Abstract
“Parrot” generally refers to certain hookbill birds, but the term has a second equally well-known connotation. “Parrot” is synonymous with facile, mindless mimicry — a consequence of numerous anecdotal reports in the popular press (e.g., Amsler 1947; Hensley 1980). In captivity, parrots reproduce everything from the sound of water gurgling down a drain to the human voice, yet we actually know little about their patterns of vocal mimicry and whether cognitive processes might be involved in mimetic behavior.
Based on material previously published in Balda, Pepperberg, & Kamil (1998). Animal cognition in nature. New York: Academic Press.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Adret, P. (1993). Vocal learning induced with operant techniques: An overview. Netherlands Journal of Zoology 43 125–142.
Amsler, M. (1947). An almost human Grey Parrot. Avicultural Magazine 53, 68–69.
Arrowood, P.C. (1988). Duetting, pair bonding, and agonistic display in parakeet pairs. Behaviour 106 129–157.
Bandura, A. (1971). Analysis of modeling processes. In A. Bandura (ed.), Psychological modeling (pp. 1–62). Chicago: Aldine-Atherton.
Bandura, A. (1977). Social modeling theory. Chicago: Aldine-Atherton.
Baptista, L.F., & L. Petrinovich (1984). Social interaction, sensitive phases, and the song template hypothesis in the White-crowned Sparrow. Animal Behaviour 32 172–181.
Baptista, L.F., & L. Petrinovich (1986). Song development in the White-crowned Sparrow: Social factors and sex differences. Animal Behaviour 34 1359–1371.
Baylis, J.R. (1982). Avian vocal mimicry: Its function and evolution. In D.E. Kroodsma & E.H. Miller (eds.), Acoustic communication in birds, Vol. 2: Song learning and its consequences (pp. 51–83). New York: Academic Press.
Bertram, B.C.R. (1970). The vocal ability of the Indian Hill mynah, Gracula religiosa. Animal Behaviour Monographs 3 81–192.
Cruickshank, A.J., J.-P. Gautier, & C. Chappuis (1993). Vocal mimicry in wild African Grey Parrots Psittacus erithacus. Ibis 135 293–299.
Farabaugh, S.M. (1982). The ecological and social significance of duetting. In D.E. Kroodsma & E.H. Miller (eds.), Acoustic communication in birds, Vol 2: Song learning and its consequences (pp. 85–124). New York: Academic Press.
Forshaw, J.M. (1989). The parrots of the world. Sydney: Lansdown Editions.
Fuson, K. (1988). Children’s counting and concepts of number. New York: Springer-Verlag.
Gnam, R. (1988). Preliminary results on the breeding biology of Bahama amazon. Parrot Letter 1 23–26.
Goldstein, H. (1984). The effects of modeling and corrected practice on generative language and learning of preschool children. Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders 49 389–398.
Gramza, A.F. (1970). Vocal mimicry in captive budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus). Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie 27 971–983.
Greenfield, P.M. (1978). Developmental processes in the language learning of child and chimp. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 4 573–574.
Gwinner, E., & J. Kneutgen (1962). Über die biologische Bedeutung der ‘zweckdienlichen’ Anwendung erlernter Laute bei Vögeln. Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie 19 692–696.
Hensley, G. (1980). Encounters with a hookbill-II. American Cage Bird Magazine 52, 11–12, 59.
Kuhl, P.K., & J.D. Miller (1978). Speech perception by the chinchilla: Identification functions for synthetic VOT stimuli. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 63 905–917.
Lawson, R.W., & D.V. Lanning (1980). Nesting and status of the Maroon-fronted parrot (Rhynchopsitta terrisi). In R.F. Pasquier (ed.), Conservation of New World Parrots. International Council for Bird Preservation, Technical Publication No. 1 385–392.
Lemish, D., & Rice, M.L. (1986). Television as a talking picture book: A prop for language acquisition. Journal of Child Language, 13 251–274.
Lenneberg, E.H. (1973). Biological aspects of language. In G.A. Miller (ed.), Communication, language, and meaning (pp. 49–60). New York: Basic Books.
Levinson, S.T. (1980). The social behavior of the White-fronted Amazon (Amazona albifrons). In R.F. Pasquier (ed.), Conservation of New World Parrots. International Council for Bird Preseration, Technical Publication No. 1 403–417.
Mebes, H.D. (1978). Pair-specific duerting in the peach-faced lovebird, Agapornis roseicollis. Naturwissenschaften 65 66–67.
Miles, H.L. (1983). Apes and language. In J. de Luce & H.T. Wilder (eds.), Language in primates (pp. 43–61). New York: Springer-Verlag.
Mowrer, O.H. (1954). A psychologist looks at language. American Psychologist 9 660–694.
Mowrer, O.H. (1958). Hearing and speaking: An analysis of language learning. Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders 23 143–152.
Munn, C.A. (1986). The deceptive use of alarm calls by sentinel species in mixed-species flocks of neotropical birds. In R.W. Mitchell & N.S. Thompson (eds.), Deception: Perspectives on human and nonhuman deceit (pp. 169–175). Albany, NY: SUNY Press.
Nottebohm, F. (1970). The origins of vocal learning. American Naturalist 106 116–140.
Patterson, D.K., & I.M. Pepperberg (1994). A comparative study of human and parrot phonation: Acoustic and articulatory correlates of vowels. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 96 634–648.
Patterson, D.K., & I.M. Pepperberg (1998). Acoustic and articulatory correlates of stop consonants. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 103 2197–2215.
Pepperberg, I.M. (1981). Functional vocalizations by an African Grey Parrot (Psit-tacus erithacus). Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie 55 139–160.
Pepperberg, I.M. (1983). Cognition in the African Grey Parrot: Preliminary evidence for auditory/vocal comprehension of the class concept. Animal Learning and Behavior 11 179–185.
Pepperberg, I.M. (1985). Social modeling theory: A possible framework for understanding avian vocal learning. Auk 102 854–864.
Pepperberg, I.M. (1987a). Evidence for conceptual quantitative abilities in the African Grey Parrot: Labeling of cardinal sets. Ethology 75 37–61.
Pepperberg, I.M. (1987b). Acquisition of the same/different concept by an African Grey Parrot (Psittacus erithacus): Learning with respect to color, shape, and material. Animal Learning and Behavior, 15 423–432.
Pepperberg, I.M. (1988). Comprehension of “absence” by an African Grey Parrot: Learning with respect to questions of same/different. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 50 553–564.
Pepperberg, I.M. (1990a). Some cognitive capacities of an African Grey Parrot (Psittacus erithacus). In P.J.B. Slater, J.S. Rosenblatt, & C. Beer (eds.), Advances in the study of behavior, Vol 19 (pp. 357–409). New York: Academic Press.
Pepperberg, I.M. (1990b). Cognition in an African Grey Parrot (Psittacus erithacus): Further evidence for comprehension of categories and labels. Journal of Comparative Psychology 104 41–52.
Pepperberg, I.M. (1990c). Referential mapping: A technique for attaching functional significance to the innovative utterances of an African Grey Parrot (Psittacus erithacus). Applied Psycholinguistics 11 23–44.
Pepperberg, I.M. (1992a). What studies on song learning can teach us about playback experiments. In P.K. McGregor (ed.), Playback and animal communication: Problems and prospects (pp. 47–57). New York: Plenum Press.
Pepperberg, I.M. (1992b). Proficient performance of a conjunctive, recursive task by an African Grey Parrot (Psittacus erithacus). Journal of Comparative Psychology 106 295–305.
Pepperberg, I.M. (1993). A review of the effects of social interaction on vocal learning in African Grey Parrots (Psittacus erithacus). Netherlands Journal of Zoology 43 104–124.
Pepperberg, I.M. (1994a). Vocal learning in Grey Parrots (Psittacus erithacus): Effects of social interaction, reference, and context. Auk 111 300–313.
Pepperberg, I.M. (1994b). Numerical competence in an African Grey parrot (Psittacus erithacus). Journal of Comparative Psychology 108 36–44.
Pepperberg, I.M., & J. Silverstone (1989, June). List learning by an African Grey Parrot (Psittacus erithacus): Evidence for packaging and serial position effects. Unpublished manuscript.
Pepperberg, I.M., K.J. Brese, & B.J. Harris (1991). Solitary sound play during acquisition of English vocalizations by an African Grey Parrot (Psittacus erithacus): Possible parallels with children’s monologue speech. Applied Psycholinguistics 12 151–178.
Pepperberg, I.M., & M.A. McLaughlin (1996). Effect of avian-human joint attention on vocal learning by Grey parrots (Psittacus erithacus). Journal of Comparative Psychology 110 286–297.
Pepperberg, I.M., J.R. Naughton, & P.A. Banta (1998). Allospecific vocal learning by Grey Parrots (Psittacus erithacus): A failure of videotaped instruction under certain conditions. Behavioural Processes 42 139–158.
Premack, D. (1983). The codes of man and beast. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 6, 125–167.
Price, P.H. (1979). Developmental determinants of structure in Zebra Finch songs. Journal of Comparative Physiology and Psychology 93 260–277.
Rice, M. (1980). Cognition to language: Categories, word meanings, and training. Baltimore, MD: University Park Press.
Rowley, I. (1980). Parent-offspring recognition in a cockatoo, the Galah, Cacatua roseicapilla. Australian Journal of Zoology 28 445–456.
Rowley, I., & G. Chapman (1986). Cross-fostering, imprinting and learning in two sympatric species of cockatoo. Behaviour 96 1–16.
Saunders, D.A. (1983). Vocal repertoire and individual vocal recognition in the short-billed white-tailed Black cockatoo, Calyptorhynchus funereus latirostris. Carnaby Australian Wildlife Research 10 527–536.
Savage-Rumbaugh, E.S., D.M. Rumbaugh, & S. Boysen (1980a). Do apes use language? American Scientist 68 49–61.
Savage-Rumbaugh, E.S., D.M. Rumbaugh, S.T. Smith, & J. Lawson (1980b). Reference: The linguistic essential. Science 210 922–925.
Slater, P.J.B. (1991). Learned song variations in British storm-petrels? Wilson Bulletin 103 515–517.
Smith, W.J. (1991). Animal communication and the study of cognition. In C.A. Ristau (ed.), Cognitive ethology: The minds of other animals (pp. 209–230). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Snyder, N.F., J.W. Wiley, & C.B. Kepler (1987). The parrots ofLuquillo: Natural history and conservation of the Puerto Rican Parrot. Los Angeles, CA: Western Foundation for Vertebrate Zoology.
St. Peters, M., A.C. Huston, & J.C. Wright (1989, April). Television and families: Parental coviewing and young children’s language development, social behavior, and television processing. Paper presented at the Society for Research in Child Development, Kansas City, KS.
Todt, D. (1975). Social learning of vocal patterns and modes of their applications in Grey Parrots. Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie 39 178–188.
Vanayan, M., H.A. Robertson, & G.B. Biederman (1985). Observational learning in pigeons: The effects of model proficiency on observer performance. Journal of General Psychology 112 349–357.
Warren, D.K., D.K. Patterson, & I.M. Pepperberg (1996). Mechanisms of American English vowel production in a Grey Parrot (Psittacus erithacus). Auk 113, 41–58.
Welty, J.C., & L.F. Baptista (1988). The life of birds. 4th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders.
Wickler, W. (1980). Vocal duetting and the pairbond. I. Coyness and the partner commitment. Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie 52 201–209.
Yamashita, C. (1987). Field observations and comments on the Indigo macaw (Anodorhynchus leari), a highly endangered species from northeastern Brazil. Wilson Bulletin 99 280–282.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2000 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Pepperberg, I.M. (2000). Adaptive Behavior and Learning: How Cognitive Processing and Social Interaction Might Affect Allospecific Vocal Learning in Grey Parrots (Psittacus erithacus). In: Cruse, H., Dean, J., Ritter, H. (eds) Prerational Intelligence: Adaptive Behavior and Intelligent Systems Without Symbols and Logic, Volume 1, Volume 2 Prerational Intelligence: Interdisciplinary Perspectives on the Behavior of Natural and Artificial Systems, Volume 3. Studies in Cognitive Systems, vol 26. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0870-9_69
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0870-9_69
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-010-3792-1
Online ISBN: 978-94-010-0870-9
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive