Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Antenatal Monitoring

  • Chapter
Electronic Fetal-Maternal Monitoring: Antepartum, Intrapartum

Abstract

The clinical application of feto-maternal monitoring during labor has led, after the better understanding of the pathophysiology controlling alterations from normal patterns, to its use during the antepartum stage of gestation. The technical difficulties of obtaining good tracings for analysis in the antenatal stage contribute to uncertainties in interpretation. Recording methods are almost exclusively indirect, that is noninvasive, and therefore likely to include artifacts because observations are carried out in patients not in labor. However, a great variety of “tests” has been proposed and an even greater number of interpretations advanced to predict the condition of the fetus during the period of study as well as at the time of birth. Only tests with practical application and of recognized validity will be reviewed here.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Bibliography

  • Aladjem S, Feria A, Rest J, Effect of maternal glucose load on fetal activity. Am J Obstet Gynecol 134: 276, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Aladjem S, Feria A, Rest J, Fetal heart rate responses to fetal movements. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 84: 487, 1977.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baskett TF, Sandy EA: The oxytocin challenge test: An ominous pattern associated with severe fetal growth retardation. Obstet Gynecol 54: 365, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bobitt JR: Abnormal, fetal heart rate tracings, failure to intervene, and fetal death: Review of five cases reveals potential pitfalls of antepartum monitoring programs. Am J Obstet Gynecol 133: 415, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Boyd IE, Chamberlain GVP, Fergusson ILC: The oxytocin stress test and the isoxsuprine placental transfer test in the management of suspected placental insufficiency. J Obstet Gynaecol Br Comwlth 81: 120, 1974.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Braly P, Freeman RK: The significance of fetal heart rate reactivity with a positive oxytocin challenge test. Obstet Gynecol 50: 689, 1977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cooper JM, Soffronoff EC, Bolognese RJ: Oxytocin challenge test in monitoring high-risk pregnancies. Obstet Gynecol 45: 27, 1975.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Egley CC, Suzuki K: Intrauterine fetal demise after negative oxytocin challenge test. Obstet Gynecol 50: 55s, 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  • Evertson LR, Gauthier RJ, Collea J: Fetal demise following negative contraction stress tests. Obstet Gynecol 51: 671, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Evertson LR, Gauthier RJ, Schifrin BS, Antepartum fetal heart rate testing. I. Evolution of the nonstress test. Am J Obstet Gynecol 133: 29, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Farahani G, Vasudeva K, Petrie R, Oxytocin challenge test in high-risk pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 47: 159, 1976.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Farahami G, Fenton AN: Fetal heart rate acceleration in relation to the oxytocin challenge test. Obstet Gynecol 49: 163, 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  • Flood B, Lee J: Fetal death during a negative contraction stress test. Obstet Gynecol 52: 41s, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  • Flynn AM, Kelly J: Evaluation of fetal well being by antepartum fetal heart monitoring. Br Med J 1: 936, 1977.