Abstract
The discovery of fullerenes and carbon nanotubes has disclosed a new wide area of research in fundamental condensed matter physics as well as in chemistry and materials science and engineering, confirming carbon as the most versatile element of nature. Moreover carbon clusters can be considered as the building blocks for a large variety of carbon and carbon-based cluster-assembled materials. Quite often clusters have peculiar properties, originating from the low dimensionality, which are frustrated in the corresponding three-dimensional solid. The concept behind cluster assembling is that some of the interesting properties and functions which occur in the composing clusters may be preserved in a three-dimensional robust structure. Fullerenes and nanotubes, like graphite layers, can pack into a three-dimensional crystal through van der Waals forces, unless stronger ionic forces are switched on by the addition of metal atoms (e.g., K 3 C 60) or covalent bonds induce extended polymerization. Recently covalent crystals made of small fullerene clusters has been synthesized [1] with the promise of important properties and applications, such as high-T c superconductivity, which are rather unusual for ordinary carbon. In view of this wonderful structural versatility of carbon, a basic question is whether carbon is able to form other fully covalent, fully three-dimensional sp3 solids, besides diamond and lonsdaleite, and whether a fully covalent, fully three-dimensional sp2 solid can exist. A large amount of predictive theoretical work and speculations has been produced in the last decade about the possibility of new carbon solids obtained from the coalescence of fullerenes and other carbon clusters, such as, for example, clathrates and schwarzites.
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Benedek, G., Bernasconi, M., Donadio, D., Colombo, L. (2001). Covalent Cluster-Assembled Carbon Solids. In: Benedek, G., Milani, P., Ralchenko, V.G. (eds) Nanostructured Carbon for Advanced Applications. NATO Science Series, vol 24. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0858-7_5
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