Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to provide the propaedeutic for the philosophical grounding of the geographical concept, “therapeutic landscapes.” The propaedeutic for a more detailed fleshing and exfoliation consists in establishing the meaning and overall extent of the concept, as well as considering how the notion relates to praxis. As a guiding, preliminary definition, a therapeutic landscape provides a placial nexus for the promotion and maintenance of health and well being. By this definition I do not condone or disapprove of any particular human relations with nature and human society or want to immediately imply any particular agenda. Nothing beyond a general skeleton of the study is intended in order to avoid perspectival assumptions leading to ideological contexts and premature advocation of policy implementation, which would theoretically limit the project. I elaborate the sense of the notion in light of Anna-Teresa Tymieniecka’s Phenomenology of Life, which I advocate as providing the most viable framework.1 The description that follows will engender general implications of Tymieniecka’s phenomenology, which allows for the development of the concept of therapeutic landscapes in terms of a function of life’s evolutionary progress, or in Tymieniecka’s phenomenology, ontopoiesis — first makings of life. In this form of descriptive phenomenological investigation, “beingness” (the non-substantive dynamic organization of real entities) naturally unfolds into implications for ethico-valuational prescription.
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See Anna-Teresa Tymieniecka, ed., “The Moral Sense and the Human Person within the Fabric of Communal Life,” in The Moral Sense in the Communal Significance of Life: Analecta Husserliana XX (London: Kluwer Academic Press, 1986), pp. 3–100.
See two volumes devoted to the study of place: Anna-Teresa Tymieniecka, ed., “De Patria Mea: The Passion for Place as the Thread Leading Out of the Labyrinth of Life,” in The Elemental Passion for Place in the Ontopoiesis of Life: Analecta Husserliana XLIV (London: Kluwer Academic Press, 1995), pp. 3–20; Anna-Teresa Tymieniecka, ed., “The Esoteric Passion for Place,” in Passion for Place: Between the Vital Spacing and the Creative Horizons of Fulfilment: Analecta Husserliana LI (London: Kluwer Academic Press, 1997), pp. 3–10.
Bertrand Lévy, “L’empreint et le déchiffrement-géopoétique et géographie humaniste,” in Cahiers de Géopoétique (1991), pp. 27–35. Also see, Bertrand Lévy, Hermann Hesse, Une Géographie Existentielle. (Paris: Editions José Corti, 1992).
Tymieniecka’s system corroborates the open dynamic systems and self-organizing systems theories of the new scientific paradigm. See Anna-Teresa Tymieniecka, “The Ontopoiesis of Life as a New Philosophical Paradigm,” in Phenomenological Inquiry 22 (October 1998), pp. 5–59.
See, Wilbert M. Gessler, The Cultural Geography of Health Care (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1991). See Wilbert Gessler, “Therapeutic Landscapes: Medical Issues in Light of the New Cultural Geography,” in Social Sciences and Medicine 34 (1992), pp. 735–46. See Wilbert Gessler, “Therapeutic Landscapes: Theory and Case Study of Epidaurus, Greece,” in Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 11 (1993), pp. 171–89. Also see, Robin A. Kearns and Wilbert M. Gessler, eds., Putting Health into Place: Landscape, Identity and Weil-Being (Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1998).
Gessler, “Medical Issues,” p. 743.
Gessler, “Epidauros, Greece,” p. 171.
Gessler and Kearns, p. 17.
Allison Williams, ed. “Place Identity and Therapeutic Landscapes: The Case of Home Care Workers in a Medically Underserviced Area,” in Therapeutic Landscapes: The Dynamic Between Place and Wellness (New York: University Press of America, 1999), p. 71.
Kearns and Gessler, p. 5.
Christopher Spencer and Mark Blades, “Pattern and Process: A Review Essay on the Relationship Between Behavioral Geography and Environmental Psychology,” in Progress in Human Geography 10, (1986), p. 233.
Anna-Teresa Tymieniecka, “The Ontopoietic Design of Life and Medicine’s Search for the Norm,” in Life: The Human Being Between Life and Death: Analecta Husserliana LXIV, eds. Anna-Teresa Tymieniecka and Z. Zalewski (London: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2000), pp. 13–36.
For discussion of the normative function of naming, see L. D. Berg and R. A. Kearns, “Naming as Norming? ‘Race,’ Gender and the Identity Politics of Naming Places in Aotearoa/New Zealand,” in Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 14:1, pp. 99–122.
Anne Buttimer, Values in Geography, Commission on College Geography Research Report no. 24. (Washington, D.C.: Commission on College Geography, 1974). E. Relph, Place and Placelessness (London: Pion, 1976). Yi-Fu Tuan, Topophilia (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1974).
L. Cuba and D. Hummon, “A Place to Call Home: Identification with Dwelling, Community, and Region,” in Sociological Quarterly 34 (1993), p. 112.
Robin A. Kearns, “Narrative and Metaphor in Health Geographies,” in Progress in Human Geography 21:2 (1997), p. 269.
Denis Cosgrove, “A Terrain of Metaphor: Cultural Geography,” in Progress in Human Geography 13:4 (1989), p. 568.
“Biologists have been working for more than a decade with plants and bacteria that absorb and break down toxic pollutants.” Bio-tech Brief, Sierra (July/August 2001), p. 42.
See Anna-Teresa Tymieniecka, Logos and Life: The Passions of the Soul and the Elements in the Ontopoiesis of Culture, Book 3. (London: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1990).
Anna-Teresa Tymieniecka, Why is There Something Rather Than Nothing (Netherlands: Royal VanGorcum Ltd., 1966), p. 14.
Tymieniecka, op. cit. p. 30.
Tymieniecka, op. cit. p. 42.
Anna-Teresa Tymieniecka, Analecta Husserliana XX, 1986.
Tymieniecka, Passion for Place, op. cit. p. x.
Ethologists explore the life-worlds of sentient creatures. Ethology is an important empirical science for ontopoiesis and the guiding principle of therapeutic landscapes. See Jakob von Uexküll, Unweit und Innenwelt der Tiere (Berlin, 1921). Von Uexküll’s notion of Umwelt is that each species inhabits its own life-world through its sensory equipment and its own organizations of space and time. A very good raising of philosophical questions is found in Michael Bavidge and Ian Ground, Can We Understand Animal Minds? (London: Bristol Classical Press, 1994).
Relph, op. cit. p. 20.
Williams, op. cit. p. 76. Also see, Anne Buttimer, “Home, Reach, and the Sense of Place,” in The Human Experience of Space and Place, eds. Anne Buttimer and David Seamon (London: Croom Helm, 1980).
See Anna-Teresa Tymieniecka, ed., “Aesthetic Enjoyment and Poetic Sense. Poetic Sense: The Irreducible in Literature,” in The Existential Coordinates of the Human Condition: Poetic — Epic — Tragic: Analecta Husserliana XVIII (Dordrecht: D. Reidel Publishing Company, 1984).
Williams, op. cit. p. 71.
Williams, op. cit. p. 76.
Tymieniecka, Logos and Life Book 3, op. cit. pp. 71–72.
Anna-Teresa Tymieniecka, ed., “The Theme: The Human Being — Individual and Moral — as the Articulating Factor of the Human Sciences,” in Foundations of Morality, Human Rights, and the Human Sciences: Analecta Husserliana XV (Dordrecht: D. Reidel Publishing Company, 1983), p. 13.
Tymieniecka, The New Paradigm, op. cit., p. 29.
Tymieniecka, Analecta Husserliana XX, p. 44.
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Backhaus, G. (2004). Toward a Phenomenological Grounding of the Geographical Conception of Therapeutic Landscapes. In: Tymieniecka, AT. (eds) Does the World Exist?. Analecta Husserliana, vol 79. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0047-5_48
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