Abstract
If the first chapter is analogous to the foundation of a house and the second to its frame, then we are about to enter the kitchen. The study of death, disease, treatments and coping facilities is an absolutely essential feature of any worthwhile social report. After a brief overview of the relation between health and North American lifestyles in Section 2, I proceed to examine the general area of health along the lines of the four themes mentioned in the previous sentence.
“VALIUM® (diazepam) adjunct in painful skeletal muscle spasm . . .
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Journal of the American Medical Association
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Notes
M. Lalonde, A New Perspective on the Health of Canadians (Ottawa: Department of National Health and Welfare, 1974), p. 5.
M. Lerner, ‘Conceptualization of Health and Social Well-Being’, Health Status Indexes (ed. by R. L. Berg), (Chicago: Hospital Research and Educational Trust, 1973), p. 5.
See, for example, I. M. Moriyama, ‘Problems in the Measurement of Health Status’, Indicators of Social Change (ed. by E. B. Sheldon and W. E. Moore), (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1968), pp. 573–600;
H. T. Engelhardt Jr, “The Concepts of Health and Disease”, Evaluation and Explanation in the Biomedical Sciences (ed. by H. T. Engelhardt Jr. and S. F. Spicker), (Dordrecht: D. Reidel Publ. Co., 1975), pp. 125–141;
H. Fabrega Jr., “The Need for an Ethnomedical Science’, Science (1975), 969–975; and all the articles in The Journal of Medicine and Philosophy (1976), N. 3.
Lalonde, op. cit., p. 18.
R. E. Lane, ‘Integration of Political Science and Other Social Sciences Through Policy Analysis’, Integration of the Social Sciences Through Policy Analysis (ed. by J. C. Charlesworth), (Philadelphia: American Academy of Political and Social Science, 1972), p. 82.
G. E. Alan Dever, ‘The Pursuit of Health’, Social Indicators Research (1977), pp. 495–496.
T. R. Marmor, W. L. Hoffman, and T. C. Heagy, ‘National Health Insurance: Some Lessons from the Canadian Experience’, Policy Sciences (1975), pp. 464–465.
P. Musson, ‘Infant Mortality in Canada’, Critical Issues in Canadian Society (ed. by C. L. Boydell, C. F. Grindstaff, and P. C. Whitehead), (Toronto: Holt, Rinehart and Winston of Canada, 1971), p. 60.
M. W. Susser and W. Watson, Sociology in Medicine (2nd ed.; London: Oxford University Press, 1971), pp. 5–7.
L. E. Hinkle Jr., ‘The Effect of Exposure to Culture Change, Social Change, and Changes in Interpersonal Relationships on Health’, Stressful Life Events: Their Nature and Effects (ed. by B. S. Dohrenwend and B. P. Dohrenwend), (New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1974), pp. 38–39.
U.S. Department of Commerce, Statistical Abstract of the United States 1974 (Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office), p. 62, Table 86.
S Susser and S Watson, op. cit., pp. 75–76.
See also, S Lalonde, op. cit., pp. 16, 24;
R. Burack and F. J. Fox, The New Handbook of Prescrption Drugs (rev. ed.; New York: Ballantine Books, 1975), pp. 173–174.
‘Smoking on the Rise Despite Warnings’, U.S. News and World Report, December 17, 1973, p. 84.
F. A. Allodi and M. R. Eastwood, ‘Suicide in Canada — Trends and Preventive Aspects’, Canada’s Mental Health (1973), September-October, p. 15.
R. W. Maris, “The Sociology of Suicide Prevention”, Social Problems (1969), p. 146.
Quoted from George Kennan, ‘Problems of Suicide’, McClure’s Magazine, Vol. 31, p. 227
in K. Menninger, Man Against Himself (New York: Harcourt, Brace and Co., 1938), pp. 54–55.
See also, E. S. Paykel, ‘Life Stress and Psychiatric Disorder’, Stressful Life Events: Their Nature and Effects (ed. by B. S. Dohenwend and B. P. Dohrenwend), (New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1974), pp. 135–149;
M. Kramer et al., Mental Disorders/Suicide (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1972), pp. 173–227.
J. de Lint and W. Schmidt, ‘Consumption Averages and Alcoholism Prevalence: A Brief Review of Epidemiological Investigations’, British Journal of Addiction (1971), p. 98, Table 1.
W. Schmidt, ‘The Prevalence of Alcoholism in Canada’, Alcohol and Other Drugs: Perspectives on Use, Abuse, Treatment, and Prevention (ed. by P. C. Whitehead, C. F. Grindstaff, and C. L. Boydell), (Toronto: Holt, Rinehart and Winston of Canada, 1973), p. 15.
J. de Lint and W. Schmidt, ‘Alcohol Use and Alcoholism’, (Toronto: Addiction Research Foundation, 1974), p. 5, Table 1.
de Lint and Schmidt, ‘Consumption Averages and Alcoholism Prevalence: A Brief Review of Epidemiological investigations’, p, 101, Table 3.
Commission of Inquiry into the Non-Medical Use of Drugs, Treatment (Ottawa: Information Canada, 1972), p. 46.
See, for example, R. May, Man’s Search for Himself (New York: W. W. Norton and Co., 1953).
S Susser and S Watson, op. cit., pp. 12–13.
Dominion Bureau of Statistics and Department of National Health and Welfare, Illness and Health Care in Canada: Canadian Sickness Survey, 1950–51 (Ottawa: Queen’s Printer, 1960). There is also some national survey information on health and illness in J. Laframboise, A Question of Needs (Ottawa: The Canadian Council on Social Development, 1975) and Nutrition Canada, Nutrition: A National Priority (Ottawa: Information Canada, 1973), but I could not find any good way to use it. A National Health Survey was initiated in 1978.
Lalonde, op. cit., p. 23.
‘VD: The Epidemic’, Newsweek, January 24, 1972, p. 46.
‘Along with the Victories — Some Surprising Setbacks in War Against Disease’, U.S. News and World Report, December 25, 1972, p. 65.
Ibid., p. 66.
Epidemiology Division, Department of National Health and Welfare, Venereal Disease in Canada 1971 (Ottawa: Department of National Health and Welfare, 1972), p.ii.
S Lalonde, op. cit., p. 25.
Epidemiology Division, Department of National Health and Welfare, op. cit., pp. 3 and 9.
U.S. Department of Commerce, op. cit., p. 77, Table 118.
Statistics Canada, Canada Year Book 1973 (Ottawa: Information Canada), p. 266.
J.-L. Migué and G. Bélanger, The Price of Health (Toronto: Macmillan Co. of Canada, 1974), p. 26.
H. R. Robertson, Health Care in Canada: A Commentary (Ottawa: Science Council of Canada, 1973), pp. 92–93. See also, Migué and Bélanger, op. cit., p.57.
Susser and Watson, op. cit., p. 39. See also, Burack and Fox, op. cit., p. 90.
Obviously, shorter stays arse only preferable if all other things are equal. See A. Levin, Talk Back to Your Doctor (Garden City, New York: Doubleday and Co., 1975), pp. 127–128.
Catalogue No. 82–529.
Letter from A. Dobrodzicki, Senior Analyst, Hospitals Section, Health Division, Statistics Canada, Ottawa, May 28, 1975.
Catalogue No. 82–208.
Dobrodzicki, loc. cit.
Surgical rates had earlier been found to be twice as high in the United States as in England and Wales. See J. P. Bunker, ‘Surgical Manpower: A Comparison of Operations and Surgeons in the United States and in England and Wales’, New England Journal of Medicine (1970), 135–144.
Dobrodzicki, loc. cit.
J. P. Bunker and J. E. Wennberg, ‘Operation Rates, Mortality Statistics and the Quality of Life’, The New England Journal of Medicine (1973), p. 1249.
J. P. Bunker and J. E. Wennberg, ‘Operation Rates, Mortality Statistics and the Quality of Life’, Ibid., p. 1250.
Levin, Operation Rates, Mortality Statistics and the Quality of Life’, op. cit., p. 165.
See also Migué and Bélanger, Operation Rates, Mortality Statistics and the Quality of Life’, op. cit., p. 11.
S Kramer et al., Operation Rates, Mortality Statistics and the Quality of Life’, op. cit., p. 5.
See also C. D’Arcy, ‘The Manufacture and Obsolescence of Madness: Age, Social Policy and Psychiatrie Morbidity in a Prairie Province’, Social Science and Medicine (1976), 5–13.
D. L. Rosenhan, ‘On Being Sane in Insane Places’, Science (1973), p. 257.
Kramer et al., op. cit., p. 24.
F. N. Arnhoff, ‘Social Consequences of Policy Toward Mental Illness’, Science (1975), p. 1277.
F. N. Arnhoff, ‘Social Consequences of Policy Toward Mental Illness’, Ibid.
According to Dr W. H. Barr, ‘Most hospital patients receive at least 10 different drugs’. U.S. Senate, Select Committee on Small Business, Subcommittee on Monopoly, Hearings, Advertising of Proprietary Medicines, 92nd Cong., 1st Sess., 1971, pt. 1, p. 146.
Migué and Bélanger, op. cit., pp. 167–168.
Catalogue Number 83–001.
C. Muller, ‘The Overmedicated Society: Forces in the Marketplace for Medical Care’, Science (1972), p. 488.
U.S. Senate, Select Committee on Small Business, Subcommittee on Monopoly, Hearings, Advertising of Proprietary Medicines, 92nd Cong., 1st Sess., 1971, pt. 2, pp. 536–537.
Burack and Fox, op. cit., pp. 319–320.
U.S. Senate, Select Committee on Small Business, Subcommittee on Monopoly, Hearings, Advertising of Proprietary Medicines, pt. 2, p. 452.
Canadian Medical Association Journal, July 12, 1975, pp. 4–5.
Ibid.
Ibid., p. 5.
U.S. Senate, Select Committee on Small Business, Subcommittee on Monopoly, Hearings, Advertising of Proprietary Medicines, 92nd Cong., 2nd Sess., 1972, pt. 3, p. 987.
U.S. Senate, Select Committee on Small Business, Subcommittee on Monopoly, Hearings Advertising of Proprietary Medicines, pt. 2, p. 479.
Ibid.
Laframboise, op. cit., p. 174.
F. M. Andrews and S. B. Withey, Social Indicators of Well-Being in America: The Development and Measurement of Perceptual Indicators (Prepublication Draft, Ann Arbor, Michigan: Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, 1975), pp. 8–12N.
J. T. Dwyer and J. Mayer, ‘Beyond Economics and Nutrition: The Complex Basis of Food Policy’, Science (1975), p. 568.
J. Hightower, Eat Your Heart Out (New York: Crown Publishers, 1975), pp. 56–58.
J. Verrett and J. Carper, Eating May Be Dangerous To Your Health (Garden City, New York: Anchor Press, 1975), p. 80.
R. H. Hall, ‘Fabricated Foods, Quality Declines as Technology Takes Over’, Canadian Consumer (1976), October, p. 3.
A good review article to read on this subject is M. C. Latham, ‘Nutrition and Infection in National Development’, Science (1975), 561–565.
Dwyer and Mayer, op. cit., p. 568.
U.S. Senate, Select Committee on Small Business, Subcommittee on Monopoly, Hearings, Advertising of Proprietary Medicines, pt. 3, p. 1238.
Editors of Consumer Reports, The Medicine Show (Rev. ed., Mount Vernon, New York: Consumers Union, 1963), p. 96.
Editors of Consumer Reports, Ibid., p. 91.
F. H. Sanderson, ‘The Great Food Fumble’, Science (1975), p. 505.
Editors of Consumer Reports, Ibid., p. 505.
ee also, Hightower, Editors of Consumer Reports, op. cit., pp. 70–72
T. T. Poleman, ‘World Food: A Perspective’, Science (1975), 510–518.
R. Surette, ‘Dominion Stores Sales, Profits Climb’, Montreal Gazette, February 1973, reprinted in R. Chodes and R. Murphy (eds.), Let Us Prey (Toronto: James Lorimer and Co., 1974), p. 128.
S Hightower, ‘Dominion Stores Sales, Profits Climb’, op. cit., pp. 43–44.
G. Povey, D. Uyeno, and I Vertinsky, ‘Social Impact Index for Evaluation of Regional Resource Allocation’, Health Status Indexes (ed. by R. L. Berg), (Chicago: Hospital Research and Educational Trust, 1973), p. 105.
Evidence may be found in Migué and Bélanger, op. cit., p. 206; Lalonde, op. cit., p. 28; ‘Not Enough Doctors, What’s Being Done’, U.S. News and World Report, February 19, 1973, 53–55; W. Watts and L. A. Free (eds.), State of the Nation (New York: Universe Books, 1973), pp. 123–124.
‘Not Enough Doctors, What’s Being Done’, p. 53.
Lalonde, op. cit., p. 28.
Migué and Bélanger, op. cit., p. 123.
Marmor, Hoffman and Heagy, op. cit., pp. 454–455.
Ibid., p. 456.
This is granted for the sake of the argument, not because I am persuaded that it is true. In response to the Ontario Government’s decision in 1976 to close several hospitals, a persuasive case was made by The Doctors Hospital of Toronto concerning alternative ways to count available beds. See The Doctors Hospital Appeal, Supplementary Brief to Premier W. G. Davis, March, 1976.
One consequence is mentioned by Muller, op. cit., p. 491, “Where there are not enough beds, as is the case at busy metropolitan hospitals, even though third parties stand ready to pay for additional days of care, the hospitals are committed to rapid turnover through efficient processing of patients - and this processing is facilitated by extensive use of drugs”.
See note 89 above.
A Canadian national hospitalization plan was initiated July 1, 1958 and the Medicare Plan came July 1,1968; Migué and Bélanger, op. cit., pp. 124–125.
Lalonde, op. cit., p. 30.
S. P. Strickland, ‘Integration of Medical Research and Health Policies’, Science (1971), p. 1097.
S. P. Strickland, ‘Integration of Medical Research and Health Policies’, Science (1971)Ibid., p. 1095.
Strickland, ‘Integration of Medical Research and Health Policies’, op. cit.,
T. R. Marmor, The Politics of Medicare (Chicago: Aldine Pub. Co., 1973).
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Michalos, A.C. (1980). Death, Disease and Health Care. In: North American Social Report. Social Indicators Research Programmes, vol 1. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-8975-7_3
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