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fox, HE, Steinbrecher M, Ripton B: Antepartum fetal heart rate and uterine activity studies. Am J Obstet Gynecol 126: 61, 1976.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Freeman RK: The use of the oxytocin test for antepartum clinical evaluation of uteroplacental respiratory function. Am J Obstet Gynecol 121: 481, 1975.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Freeman R, Goebelsman U, Nochimson D, Evaluation of the significance of a positive oxytocin challenge test. Obstet Gynecol 47: 8, 1976.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Freeman RK, James J: Clinical experience with the oxytocin challenge test. II. An ominous atypical pattern. Obstet Gynecol 46: 255, 1975.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gauthier RJ, Evertson LR, Paul RH: Antepartum fetal heart rate testing. II. Intrapartum fetal heart rate observation and newborn outcome following a positive contraction stress test. Am J Obstet Gynecol 133: 34, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goodlin RC, Schmidt W: Human fetal arousal levels as indicated by heart rate recordings. Am J Obstet Gynecol 114: 613, 1972.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goupil F, Sureau C: Rythme cardiaque fetal pendant la grossesse. J Paris Pediatr 118: 127, 1975.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hammacher K: Neue Methode Zur Selektiven Registrierung der fetalen Herzschlag-frequenz. Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd 22: 1552, 1962.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hammacher K: The diagnosis of fetal distress with an electronic fetal heart monitor, in Intrauterine Dangers to the Fetus. Amsterdam, Excerpta Medica, 1967, pp 228–233.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hammacher K: Früherkennung intrauteriner Gefahrenzustände durch Elektrophonokardiog raphie und Tokographie, in Eiert R, Hüter KA (eds): Die Prophylaxe frühkindlicher Hirnschäden. Stuttgart, Thieme, 1966, p 116.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hammacher K: The clinical significance of cardiotocography, in Huntingford PJ, Hüter KA, Saling E (eds): Perinatal Medicine. Stuttgart, Thieme, 1969, pp 80–93.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hammacher K, Hüter KA, Bokelmann J, Foetal heart frequency and perinatal condition of the foetus and newborn. Gynaecologia 166: 349, 1968.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hon EH, Wohlgemuth R: The electronic evaluation of fetal heart rate. IV. The effect of maternal exercise. Am J Obstet Gynecol 81: 361, 1961.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Klapholz H, Burke L: Intrauterine fetal demise with a negative oxytocin challenge test. J Reprod Med 15: 169–170, 1975.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Krebs HB, Petres RE: Clinical application of a scoring system for the evaluation of antepartum fetal heart rate monitoring. Am J Obstet Gynecol 130: 765, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kubli F, Boos R, Ruttgers H, Antepartum fetal heart rate montioring, in Current Status of Fetal Heart Rate Monitoring. Proc R Coll Obstet Gynaecol (Lon), 1977, pp 29–45.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kubli FW, Kaeser D, Hinselmann M: Diagnostic management of chronic placental insuffi ciancy, in Pecile A, Finzi C (eds): The Fetal Placental Unit. Amsterdam, Excerpta Medica, 1969.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kubli F, Ruttgers H: Monitoring of antepartum fetal heart rate, in Tournaire M (ed): Symposium sur la Surveillance fetale. Paris, 1976, pp 154–163,

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee CY, Drukker B: The non-stress test for the antepartum assessment of fetal reserve. Am J Obstet Gynecol 134: 460, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lee CY, DiLoreto PC, Logrand B: Fetal activity acceleration determination for evaluation of fetal reserve. Obstet Gynecol 48: 19, 1976.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lee CY, DiLoretto PC, O’Lane JM: A study of fetal heart rate acceleration patterns. Obstet Gynecol 45: 142, 1975.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lin CC, Schulman H, Saldana LR: Deceleration/contraction ratios as an index of fetal health during labor. Obstet Gynecol 51: 666–670, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Linzey EM, Freeman RK: Antepartum fetal monitoring, in Pitkin RM, Scott JR (eds): Yearbook of Obstetrics & Gynecology. Chicago, Year Book, 1978, pp 85–110.

    Google Scholar 

  • Liu DTY, Blackwell RJ, Tukel S: The relevance of antenatal and intrapartum fetal heart rate patterns to fetal outcome. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 85: 270, 1978.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lyons ER, Bylsma-Howell M, Shamsi S, A scoring system for nonstressed antepartum fetal heart monitoring. Am J Obstet Gynecol 133: 242, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mendez–Bauer C, Ruiz-Canseco A, Andujar- Ruiz M, Early decelerations of the fetal heart from occlusion of the umbilical cord. J Perinat Med 6: 69, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moore PT, Myerscough PR: Clearance rates of radiosodium from myometrium. J Obstet Gynaecol Br Emp 64: 207, 1957.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Morris N, Osborn SB, Wright HP, Effective uterine blood flow during exercise in normal and pre-eclamptic pregnancies. Lancet 2: 481–484, 1956.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nochimson DJ, Turbeville JS, Terry JE, The nonstress test. Obstet Gynecol 51: 491, 1978.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pose SV, Castillo JB, Mora-Rojas EO, Test of fetal tolerance to induced uterine contractions for the diagnosis of chronic distress, in Perinatal Factors Affecting Human Development. Washington, DC, Pan American Health Organization Scientific Publication 185, 1969, pp 96–104.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pose SV, Castillo JB, Mora-Rojas EO, Prueba de la tolerancia fetal a las contracciones uterinas inducidas. V Cong Uruguay Ginecotocol 1: 641–646, 1969.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pose SV, Escarcena L, Caldeyro-Barcia R: La presión parcial de oxigeno en el feto durante el parto. IV Cong Mex Gynecol Obstet 2: 41–61, 1963.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pose SV, Temesio P, Martino V, Evaluación de la vitalidad fetal durante el embarazo. III Jornada Rioplatense Diabetes (Buenos Aires), 1968.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ray M, Freeman R, Pine S, Clinical experiences with the oxytocin challenge test. Am J Obstet Gynecol 114: 1, 1972.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rayburn WF, Duhrling JL, Donaldson M: A study of fetal acceleration tests. Am J Obstet Gynecol 132: 33, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Read JA, Miller FC: Fetal heart rate acceleration in response to acoustic stimulation as a measure of fetal wellbeing. Am J Obstet Gynecol 129: 512, 1977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rochard F, Schifrin B, Goupil F, Nonstressed fetal heart rate monitoring in the antepartum period. Am J Obstet Gynecol 126: 699, 1976.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schifrin B, Lapidus M, Doctor G, Contraction stress test for antepartum fetal evaluation. Obstet Gynecol 45: 433, 1975.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schulman H, Lin CC, Saldana L, Quantitative analysis in the oxytocin challenge test. Am J Obstet Gynecol 129: 239, 1977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Spellacy WN, Gelman SR, Abrams RM, Direct observations of human fetal movements under physiologic stimulation. XXV Ann Meet Soc Gynecol Invest, Abstract 84, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stembera ZK, Hodr J: The “exercise test” as an early diagnostic aid for fetal distress, in Horsky J, Stembera ZK (eds): Intrauterine Dangers to the Fetus. New York, Excerpta Medica, 1967, pp 349–353.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stembera ZK, Hodr J, Brotanek B, Complete early diagnosis of intrauterine fetal distress, in Horsky J, Stembera ZK (eds): Intrauterine Dangers to the Fetus. New York, Excerpta Medica, 1967, pp 373–376.

    Google Scholar 

  • Trierweiler MW, Freeman RK, James J: Baseline fetal heart rate characteristics as an indicator of fetal status during the antepartum period. Am J Obstet Gynecol 125: 618, 1976.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tushuizen PBT, Stoot JEGM, Ubachs JMH: Clinical experience in non-stressed antepartum cardiotocography. Am J Obstet Gynecol 128: 507, 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  • Visser GHA, Huisjes HJ: Diagnostic value of the unstressed antepartum cardiotocogram. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 84: 321, 1977.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weingold AB, DeJesus TPS, O’Keiffe J.-Oxytocin challenge test. Am J Obstet Gynecol 123: 466, 1975.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology The Chicago Lying-In Hospital, The University of Chicago, USA

    Luis A. Cibils MD & Mary Campau Ryerson (Professor)

Authors
  1. Luis A. Cibils MD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Mary Campau Ryerson
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1981 John Wright PSG · Inc.

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Cibils, L.A., Ryerson, M.C. (1981). Antenatal Monitoring. In: Electronic Fetal-Maternal Monitoring: Antepartum, Intrapartum. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-8296-3_17

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-8296-3_17

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-94-009-8298-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-009-8296-3

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation