Abstract
These ideologies relate to two essential problems: economic, social and cultural development, and political power, the situation of which is more or less influenced by models.
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Notes
P. Moussa: Les Etats-Unis et les nations prolétaires, Editions du Seuil, 1965.
CL. Sulzberg: Les Etats-Unis et le Tiers Monde, Pion, 1966.
See R. Vezeau: L’Afrique face au communisme, Edimpra, Paris, 1967.
A. Boutenko: Le système socialiste mondial et l’anti-communisme, Editions du Progrès, Moscow, 1972.
S. Hoffman: Gulliver Empêtré, Editions du Seuil, 1971.
R. Heilbronner: Counter Revolutionary America (Commentary, April, 1967).
Intervention and Revolution, Cleveland, Ohio, World Publishing Co., 1968.
De l’aide à la recolonisation, Editions du Seuil, 1972.
Le Monde, 22 February 1977, p. 7.
Political Development, Little, Brown, 1966, p. 233 et seq.
Aspects of Political Development, chap. IV: ‘Democracy and political development’, p. 71 et seq.
Op. cit., p. 391–392, Inadaption du communisme.
A whole school had grown up in the United States around the idea of leadership. See for example W. Howard Higgins: The Ruler’s Imperative; Strategies for Political Survival in Asia and Africa. This theory is also taken up by B. Asso: Le chef d’Etat africain, Editions Albatros, Paris, 1977.
Cf. P. Moussa: L’Américano-morphisme, chap. VI, p. 64 et seq.
See G. A. Almond: Approaches to Developmental Causation, (introduction to Developmental Episodes).
See the bibliography by A.A. Spitz: Developmental Change, Lexington, 1969.
See Almond and Powell: Comparative Politics, Little, Brown, 1966, chap. VIII: ‘The capabilities of political systems’.
Trends in World Politics, Macmillan, New York, 1965.
See also R. Dahl: Modern Political Analysis, 2nd edn, 1970.
See: H. Carrère d’Encausse and S. Schram: Le Marxisme et l’Asie, A. Colin, 1965 (texts).’
H. Carrère d’Encausse and S. Schram: L’URSS et la Chine devant les Révolutions dans les sociétés pré-industrielles, A. Colin, 1971.
P. F. Gonidec: Politique comparée du Tiers Monde, Les Cours de Droit, 1975.
A.J. Klinghoffer: Soviet Perspectives on African Socialism, Farleigh Dickinson University Press, 1969.
D. Morris: The USSR and Africa, OUP, 1964.
Ulianovski: Le Socialisme et les pays libérés, Editions du Progrès, Moscow, 1975.
Ph. Richer: La Chine et le Tiers Monde, Payot, 1971.
F. Schatten: Communism in Africa, Allen & Unwin, 1966.
Th.P. Thornton: The Third World in Soviet Perspective, Princeton, 1964.
A. Janicki and I. Szadziewska, La Chine et les pays en voie de développement, Ed. Interpress, 1975 (a Polish critique of the Chinese theories).
A. Saint Girons: ‘l’URSS et le Tiers Monde’, Political Science thesis, Paris University (Panthéon-Sorbonne), 1978.
M. Dauphin: ‘L’URSS et le Moyen-Orient’, Political science thesis, Paris University, (Panthéon-Sorbonne), 1979.
Lenin: Les prévisions de Lénine sur les tempêtes révolutionnaires en Orient, Editions en langues étrangères, Peking, 1967.
Statement of the 81. See the critique of the Chinese theories in H.V. Fomitcheva and A.S. Krasilnikov, La Chine et l’Afrique, Moscow, Ed. MYSL, 1976 (in Russian).
See the theses on national and colonial questions defended by Lenin at the Second Congress of Communist Parties (H. Carrère d’Encausse and S. Schram: Le Marxisme et l’Asie Schram and Carrère d’Encausse, op. cit., p. 95 et seq.);
also Tchirkin and Yudin: A Socialist Oriented State, Moscow, 1978.
Regarding this road to development, see Ulianovski: The Non-capitalist Road to Development in African Countries (in Russian), State and Law Institute, Moscow, 1967;
and the thesis of A. Saint-Girons: ‘L’URSS et le Tiers Monde’, Université de Paris I, 1978. See also the journal Aujourd’hui l’Afrique, Nos. 5 and 6, 1976.
See Solidarité afro-asiatique contre l’impérialisme, Editions en langues étrangères, Peking, 1965, 466 pp.
H. Carrère d’Encausse and S. Schram: Le Marxisme et l’Asie Carrère d’Encausse and Schram: op. cit., p. 434 et seq.
See: Les formes de l’Etat Socialiste, Dalloz, 1968.
La Chine, Librairie Générale de Droit et de Jurisprudence, 1977.
In November 1976, the Prime Minister of Cameroon appealed for the massive participation of French business in the implementing of Cameroon development projects,’a participation all the more reasonable in that it is favoured by a great number of factors (language, business law, encouragement of private initiative, liberalism…’) (BAN, 1 December 1976).
Title of chap. VI of Tibor Mende’s book: De l’aide à la recolonisation, p. 111 et seq.
See for example J.P. Ndiaye: La jeunesse Africaine face à l’impérialisme, Paris. Maspéro, 1971.
Raices Contemporâneas de America Latina, Buenos Aires, 1964, p. 72.
Frantz Fanon (op. cit., p. 114): ‘The national bourgeoisie in underdeveloped countries is not oriented towards production, invention, construction, labour.’ More realistically, President Senghor reproached the Senegalese for seeking ‘le confort du ventre et des fesses’ — to be comfortable as far as belly and buttocks are concerned.
Cf. Frantz Fanon’s development of the subject of ‘racism of the young national bourgeoisie’.
See also Robin Clark: La course à la mort, Editions du Seuil, 1972, p. 360 et seq.
See the magazine Tricontinental, No. 4, 1969 (Study by the African Research Group on the imperialist mission of Israel in Africa). Also P. Leopold: ‘Israël et le Tiers Monde’, Political science dissertation, Université de Paris I, Paris, 1971,
M. Curtis and S.A. Gitelson, Israel and the Third World, Transaction Books, New Brunswick, 1976.
A. Rivkin: Foreign Affairs, 1959.
Africa and the West, Praeger, p. 89, 1961.
Cf. L. Laufer: Israel and the Developing Countries, New York, 1968.
See the thesis of Fawaz: Political Science Doctorate, Université de Paris I, Paris, 1975.
See the author’s article: L‘Evolution du syndicalisme en Afrique Noire, Bulletin interafricain du travail, May 1963 (in French and English); and his Les systèmes politiques Africains, vol. 1, p. 212, 1970.
See G. Fisher: ‘Le syndicalisme et les nouveaux Etats’, in Les nouveaux Etats dans les relations internationales, p. 234 et seq.
Cf. CE. Lynd: The Politics of African Trade Unionism, p. 143 et seq., Praeger, 1968.
Cf. G. Lefranc: ‘Le syndicalisme dans le monde’, ‘Que sais-je?’ No. 356, p. 116.
See op. cit.: The Development of an African Working Class.
See F. Schatten: Communism in Africa, chaps. XII and XIII, Allen & Unwin, 1966.
Also R. Vezeau: L’Afrique face au communisme, Edimpra, Paris, 1967.
See UNESCO Statistical Year Book.
See, for example, E.J. Hevi: ‘Un étudiant africain en Chine’, La Table Ronde, Paris, 1965;
and A. Amar: A Student in Moscow, London, 1960.
Panafricanism and Communism, p. 329, Dennis Dobson, London, 1956.
See Babacar Sine, op. cit., and Le marxisme devant les sociétés africaines contemporaines, (to be published by the Nouvelles éditions africaines).
See the Mémoire de Science Politique de Gentil (Faculté de Droit de Paris, 1966) on Les Idéologies Politiques de la Côte d’Ivoire; and the biography of President Houphouët Boigny by P.H. Siriex, Seghers, 1975.
See S. Amin: Le développement du capitalisme en Côte d’Ivoire, 1967; also: L’Afrique de l’Ouest bloquée, Editions de Minuit, 1971.
See, for example, the statement by President Houphouët Boigny concerning a rum factory built with the help of Krupp (Fraternité Matin, 2 October 1965). Regarding the public sector, see the work by J. Dutheil de la Rochère, Pedone, 1976.
The work of Professor Thomas (Le socialisme et l’Afrique, 2 vols, Le Livre Africain, 1966) gives a general view of the problem.
See also: I. Cox: Socialist Ideas in Africa, Friedland and Rosberg, (eds), London, 1966; African Socialism (Collection of articles and documents), Stanford, 1964; Y. Benot, op. cit., p. 191 et seq.; Revue Française d’Etudes Politiques Africaines, No. 112, 1975 and No. 127, July 1976; Jokica Hadzi-Vasileva: i Socijalizam, Belgrade, 1973 (abstract in French).
Senghor: Nation et voie africaine du socialisme, p. 69; L.S. Senghor: Pour une société sénégalaise socialiste et démocratique, Report at the UPS Congress, 27/29 December 1976, 202 pp.
Contribution à la construction nationale, Présence Africaine, p. 75.
See chap. XIX of Spacensky’s thesis on ‘Malagasy Political Forces’, Faculté de Droit de Paris, 1965.
Regarding Tanzania, see S. Urfer: Ujamaa, Aubier, 1971;
and C. Pratt: Nyerere and the Emergence of a Socialist Strategy, Cambridge University Press 1976.
On the subject of the influence of the international factor, see C. Pratt: ‘Foreign policy issue and the emergence of socialism in Tanzania 1961/1968’, International Journal of Africa, No. 3, 1975.
‘Capitalism means that the masses will work and that a minority… will benefit from this work. The minority will sit down at the feast and the masses will eat the leftovers,’ The Rational Choice 2 January 1972.
See the bibliography by J.P. Charnay on ‘Le marxisme et l’Islam’, Archives de sociologie des religions, No. 10, pp. 133–146, 1960;
the work by Camau: La notion de démocratie dans la pensée des dirigeants maghrébins, CNRS, p. 95 et seq., 1972; and regarding Algeria see Vatin and Leca, op. cit.
Cf. P. Herreman: ‘Du socialisme passionnel de Ben Bella au socialisme tempéré de Boumeiène’, Le Mois en Afrique, November 1966.
Bleuchot: La Libye nouvelle, p. 78, CNRS, Paris, 1975; see also Ruth First: Libya, The Elusive Revolution.
La Révolution et l’unité populaire, p. 45.
Ibid., p. 47.
See the thesis by M. Jouannin: ‘La pensée d’Ahmed Sékou Touré’, p. 154 et seq. and p. 201 et seq., Faculté de Droit de Paris, Paris, 1966.
Les dirigeants africains face à leurs peuples.
Voies africaines du socialisme, pp. 28 and 29, Bibliothèque de l’Etoile, Leopoldville, 1963.
Réflexions sur l’économie de l’Afrique Noire, Présence Africaine, p. 144, 1960.
See notably: ‘Théories et pratiques du socialisme Sénégalais’, Séminaire des Cadres Politiques (roneotyped document), Dakar 1962; and the Rapport de Politique Générale at the UPS Congress, December 1976.
Révolution et progrès social, p. 704.
See the strong criticism by Abdou Diouf: ‘Le socialisme Africain, Etude théorique’ (19 roneotyped pages), Dakar, 22 March 1976.
See also the assessment of N. Kossoukine in L’Expérience historique et le progrès social en Afrique, Editions Novosti. Moscow, 1972.
P.H. Siriex, Governor of French Somaliland from 1946/1950, and advisor to President Pleven, in his biography of F. Houphouët Boigny, relates how ‘François Mitterand’s hour’ came after a period of preparation (p. 117 et seq.).
L’Economie de l’Ouest Africain, Maspero, 1966.
L’Economie Camerounaise, Editions Sociales, 1974.
See M. Ngouabi: ‘Vers la construction du Socialisme. Ecrits et Discours’, Présence Africaine, 1975, Le Monde diplomatique, April 1973 and December 1975.
J. Milandou Nkombo: ‘Le paru congolais du travail’, political science dissertation, Poitiers, 1976
H. Bertrand: Le Congo. Formation sociale et mode de développement économique, Maspero, 1975.
Statutes in ETUMBA. No. 126, 3 and 10 January 1970.
Revue Juridique et Politique, 1970, No. 1.
Cf. Jeune Afrique, 28 December 1974, p. 41 et seq.
See E. Boccovi: ‘La Révolution Socialiste du Dahomey (Bénin)’, Mémoire de Sciences Politiques, Université de Paris I.
Daho Express, 20 November 1974.
See Ph. Decraene: ‘L’Expérience socialiste somalienne’, Mémoire de Sciences Politiques, Université de Paris I, 1977, 306 pp. (bibliography pp. 283–296; documents pp. 208–282).
Also P.M. Laitin: ‘Political economy of military rule’, JMAS, 1976, pp. 449–468 (a critical study).
M. Lewis: ‘The Politics of the 1969 Somali coup’, idib., 1 October 1972, pp. 383–408.
A. Wolczyk: ‘Socialismo Somalo’, Concretezza, Rome, 1972 (a critical study).
Cf. Luigi Pestalozza: ‘The Somalian revolution’, collection Luttes et Combats, 1974.
On the former Portuguese Colonies, see the study by J.P. Colin in l’Annuaire du Tiers Monde, 1975–1976. On Ethiopia, see JMAS, No. 2, 1976.
The 1973 Constitution of the Congo (Article 36), partially rescinded in 1977, employs the same formula.
See the study by Favoreu in the Encyclopédie politique et constitutionnelle, Berger-Levrault, Paris.
Regarding the meanings of the terms Nation, State, Homeland and People, see the thesis by M. Kaddar already cited.
‘L’Idéologie nationaliste’, Revue Française de Science Politique, 1965, p. 431.
See for example A. Zolberg: Creating Political Order. The Party States of Africa, Chicago, 1966;
S. Huntington: Political Order in Changing Societies, London, 1970.
See D.G. Lavroff: ‘Les partis politiques en Afrique Noire’, Que sais-je?, No. 1380.
See F. Zucarelli: ‘L’évolution récente de la vie politique au Sénégal’, Revue Française d’études politiques africaines, July, 1976, pp. 85–102; and l’Année politique africaine, 1976. I. Fall: Le multipartisme et la démocratie au Sénégal, NEA, 1977.
See the author’s study of La République Unie du Cameroun, 2nd Edition, Berger-Levrault, 1977; and the thesis by Bayart, FNSP, 1977.
La révolution algérienne et le Droit, Brussels, 1961, p. 90. Concerning this period, see the thesis by Slimane Chikh: La révolution algérienne, 3 vols, Grenoble, 1975.
Les damnés de la Terre, pp. 139–140.
See M. Rousset: ‘Le royaume du Maroc’, Encyclopédie politique et constitutionnelle Berger-Levrault, 1978.
See Waterburry: The Commander of the Faithful.
See the study by Favoreu in the Encyclopédie politique et constitutionnelle; and J. and J.F Durand: L’Ile Maurice, quelle indépendance?, Anthropos, 1975.
See C. Debbasch and M. Camau: ‘La Tunisie’, Encyclopédie politique et constitutionnelle Berger-Levrault, 1973;
and the thesis by Abdelfattah Amor: ‘Le régime politique de la Tun sie’, Université de Paris 2, 1973.
See Aly Chérif Chamari: ‘L’itinéraire politique de l’opposition progressiste dans la Tunisi indépendante’, Political science dissertation, Université de Paris I, 1975.
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Gonidec, P.F. (1981). Internal Politics. In: African Politics. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-8902-3_5
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