bull. N.Z. Dep. scient. ind. Res. 187: 52 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • PAWSON, D. L. 1969. Holothuroidea. In American Geographical Society Map Folio Series, 36–38, Folio 11.

    Google Scholar 

  • PAWSON, D. L. 1970. The marine fauna of New Zealand: Holothuroidea. Bull. N.Z. Dep. scient. ind. Res. 52: 69 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • PAWSON, D. L. & FELL, H. B. 1965. A revised classification of the dendrochirate holothurians. Brevoria 214: 1–7.

    Google Scholar 

  • POWELL, A. W. B. 1933. The marine Mollusca of the Chatham Islands. Rec. Auck. Inst. Mus. 1: 181–208.

    Google Scholar 

  • POWELL, A. W. B. 1940. The marine mollusca of the Aupourian Province, New Zealand. Trans. Roy. Soc. NZ. 70: 205–248.

    Google Scholar 

  • POWELL, A. W. B. 1951. Antarctic and subantarctic mollusca. Discovery Reports 26: 49–196.

    Google Scholar 

  • POWELL, A. W. B. 1961. New Zealand biotic provinces. Tuatara 9: 1–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • RALPH, P. M. 1961. The New Zealand thecate hydroids. Part V. The distribution of New Zealand thecate hydroids. Trans. Roy. Soc. N.Z. Zool. 1(7): 103–111.

    Google Scholar 

  • RIDGWAY, V. M. 1970. Hydrology of the Southern Kermadec Trench region. Bull. N.Z. Dep. scient, ind. Res. 205: 1–28.

    Google Scholar 

  • SQUIRES, D. F. 1958. The Cretaceous and Tertiary corals of New Zealand. N.Z Geol. Sur. Pal. Bull. 29: 107 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • SQUIRES, D. F. & KEYES, I. W. 1967. The marine fauna of New Zealand: Scleractinian corals. Bull. N.Z Dep. scient, ind. Res. 185: 46 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • STRINGER, B. L. 1969. The species of New Zealand Onchiidae (Mollusca, Gastropoda) and their distribution. N.Z J mar.freshw. Res. 3(1): 29–45.

    Google Scholar 

  • WARHAM, J. & JOHNS, P. M. 1975. The University of Canterbury Antipodes Island Expedition 1969. J. Roy. Soc. N.Z.

    Google Scholar 

  • WOMERSLEY, H. B. 1960. The marine algae of Australia. Bot. Rev. 25: 545–614.

    Google Scholar 

  • YALDWYN, J. C. 1960. Crustacea Decapoda Natantia from the Chatham Rise: a deep water bottom fauna from New Zealand. N.Z. Dep. scient, ind. Res. Bull. 139: 13–53.

    Google Scholar 

  • YALDWYN, J. C. 1965. Antarctic and Subantarctic Decapod Crustacea. Monographiae Biologicae, 15: 324–332.

    Google Scholar 

  • <!Math!>

    Google Scholar 

  • ZENKEVICH, L. A. 1949. La structure biologique de l’océan. C.R. XIIIe Congrès Internat. Zool., pp. 522–529.

    Google Scholar 

  • ZENKEVICH, L. A. 1963. ‘Biology of the Seas of the U.S.S.R.’ (Translated by S. BOT-CHARSKAYA.) Allen and Unwin, London.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. G. A. Knox
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Auckland, New Zealand

    G. Kuschel

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1975 Dr. W. Junk b.v., Publishers, The Hague

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Knox, G.A. (1975). The Marine Benthic Ecology and Biogeography. In: Kuschel, G. (eds) Biogeography and Ecology in New Zealand. Monographiae Biologicae, vol 27. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-1941-5_9

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-1941-5_9

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-94-010-1943-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-010-1941-5

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation