Abstract
Most biological materials are composites at all levels from the organization of individual macromolecules to the whole organism and are distinguished from any synthetic composites by their structural and organization complexity. Bones, teeth and shells have a polymeric matrix reinforced by a mineral, hydroxyapatite or calcium carbonate, which forms within the matrix. In bone, for example, a glycosaminoglycan matrix is reinforced with polymer fibres and with ribbon- or plate-like crystallites of hydroxyapatite, a calcium phosphate. The extent of mineralization varies depending on the exact function of the living organs. A typical level is about 38 vol. % mineral with a crystalline thickness of 4 nm and lateral dimensions of 35 nm or more. The structure of mammalian tooth is similar but the mineral level is higher, about 86 vol %, and the individual crystallites are larger. Shells of invertabrates have a comparable range of structures but the mineral is normally calcium carbonate and the matrix is reinforced with chitin [1].
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Uvarova, I. (2003). Nanostructured Materials in Medicine. State of the Art in Ukraine. In: Gogotsi, Y.G., Uvarova, I.V. (eds) Nanostructured Materials and Coatings for Biomedical and Sensor Applications. NATO Science Series, vol 102. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0157-1_1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0157-1_1
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