Skip to main content

Uncovering the Differences between T Cell Tolerance and Immunity

  • Chapter
Autoimmunity
  • 135 Accesses

Abstract

In the last two decades, T cell function has been analyzed in vitro from many different angles, with a great deal of attention dedicated to the basic requirements of activation. During this time, a compendium of information has been collected and has proven to be invaluable. Paradoxically, very little is known about T cell activation and function in vivo. In the last decade, a number of models have been developed which allow the tracking of Ag-activated T cells in vivo and these studies have been instrumental in advancing the field of T cell biology. In particular, a new and emerging paradigm of T cell immunity is evolving.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Akbar A. N., Borthwick N. J., Wickremasinghe R. G., Panayoitidis P., Pilling D., Bofill M., Krajewski S., Reed J. C. and Salmon M. (1996): Interleukin-2 receptor common gamma-chain signaling cytokines regulate activated T cell apoptosis in response to growth factor withdrawal: selective induction of anti-apoptotic (bcl-2, bcl-xL) but not pro-apoptotic (bax, bcl-xS) gene expression. Eur. J. Immunol., 26, 294–299.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alderson M. R., Armitage R. J., Maraskovsky E., Tough T. W., Roux E., Schooley K., Ramsdell F. and Lynch D. H. (1993): Fas transduces activation signals in normal human T lymphocytes. J. Exp. Med., 178, 2231–2235.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson G., Hare K. J. and Jenkinson E. J. (1999): Positive selection of thymocytes: the long and winding road. Immunol. Today, 20, 463–468.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bernal A., Proft T., Fraser J. D. and Posnett D. N. (1999): Superantigens in human disease. J. Clin. Immunol., 19, 149–157.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bretscher P. and Cohn M. (1970): A theory of self-nonself discrimination. Science, 169, 1042–1049.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cauley L. S., Cauley K. A., Shub F., Huston G. and Swain S. L. (1997): Transferable anergy: superantigen treatment induces CD4+ T cell tolerance that is reversible and requires CD4−CD8− cells and interferon gamma. J. Exp. Med., 186, 71–81.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chiller J. M. and Weigle W. O. (1973): Termination of tolerance to human gamma globulin in mice by antigen and bacterial lipopolysaccharide (endotoxin). J. Exp. Med., 137, 740–750.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Croft M. and Dubey C. (1997): Accessory molecule and costimulation requirements for CD4 T cell response. Crit. Rev. Immunol., 17, 89–118.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dresser D. W. (1962): Specific inhibition of antibody production. II. Paralysis induced in adult mice by small quantities of protein antigen. Immunology, 5, 378–388.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dresser D. W. and Gowland G. (1964): Immunological paralysis induced in adult rabbits by small amounts of protein antigen. Nature, 203, 733–736.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dutton R. W., Bradley L. M. and Swain S. L. (1998): T cell memory. Annu. Rev. Immunol., 16, 201–223.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Flynn S., Toellner K. M., Raykundalia C, Goodall M. and Lane P. (1998): CD4 T cell cytokine differentiation: the B cell activation molecule, OX40 ligand, instructs CD4 T cells to express inter-leukin 4 and upregulates expression of the chemokine receptor, Blr-1. J. Exp. Med., 188, 297–304.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Freund J. (1951): The effect of parafin oil and mycobacteria on antibody formation and sensitization. Am. J. Clin. Pathol., 21, 645–656.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gramaglia I., Weinberg A. D., Lemon M. and Croft M. (1998): Ox-40 ligand: a potent cos-timulatory molecule for sustaining primary CD4 T cell responses. J. Immunol., 161, 6510–6517.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gray D. and Matzinger P. (1991): T cell memory is short-lived in the absence of antigen. J. Exp. Med., 174, 969–974.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grewal I. S. and Flavell R. A. (1996): The role of CD40 ligand in costimulation and T-cell activation. Immunol. Rev., 153, 85–106.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gross J. A., Callas E. and Allison J. P. (1992): Identification and distribution of the costimulatory receptor CD28 in the mouse. J. Immunol., 149, 380–388.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Guerder S., Picarella D. E., Linsley P. S. and Flavell R. A. (1994): Costimulator B7-1 confers antigen-presenting-cell function to parenchymal tissue and in conjunction with tumor necrosis factor alpha leads to autoimmunity in transgenic mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 91, 5138–5142.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harding F. A., McArthur J. G., Gross J. A., Raulet D. H. and Allison J. P. (1992): CD28-medi-ated signalling co-stimulates murine T cells and prevents induction of anergy in T-cell clones. Nature, 356, 607–609.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harris N. L. and Ronchese F. (1999): The role of B7 costimulation in T-cell immunity. Immunol. Cell Biol., 77, 304–311.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hausmann S. and Wucherpfennig K. W. (1997): Activation of autoreactive T cells by peptides from human pathogens. Curr. Opin. Immunol., 9, 831–838.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hou S., Hyland L., Ryan K. W., Portner A. and Doherty P. C. (1994): Virus-specific CD8+ T-cell memory determined by clonal burst size. Nature, 369, 652–654.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jenkins M. K., Pardoll D. M., Mitzuguchi J., Chused T. M. and Shwartz R. H. (1987a): Molecular events in the induction of a nonresponsive state in interleukin 2-producing helper T-lymphocyte clones. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 84, 5409–5413.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jenkins M. K., Pardoll D. M., Mizuguchi J., Quill H. and Schwartz R. H. (1987b): T cell unresponsiveness in vivo and in vitro: Fine specificity of induction and molecular characterization of the unresponsive state. Immunol. Rev., 95, 113–135.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jenkins M. K. and Schwartz R. H. (1987): Antigen presentation by chemically modified splenocytes induces antigen-specific T cell unresponsiveness in vitro and in vivo. J. Exp. Med., 165, 302–319.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kappler J. W., Roehm N. and Marrack P. (1987): T cell tolerance by clonal elimination in the thymus. Cell, 49, 273–280.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kawabe Y. and Ochi A. (1990): Selective anergy of Vβ8+, CD4+ T cells in Staphylococcus enterotoxin-B primed mice. J. Exp. Med., 172, 1065–1070.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kawabe Y. and Ochi A. (1991): Programmed cell death and extrathymic reduction of Vbeta8+ CD4+ T cells in mice tolerant to Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin B. Nature, 349, 245–248.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kearney E. R., Pape K. A., Loh D. Y and Jenkins M. K. (1994): Visualization of peptide-specific T cell immunity and peripheral tolerance induction in vivo. Immunity, 1, 327–339.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kiener P. A., Moran-Davis P., Rankin B. M., Wahl A. F., Aruffo A. and Hollenbaugh D. (1995): Stimulation of CD40 with purified soluble gp39 induces proinflammatory responses in human monocytes. J. Immunol., 155, 4917–4925.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kotzin B. L., Leung D. Y., Kappler J. and Marrack P. (1993): Superantigens and their potential role in human disease. Adv. Immunol., 54, 99–165.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Krammer P. H., Behrmann I., Daniel P., Dhein J. and Debatin K. (1994): Regulation of apoptosis in the immune system. Curr. Opin. Immunol, 6, 279–289.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kuroda K., Yagi J., Imanishi K., Yan X.-J., Li X.-Y, Fujimaki W, Kato H., Miyoshi-Akiyama T, Kumazawa Y., Abe H. and Uchiyama T. (1996): Implantation of IL-2-containing osmotic pump prolongs the survival of superantigen-reactive T cells explanded in mice injected with bacterial superantigen. J. Immunol., 157, 1422–1431.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lafferty K. J. and Cunningham A. J. (1975): A new analysis of allogeneic interactions. Aust. J. Exp. Biol. Med. Sci., 53, 27–42.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lau L. L., Jamieson B. D., Somasundaram T. and Ahmed R. (1994): Cytotoxic T-cell memory without antigen. Nature, 369, 648–652.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lenardo M. J. (1991): Interleukin-2 programs mouse αb T lymphocytes for apoptosis. Nature, 353, 858–861.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leonard W. J., Noguchi M., Russell S. M. and McBride O. W. (1994): The molecular basis of X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency: the role of the interleukin-2 receptor gamma chain as a common gamma chain, gamma c. Immunol. Rev., 138, 61–86.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marrack P., Hugo P., McCormack J. and Kappler J. (1993): Death and T cells. Immunol. Rev., 133, 119–129.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marrack P. C. and Kappler J. W. (1990): The staphylococcal enterotoxins and their relatives. Science, 248, 705–711.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Matzinger P. (1994): Tolerance, danger, and the extended family. Annu. Rev. Immunol., 12, 991–1045.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Matzinger P. (1998): An innate sense of danger. Semin. Immunol., 10, 399–415.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maxwell J. R., Campbell J. D., Kim C. H. and Vella A. T. (1999): CD40 activation boosts T cell immunity in vivo by enhancing T cell clonal expansion and delaying peripheral T cell deletion. J. Immunol., 162, 2024–2034.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maxwell J. R., Weinberg A., Prell R. A. and Vella A. T. (2000): Danger and OX40 receptor signaling synergize to enhance memory T cell survival by inhibiting peripheral deletion. J. Immunol., 164, 107–112.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McCormack J. E., Callahan J. E., Kappler J. and Marrack (1993): Profound deletion of mature T cells in vivo by chronic exposure to exogenous superantigen. J. Immunol., 150, 3785–3792.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Melero I., Shuford W. W., Newby S. A., Aruffo A., Ledbetter J. A., Hellstrom K. E., Mittler R. S. and Chen L. (1997): Monoclonal antibodies against the 4-1BB T-cell activation molecule eradicate established tumors. Nat. Med., 3, 682–685.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Morrissey P. J., Bradley D., Sharrow S. O. and Singer A. (1983): T cell tolerance to non-H-2—encoded stimulatory alloantigens is induced intrathymically but not prethymically. J. Exp. Med., 158, 365–377.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mullbacher A. (1994): The long-term maintenance of cytotoxic T cell memory does not require persistence of antigen. J. Exp. Med., 179, 317–321.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ohshima Y, Tanaka Y, Tozawa H., Takahashi Y, Maliszewski C. and Delespesse G. (1997): Expression and function of OX40 ligand on human dendritic cells. J. Immunol., 159, 3838–3848.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Opferman J. T, Ober B. T. and Ashton-Rickardt P. G. (1999): Linear differentiation of cytotoxic effectors into memory T lymphocytes. Science, 283, 1745–1748.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Paterson D. J., Jefferies W. A., Green J. R., Brandon M. R., Corthesy P., Pullaves M. and Williams A. F. (1987): Antigens of activated rat T lymphocytes including a molecule of 50,000 Mr detected only on CD4 positive T blasts. Mol. Immunol., 24, 1281–1290.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pollok K. E., Kim Y.-J., Zhou Z., Hurtado J., Kim K. K., Pickard R. T. and Kwon B. S. (1993): Inducible T cell antigen 4-1BB. Analysis of expression and function. J. Immunol., 150, 771–781.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Powell J. D., Ragheb J. A., Kitagawa-Sakakida S. and Schwartz R. H. (1998): Molecular regulation of interleukin-2 expression by CD28 co-stimulation and anergy. Immunol. Rev., 165, 287–300.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Roy M., Aruffo A., Ledbetter J., Linsley P. and Kehry M. (1995): Studies on the interdependence of gp39 and B7 expression and function during antigen-specific immune response. Eur. J. Immunol., 25, 596–603.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shahinian A., Pfeffer K., Lee K. P., Kündig T. M., Kishihara K., Wakeham A., Kawai K., Ohashi P. M., Thompson C. B. and Mak T. W. (1993): Differential T cell costimulatoryr equirements in CD28-deficient mice. Science, 261, 609–612.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shuford W. W., Klussman K., Titchler D. D., Loo D. K., Chalupny J., Siadak A. W., Brown T. J., Emswiler J., Raecho H., Larsen C. P., Pearson T. C, Ledbetter J. A., Aruffo A. and Mittler R. S. (1997): 4-IBB constimulatory signals preferentially induce CD8+ T cell proliferation and lead to the amplification in vivo of cytotoxic T cell responses. J. Exp. Med., 186, 47–55.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sprent J., Lo D., Gao E.-K. and Ron Y. (1998): T cell selection in the thymus. Immunol. Rev., 101, 173–190.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stuber E., Neurath M., Calderhead D., Fell H. P. and Strober W. (1995): Cross-linking of OX40 ligand, a member of the TNF/NGF cytokine family, induces proliferation and differentiation in murine splenic B cells. Immunity, 2, 507–521.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Swain S. L. (1994): Generation and in vivo persistence of polarized Thl and Th2 memory cells. Immunity, 1, 543–552.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Takahashi C., Mittler R. S. and Vella A. T. (1999): Cutting edge: 4-1BB is a bona fide CD8 T cell survival signal. J. Immunol., 162, 5037–5040.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Taneja V. and David C. S. (1999): HLA class II transgenic mice as models of human diseases. Immunol. Rev., 169, 67–79.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Teague T. K., Kappler J. W., Marrack P. and Vella A. T. (1997): Interleukin-6 inhibits resting T cells from apoptosis. J. Immunol., 158, 5791–5796.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vella A. T., Dow S., Potter T. A., Kappler J. and Marrack P. (1998): Cytokine-induced survival of activated T cells in vitro and in vivo. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 95, 3810–3815.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vella A. T., McCormack J. E., Linsley P. S., Kappler J. W. and Marrack P. (1995): Lipopolysaccharide interferes with the induction of peripheral T cell death. Immunity, 2, 261–270.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vella A. T., Mitchell T., Groth B., Linsley P. S., Green J. M., Thompson C. B., Kappler J. W. and Marrack P. (1997a): CD28 engagement and proinflammatory cytokines contribute to T cell expansion and long-term survival in vivo. J. Immunol., 158, 4714–4720.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vella A. T, Scherer M. T, Schultz L., Kappler J. W. and Marrack P. (1996): B cells are not essential for peripheral T cell tolerance. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 93, 951–955.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vella A., Teague T. K., Ihle J., Kappler J. and Marrack P. (1997b): Interleukin 4 (IL-4) or IL-7 prevents the death of resting T cells: stat6 is probably not required for the effect of IL-4. J. Exp. Med., 186, 325–330.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Villegas E. N., Elloso M. M., Reichmann G., Peach R. and Hunter C. A. (1999): Role of CD28 in the generation of effector and memory responses required for resistance to toxoplasma gondii. J. Immunol., 163, 3344–3353.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vinay D. S. and Kwon B. S. (1998): Role of 4-1BB in immune responses. Semin. Immunol., 10, 481–489.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wahl S. M. (1994): Transforming growth factor beta: the good, the bad, and the ugly. J. Exp. Med., 180, 1587–1590.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weinberg A. D., Vella A. T. and Croft M. (1998): OX-40: life beyond the effector T cell stage. Semin. Immunol., 10, 471–480.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weiner H. L. (1997): Oral tolerance for the treatment of autoimmune diseases. Annu. Rev. Med., 48, 341–351.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yssel H., Fasler S., Lamb J. and de Vries J. E. (1994): Induction of non-responsiveness in human allergen-specific type 2 T helper cells. Curr. Opin. Immunol., 6, 847–852.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zheng L., Fisher G., Miller R. E., Peschon J., Lynch D. H. and Lenardo M. J. (1995): Induction of apoptosis in mature T cells by tumour necrosis factor. Nature, 377, 348–351.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zinkernagel R. M., Planz O., Ehl S., Battegay M., Odermatt B., Klenerman P. and Hengartner H. (1999): General and specific immunosuppression caused by antiviral T-cell responses. Immunol. Rev., 168, 305–315.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2001 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Vella, A.T. (2001). Uncovering the Differences between T Cell Tolerance and Immunity. In: Górski, A., Krotkiewski, H., Zimecki, M. (eds) Autoimmunity. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0981-2_2

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0981-2_2

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-94-010-3877-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-010-0981-2

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics