Abstract
The coast of the United Kingdom, being one of the most diverse in Europe, presents significant challenges for Integrated Coastal Management (ICM). Intensely developed coasts, particularly in the southeast and in the vicinity of major urbanised and industrialised estuaries, present immense pressures on the coastal environment. However, equally important challenges for ICM include the need to maintain the extensive conservation importance of habitats, ranging from low-lying salt marshes and mudflats to steep, cliffed coastlines. Although the United Kingdom (UK) of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is made up of the countries of England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland as well as seventeen dependent territories, including the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man, this paper only focuses on the aforementioned countries. These are contiguous geographical areas sharing similar coastal issues and institutional systems unlike the dependents, which possess more divorced legal systems and are not full members of the European Union.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
European Union for Coastal Conservation (2000) The Coastal Guide: Country profile for England, November 2000.
National Statistics (2001) The Official UK Statistics, http://www.statistics.gov.uk/, accessed June 2001.
Environment Agency (2001) State of the Environment http://www.en vironment-agency.gov.uk/yourenv/soe/, website accessed: August 2001.
Local Government Association (2000) On the edge: the coastal strategy, Local Government Association, London.
Local Government Association (2000) Op. cit.
Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions (2000) Modem Ports: a UK policy, http://www.shipping.dtlr.gov.uk/modernports/index.htm, DETR, London.
Ibid.
European Union for Coastal Conservation (2000) Op. cit.
Oil and Gas Directorate (2001) Introduction to the Oil and Gas Directorate, http://www.og.dti.gov.uk/, accessed August 2001.
Ibid.
Ibid.
The Crown Estate (2000) The Marine Estate Finance, 1999-2000, The Crown Estate, London.
Ministry of Agriculture Fisheries and Food (1998) UK sea fisheries statistics 1998, MAFF, London, website: http://www.defra.gov.uk/fish/fishstat/uksfs98.pdf.
Smith H. D. (2000) Coast and ocean management in the UK: a present and future evaluation, in B. Cicin-Sain and E. Rivera-Arriaga (Eds.), North American and European perspectives on ocean and coastal policy: building partnerships and expanding the technological frontier. International Conference on Coastal and Ocean Space Utilisation, Proceedings Vol. 1, Nov 1–4, Cancun, Mexico, pp. 69–73.
Cox, M (2001) Scottish sea fish landings in 2000, Coastline Scotland 10, Scottish Coastal Forum, May 2001.
Cox, M (2001) Aquaculture, Coastline Scotland 11, Scottish Coastal Forum, July 2001.
Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions (2000) Projection of households in England 2021, 3 May 2000, Updated 4 Dec 2000, http://www.housing.detr.gov.uk/research/project/03.htm.
McCarthy, D (2001) Dibden bay: the new environmental battleground, The Independent: The Millennium Environment Debate, http://millenium-debate.org/indl515janu4.htm, 15 January 2001, accessed 25 September 2001.
Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions (1998) Index of Local Deprivation, HMSO, London.
Marine Conservation Society (1999) Beachwatch Survey Results, http://www2.environment-agency.tv/ye/qa-ea-doc/s-enviro/viewpoints/6aesthetics/2beaches/6-2b.html, accessed August 2001.
Hall, K. (2000) Impacts of marine debris and oil, Economic and Social Costs to Coastal Communities, KIMO, Shetland.
European Union for Coastal Conservation (2000) Op. cit.
Davidson, N.C., Laffoley, D d–A., Doody, J.P., Way, L.S., Gordon, J., Key, R., Drake, C.M., Pienkowski, M.W., Mitchell, R. & Duff, K.L. (1991) Nature Conservation and Estuaries in Great Britain. Nature Conservancy Council, Peterborough.
Local Government Association (2000) Op. cit.
Smith, HD (2000) E. Rivera-Arriaga (Eds.), North American and European perspectives on ocean and coastal policy: building partnerships and expanding the technological frontier. International Conference on Coastal and Ocean Space Utilisation, Proceedings Vol. 1, Nov 1-4, Cancun, Mexico, pp. 69–73 Op. cit.
Local Government Association (2000) Op. cit.
Gibson, J (2001) The coastal zone website, www.cf.ac.uk/claws/gibson/, accessed September 2001.
House of Commons Select Committee on the Environment (1992) Coastal Zone Protection and Planning, Second Report, HMSO, London.
House of Commons Select Committee on the Environment (1992) Op. cit.
Local Government Association (2000) Op. cit.
Smith, H.D., Ballinger R.C., Gibson, J. and Taussik, J. (2001) Analysis of options for improving the planning and management of Wales Territorial Sea, Report to the Countryside Council for Wales, Contract No. FC-73-02-163, Cardiff University, February 2001.
Scottish Office (1999) Land use planning under a Scottish Parliament, Scottish Office, Edinburgh.
Gibson, J (2000) Legal Jurisdiction in the Territorial Sea Adjacent to Wales, Chapter 3 in Smith, H.D., Ballinger R.C., Gibson, J. and Taussik, J. (2001) Analysis of options for improving the planning and management of Wales Territorial Sea, Report to the Countryside Council for Wales, Contract No. FC-73-02-163, Cardiff University, February 2001.
Dalzell, R. (2001) Department of the Environment, Northern Ireland, pers. coram.
Smith, H.D. (2000) E. Rivera-Arriaga (Eds.), North American and European perspectives on ocean and coastal policy: building partnerships and expanding the technological frontier. International Conference on Coastal and Ocean Space Utilisation, Proceedings Vol. 1, Nov 1–4, Cancun, Mexico, pp. 69–73 Op. cit.
Commission of the European Communities (2000) Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament on Integrated Coastal Zone Management: A Strategy for Europe, COM(2000) 547, European Commission, Brussels.
Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Consumer Policy (2001) Report on the proposal for a European Parliament and Council recommendation concerning the implementation of Integrated Coastal Zone Management in Europe, COM(2000) 545-C5-0474/2000-2000/0227(COD), European Commission, Brussels.
Commission of the European Communities (2000b) Proposal for a European Parliament and Council Recommendation concerning the implementation of Integrated Coastal Zone Management in Europe. COM(2000) 545.
House of Commons Select Committee on the Environment (1992) Op. cit.
Gibson, J. (2000) Ballinger R.C., Gibson, J. and Taussik, J. (2001) Analysis of options for improving the planning and management of Wales Territorial Sea, Report to the Countryside Council for Wales, Contract No. FC-73-02-163, Cardiff University, February 2001 Op. cit.
Department of the Environment (1995) Policy guidelines for the coast, Department of the Environment, London.
Cox, M. (2001) Coastline Scotland 11, September 2001, Scottish Coastal Forum, Edinburgh.
Cox, M. (2001) Devolution in Scotland: the effect on coastal policy. Paper presented to Coastal Management for Sustainability-review and trends-Conference, January, 2001, http://www.scotland.gov.uk/environment/coastalforum/outputs-reports.asp.
Smith, H.D., Ballinger R.C., Gibson, J. and Taussik, J. (2001) Op. cit.
The Northern Ireland Executive (2001) Northern Ireland Assembly, http://www.northernireland.gov.uk/, accessed September 2001.
Gibson, J. (1993) Coastal zone planning law. The role of law in management of the coastal zone in England and Wales, Marine Policy 17, 118–129.
Gibson, J. (1993) Op. cit.
Ballinger, R.C. (1999) The evolving organisational framework for Integrated Coastal Management in England and Wales, Journal of Marine Policy 23 (4/5), 501–523.
Cullen, P. (1982), An evaluation of the Heritage Coast Programme in England and Wales, (Second Edition), Countryside Commission, Cheltenham.
Steers, J.A. (1978) Saving the coast: the British experience, Coastal Zone Management Journal 3 (1/2), 7–24.
Sheail, J. (1976) Coastal planning in Great Britain before 1950, Geographical Journal 142 (2), 257–273.
Countryside Commission (1970) The Planning of the Coastline, Countryside Commission, Cheltenham.
Gubbay, S. (2001) The role of Scottish local initiatives in implementing the principles of Integrated Coastal Zone Management, Scottish Executive Central Research Unit.
Ballinger, R.C. (1999) Op. cit.
Secretaries of State for the Environment and the Foreign and Commonwealth Office, the Chancellor of the Exchequer, the President of the Board of Trade, the Secretaries of State for Transport and Defence, the Minister for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, the Secretary of State for Wales, the Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster, the Secretaries of State for Scotland, National Heritage, Northern Ireland, Education, Health and Employment and the Minister for Overseas Development by Command of Her Majesty, This Common Inheritance. The Government’s Environmental Strategy, 1990, Cmnd. 1655, HMSO, London.
Ballinger, R.C. (1999) Op. cit.
Ballinger, R.C. (1999) Op. cit.
Nature Conservancy Council and the Natural Environment Research Council (1979) Nature conservation in the marine environment, Nature Conservancy Council and the Natural Environment Research Council.
Halliday, J.E., Coastal zone management in England and Wales: a study of area, organisation and attitude, 1986, PhD Thesis, University of Wales, Cardiff, unpublished.
Smith, H. D. (1991) The present and future of coastal zone management in the UK, Land use policy 8 (2), 125–132.
Rothwell, P.I., and Housden, S.D. (1990) Turning the tide: a future for estuaries, RSPB, Sandy, UK.
Gubbay, S. (1990) A future for the coast? Proposals for a UK coastal zo0ne management plan, A report for the World Wide Fund for Nature (UK) from the Marine Conservation Society, Marine Conservation Society, Ross-on-Wye.
Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (1993) A shore future. RSPB vision for the coast-The RSPB Save our Shoreline Campaign, RSPB, Sandy, UK.
Houston, J.A. and Jones, C.R. (1990) Planning and management of the coastal heritage, Symposium Proceedings, Sefton, Southport.
Department of the Environment and Welsh Office, Planning Policy Guidance Note 20, 1992, HMSO, London.
House of Commons Select Committee on the Environment (1992) Op. cit.
Department of the Environment (1992) The Government’s response to the second report of the House of Commons Select Committee on the Environment, Coastal Zone Protection and Planning, Presented to Parliament by the Secretary of State for the Environment by Command of Her Majesty, July 1992, HMSO, London.
Holgate-Pollard, D. (1996) Coastal management: the policy context, Marine environmental management review of 1995 and future trends, Coastal management for Sustainability, Gloucester, 27–30.
Countryside Council for Wales, Sea, shores and coasts, 1996, Countryside Council for Wales, Bangor.
Ballinger RC (1997) Coastal management in Wales: looking towards the future, Report to the Countryside Council for Wales, Published by CCW, 65 pp.
Ballinger, R.C. (1999) Op. cit.
Smith, H.D., Ballinger R.C., Gibson, J. and Taussik, J. (2001) Op. cit.
Scottish Coastal Forum (2001), http://www.scotland.gov.uk/environment/coastalforum/default.asp, accessed September 2001.
House of Commons Select Committee on the Environment (1992) Op. cit.
Dalzell, R. (2001) Op. cit.
Smith, H.D. (2000) E. Rivera-Arriaga (Eds.), North American and European perspectives on ocean and coastal policy: building partnerships and expanding the technological frontier. International Conference on Coastal and Ocean Space Utilisation, Proceedings Vol. 1, Nov 1–4, Cancun, Mexico, pp. 69–73 Op. cit.
Smith, H.D. (2000) E. Rivera-Arriaga (Eds.), North American and European perspectives on ocean and coastal policy: building partnerships and expanding the technological frontier. International Conference on Coastal and Ocean Space Utilisation, Proceedings Vol. 1, Nov 1–4, Cancun, Mexico, pp. 69–73 Op. cit.
House of Commons Agriculture Committee 1998 report on Flood and Coastal Defence HCP (1997-98), 707.
Gibson, J (2001) Op. cit.
House of Commons Select Committee on the Environment (1992) Op. cit.
Department of the Environment, Coastal zone management: towards best practice, 1996, Department of the Environment, London.
Ballinger, R.C. (1999) Op. cit.
Ballinger, R.C. (1999) Op. cit.
Ballinger, R. C. and Brown, J. (2000) Coping with the undercurrents of national and subnational institutional reform: lessons from a UK non-statutory estuary management programme. Period. Biol, Zagreb 102 (1), 625–631.
Scottish Coastal Forum (2001) Op. cit.
Coastline Scotland Website, http://www.scotland.gov.uk/environment/coastalforum/newsletters.asp, accessed September 2001.
theukcoastalzone.com site, http:www.theukcoastalzone.com/home.asp, accessed September 2001.
Ballinger, R. C., Potts, J. S., Bradley, N. J. and Pettit, S. J. (2000) A comparison between coastal hazard planning in New Zealand and the evolving approach in England and Wales, Ocean and Coastal Management 43, 905–925.
Potts, J. S., Bradley, N. J. and Pettit, S. J. (2000) A comparison between coastal hazard planning in New Zealand and the evolving approach in England and Wales, Ocean and Coastal Management 43, 905–925 Ibid.
Regional Development Strategy for Northern Ireland (2001), http://www.drdni.gov.uk/shapingourfuture), accessed September 2001.
Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions (2000) Good Practice Guide on Sustainability Appraisal of Regional Planning Guidance, DETR, London.
Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions (Feb. 2001) Guidance on preparing regional sustainable development frameworks, DETR, London.
Partnership of Irish Sea Coastal and Estuary Strategies (PISCES), http://www.northwestcoast.org.uk/pisces.htm, accessed September 2001.
North West Coastal Forum, http://www.go-nw.gov.uk/nwcf/home.html, accessed September 2001.
Oakes, T.A., The role of Regional Coastal Groups in Planning Coastal Defence, Paper presented at Littoral’ 294, Eurocoast Conference-A multi-disciplinary Symposium on Coastal Zone Research, Management and Planning, 26th to 29th September, 1995, Lisbon, Portugal, 63–76.
Hooke, J.M. and Bray, M.J. (1995) Coastal Groups, Littoral Cells, Policies and Plans in the UK, Area 27, 358–368.
Potts, J.S. (1999) The Information Needs and Resource Requirements of Coastal Defence Groups in England and Wales, Unpublished PhD Thesis, University of Wales, Cardiff, 416.
Gubbay, S. (2001) The role of Scottish local initiatives in implementing the principles of integrated coastal zone management, Scottish Executive Central Research Unit 2001, Edinburgh.
Local Government Association (2000) Op. cit.
Smith, H.D., Ballinger, R.C. et al (2000) Op. cit.
Ballinger RC, Havard MSH, Pettit SJ and Smith HD (1995) A review of coastal management in Wales, Report to the Countryside Council for Wales, 259 pp.
Department of the Environment (1995) Op. cit.
Department of the Environment (1995) Op. cit.
Ballinger, R.C. and Brown, J. (2000) Op. cit.
Wooldridge, C.F. Tselentis B.S. and Whitehead, D. (1998) Environmental management of port operations-the ports sector’s response to the European dimension, in G. Sciutto and C.A. Brebbia (eds.), Maritime Engineering and Ports, WIT Press, 227–242.
WWF-UK (2001) Oceans Recovery Campaign website, http://www.wwf-uk.org/orca/, accessed September 2001.
Department of the Environment (1992) Op. cit.
Firn, JR and McGlashan, DJ (2001) An initial assessment of the socio-economic benefits from ICZM in Scotland, A report to the Scottish Coastal Forum, http://www.scotland.gov.uk/environment/coastalforum/outputs-reports.asp, accessed September 2001.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2002 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Ballinger, R.C. (2002). An Evaluation of Integrated Coastal Management in the United Kingdom. In: Sain, B.C., Pavlin, I., Belfiore, S. (eds) Sustainable Coastal Management: A Transatlantic and Euro-Mediterranean Perspective. NATO Science Series, vol 12. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0487-9_6
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0487-9_6
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-1-4020-0889-4
Online ISBN: 978-94-010-0487-9
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive