Abstract
As American colleges and universities move into the twenty-first century, their faculty members now number approximately one million (Kirshstein, Mattheson & Jing, 1997). This expansion in the numbers of faculty has been accompanied by changes in the traditional academic career to accommodate numerous and varied institutional and individual needs. Today, the majority of faculty members no longer occupy tenure-eligible positions. Twenty-eight percent of the full-time faculty members are not eligible for tenure, and 42% are part-time (Gappa, 2000). The proliferation of faculty careers and employment arrangements raises a critically important question: how do colleges and universities make and keep the academic career attractive to the most promising current and potential faculty members?
Keywords
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
American Association of State Colleges and Universities. (1999). Facing change, building the faculty of the future. Washington, DC: American Association of State Colleges and Universities.
AAUP/AAU Commission on Academic Tenure. (1973). Faculty tenure: A report and recommendations by the commission on academic tenure in higher education. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass Publishers, Inc.
American Association of University Professors. (1990). Policy documents and reports. Washington, DC: American Association of University Professors.
Astin, A.W., Korn, W. S., Dey, E. L. (1991). The American college teacher-national norms for the 1989-1990 HERI faculty survey. University of California, Los Angeles, CA: Higher Education Research Institute.
Austin, A. and Rice, R.E. (1998, February). Making tenure viable: listening to early career faculty. American Behavioral Scientist. 41(5): 736–54.
Bailyn, L. (1993). Breaking the mold: Women, men and time in the new corporate world. NY: The Free Press.
Baldwin, R. G. and Chronister, J. L. (2001). Teaching without tenure: Policies and practices for a new era. Baltimore, MD. John Hopkins University Press.
Barnes, L. B., Agago, M. O. and Coombs, W. T. (1998). Effects of job-related stress on faculty intention to leave academia. Research in Higher Fducation 39(4): 457–469.
Bayer, A. E. (1970) “College and university faculty: A statistical description” Washington, DC: American Council on Education. Research Reports 5 (5).
Bayer, Alan E. (1973) Teaching faculty in academe: 1972-73. Research Reports 8 (2). Washington, DC: American Council on Education.
Benjamin, E. (1998). Variations in the characteristics of part-time faculty by general fields of instruction and research. The growing use of part-time faculty: Understanding causes and effects. New Directions for Higher Education. 104.45-61. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass Publishers, Inc.
Bickel, J. (1991, May). The changing face of promotion and tenure at U.S. medical schools. Academic Medicine 66(5). 249–256.
Blackburn, R. T. (1972). Tenure: Aspects of job security on the changing campus. Atlanta, GA: Southern Regional Education Board.
Bland, C. J. and Holloway, R. L. (1995, September/October). A crisis of mission: Faculty roles and rewards in an era of health care reform. Change 27(5). 30–36.
Boice, R. (1992). The new faculty member. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass, Inc.
Bowen, H.R. and Schuster, J.H. (1986). American professors: A national resource imperiled. NY: Oxford University Press.
Boyer, E.L. (1989). The conditions of the professoriate: Attitudes and trends, 1989. Princeton, NJ: Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching.
Boyer, E. L. (1990). Scholarship reconsidered: Priorities of the professoriate. Princeton, NJ: Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching.
Breneman, D.W. (1997). Alternatives to tenure for the next generation of academics. New Pathways Working Paper Series #14. Washington, DC: American Association for Higher Education.
Carlson, E. and Kimball, B. (1994 fall). Two views of the academic life. Liberal Fducation. 80(4). 4–15.
Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching. (1989). Condition of the professoriate: Attitudes and trends, 1989. Princeton, NJ: Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching.
Chait, R. P. (1994, January/February). Make us an offer: Creating incentives for faculty to forsake tenure. Trusteeship 2(1). 28–34.
Chait, R. P. (1995, Spring). The future of academic tenure. AGB Priorities 3:1–11.
Chait, R. P. (1998). Ideas in incubation: Three possible modifications to traditional tenure policies. New Pathways Working Paper Series # 9. Washington, DC: American Association for Higher Education.
Chait, R.P., and Ford, A.T. (1982). Beyond traditional tenure. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass, Inc.
Chait, R. P., and Trower, C. A. (1997). Where tenure does not reign: Colleges with contract systems. New Path-ways Project Working Paper Series # 3. Washington, DC: American Association for Higher Education.
Chait, R.P., and Trower, C. A.. (1998, September/October). Build it and who will come? Change 30(5). 20–29.
Charfauros, K. H., and Tierney, W.G. (1999). Part-time faculty in colleges and universities: Trends and challenges in a turbulent environment. Journal of Personnel Evaluation in Education 13(2). 141–151. Boston, MA: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Chronister, J. L. and Baldwin, R.G. (1999, fall) Marginal or mainstream? Full-time faculty off the tenure track. Liberal Education 85(4). 16–23.
Clark, B. R. (1987). The academic life: Small worlds, different worlds. Princeton, NJ: The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching.
Clark, B.R. (1997). Small worlds, different worlds: The uniquenesses and troubles of American academic professionals. Daedalus 126(4): 21–43.
Damrosch, D. (1995). We scholars: Changing the culture of the university. Cambridge, MA. Harvard University Press.
Edgerton, R. (1993, September). Upside-down thinking: An interview with Charles Handy. AAHE Bulletin 46(1). Washington, DC. The American Association for Higher Education.
Finkel, S. K., and Olswang, S. G. (1996, winter). Child rearing as a career impediment to women assistant professors. Review of Higher Education 19(12). 123–139.
Finkelstein, M. J., Seal, R.K. and Schuster, J. H. (1998). The new academic generation: A professionintrans-formation. Baltimore, MD. John Hopkins University Press.
Froom, J. D. and Bickel, J. (1996, January). Medical school policies for part-time faculty committed to full professional effort. Academic Medicine 71(1). 92–96.
Gappa, J. M. (1996). Off the tenure track: Six models for full-time nontenurable appointments. New Pathways Working Paper Series # 10. Washington, DC: American Association for Higher Education.
Gappa, J. M. (2000, Spring). The new faculty majority: Somewhat satisfied but not eligible for tenure. Understanding What Contributes to job Satisfaction Among Faculty and Staff. Hagedorn, L.S. ed. New Directions for Institutional Research # 105. San Francisco, CA. Jossey-Bass Publishers, Inc.
Gappa, J.M. and Leslie, D. W. (1993). The Invisible Faculty. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass Publishers, Inc.
Gappa, J. M. and Leslie, D. W. (1997). Two faculties or One? The conundrum of part-timers in a bifurcated work force. New Pathways Working Paper Series # 6. Washington, DC. American Association for Higher Education.
Gappa, J. M., and MacDermid, S.M. (1997). Work, family, and the faculty career. New Pathways Working Paper Series # 8. Washington, DC. American Association for Higher Education.
Glassick, C. E., Huber, M. T., and Maeroff, G.L. (1997). Scholarship assessed: Evaluation of the professoriate. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass Publishers, Inc.
Grogono, A. (1994, Winter). Tenure the teacher; let research be its own reward. Educational Record: 75(1). 37–41.
Haeger, J.D. (1998, Winter). Part-time faculty, quality programs, and economic realities. The growing use of part-time faculty: Understanding causes and effects. Leslie, D.W. ed. New Directions for Higher Education, # 104. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass Publishers, Inc.
Heydinger, R. P. and Simsek, H. (1992). An agenda for reshaping faculty productivity. Denver, CO. State Higher Education Executive Officers.
Hogan, P. C. (1998). The ethics of tenure decisions. Higher Education Review. 30(3): 23–41.
Huber, M. T. (1998). Community college faculty: Attitudes and trends, 1997. Stanford, CA: Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching.
Jencks, C. and Riesman, D. (1968). The academic revolution. Garden City, NY: Doubleday and Co., Inc.
Johnsrud, L.K. and Des Jarlais, C.D. (1994). Barriers to tenure for women and minorities. Review of Higher Education 174). 335–353.
Jones, R. F. and Sanderson, S. C. (1994, September). Tenure policies in U.S. and Canadian medical schools. Academic Medicine 69(9). 772–778.
Kelley, W. N. and Randolph, M. A., eds.. (1994). Careers in clinical research. Washington, DC. National Academy Press.
Kennedy, D. (1997). Academic duty. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Kirshstein, R. J., Mattheson, N. and Jing, Z. (1997). Instructional faculty and staff in higher education institutions: Fall 1987 and fall 1992. Washington, DC. U. S. Department of Education.
Leatherman, C. (1999, April 9). Growth in positions off the tenure track is a trend that’s here to stay, study finds. The Chronicle of Higher Education. A 14–16.
Leslie, D.W. (1998a, May). Part-time, adjunct, and temporary faculty: the new majonty? Report of the Sloan Conference on Part-time and Adjunct Faculty. Williamsburg, VA: The College of William and Mary.
Leslie, D.W. (ed.). (1998b, Winter). The growing use of part-time faculty: Understanding causes and effects. New Directions for Higher Education #104. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass Publishers, Inc.
Levine, A. (1997). How the academic profession is changing. Daedalus 126(4): 1–21.
Lomperis, A. M. T. (1990, November/December). Are women changing the nature of the academic profession?. Journal of Higher Education 61(6): 643–677.
Lovejoy, F. H. and Clark, M. B. (1995, December). A promotion ladder for teachers at Harvard medical school: Experience and challenges. Academic Medicine 70(12): 1079–1086.
Magner, D. K. (2000, April 7). The right conditions may lure scholars to jobs off the tenure track, study finds. Chronicle of Higher Education p. A20.
Massy, W. F. and Wilger, A. K. (1992, Winter). Productivity in postsecondary education: A new approach. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis 14(4): 361–376.
NEA Higher Education Research Center. (1996, September). Full-time non-tenure track faculty. Update 2(5): 1–4. Washington, DC: National Education Association.
Norrell, J. E. and Norrell, T. H. (1996, March). Faculty and family policies in higher education. Journal of Family Issues 17(2): 204–226.
Olsen, D. (1993). Work satisfaction and stress in the first and third year of academic appointment. Journal of Higher Education. 64(4): 453–71).
Olsen, D. and Near, J. P. (1994). Role conflict and faculty life satisfaction. The Review of Higher Education 17(2): 179–93).
O’Toole, J.O., Van Alstyne, W.W. and Chait, R. (1979). Tenure: Three views. Washington, DC: Change Magazine Press.
Plater, W. (1998, February). “Using tenure: citizenship within the new academic workforce. American Behavioral Scientist. 41(5): 680–715.
Rhoades, G. (1998) Managed Professionals. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
Rice, R. E. (1996). Making a place for the new American scholar. New Pathways Working Paper Series # 1. Washington, DC: American Association for Higher Education.
Rice, R. E., Sorcinelli, M. D. and Austin, A. E. (2000). Heeding new voices: Academic careers for a new generation. New Pathways Working Paper Series # 7. Washington, DC: American Association for Higher Education.
Sanderson, A., Phua, V. C. and Herda, D. (2000). The American faculty poll. NY, NY: TIAA-CREF.
Sawislak, K. (1999, September 17). Denying tenure: Who said anything about fairness? Chronicle of Higher Education. B4–6.
Sax, L. J., Astin, A. W., Korn, W. S. and Gilmartin S. K. (1999). The American college teacher: National norms for the 1998-1999 HERI faculty survey. University of California, Los Angeles: Higher Education Research Institute.
Schuster, J. (2000, November 16). Windows and mirrors: Vantage points on a profession in metamorphosis. Sacramento, CA. Presentation at the Association for the Study of Higher Education Conference.
Smith, B. L. and associates. (1973). The tenure debate. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass Publishers, Inc.
Sorcinelli, M. D. and Gregory, M. W. (1987). Faculty stress: The tension between career demands and “having it all”. Coping with faculty stress. New Directions for Teaching and Learning #29. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass Publishers, Inc.
Tack, M. W. and Patitu, C. J. (1992). Faculty job satisfaction: Women and minorities in peril ASHE-ERIC Higher Education Report # 4. Washington, DC: The George Washington University Clearinghouse on Higher Education.
Tierney, W. G. and Bensimon, E. M. (1996). Promotion and tenure: Community and socialization in academe Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
Trower, C. A. (1996). Tenure snapshot. New Pathways Working Paper Series #2. Washington, DC: American Association for Higher Education.
Trower, C. A. (1998). Employment practices in the professions: Fresh ideas from inside and outside the academy. New Pathways Working Paper Series #13. Washington, DC: American Association for Higher Education.
Trower, C. A. (2000, February 5). Illuminating archery in the dark. New Orleans, LA. Presentation at the AAHE Conference on Faculty Roles and Rewards.
U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics (1998). Fall staff in postsecondary institutions, 1995. Washington, DC: U. S. Department of Education
University of Wisconsin System. (1990). Retaining and promoting women and minority faculty members: problems and possibilities. Madison, WI: Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System.
Waterman, R. H., Waterman, J. A., and Collard, B. A. (1994, July/August). Toward a career-resilient workforce. Harvard Business Review 72(4): 87–95.
Wigton, R. S. and Waldman, R.S. (1993, March ). An innovative faculty appointment system at the University of Nebraska. Academic Medicine 68(3): 190–191.
Wilson, R. (1995, November 17). Colleges help professors balance work and family. Chronicle of Higher Education, p. A24.
Wilson, R. (1999, June ll).Georgia State U. cuts some part-time positions to add 65 full-time faculty jobs. The Chronicle of Higher Education. A18.
Wilson, R (2000, May 12) A new campus without tenure considers what it’s missing. Chronicle of Higher Education A18.
Wolf-Wendel, L. E., Twombly, S., and Rice, S. (2000, May/June). Dual-career couples: Keeping them together. Journal of Higher Education 71(3): 291–322.
Wyles, B. A. (1998, Winter). Adjunct faculty in the community colleges: Realities and challenges. The growing use of part-time faculty: Understanding causes and effects. Leslie, D.W. ed. New Directions for Higher Education # 104. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass Publishers, Inc.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2002 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Gappa, J.M. (2002). Academic Careers for the 21st Century: More Options for new Faculty. In: Smart, J.C., Tierney, W.G. (eds) Higher Education: Handbook of Theory and Research. Higher Education: Handbook of Theory and Research, vol 17. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0245-5_10
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0245-5_10
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-0-87586-137-1
Online ISBN: 978-94-010-0245-5
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive