Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Contributions to the ecology of halophytes pp 111–125Cite as

Mangrove species zonation: why?

  • Chapter

Part of the book series: Tasks for vegetation science ((TAVS,volume 2))

Abstract

Mangroves are a taxonomically-diverse group of woody spermatophytes which possess a common ability to survive and perpetuate themselves along sheltered tropical coastlines in saline environments under tidal influence. A halophytic existence is made possible through a wide range of morphological, anatomical and physiological adaptations which has elicited much scientific interest (Walsh, 1974; Chapman, 1976). Although mangroves share a common ability to exist as halophytes in a common environment, they frequently appear in rather predictable mono-specific zones parallel to shorelines, tidal channels, and the banks of rivers and streams influenced by the sea. Thus, mangrove species zonation has been a dominant theme in a voluminous literature on mangroves which exceeds 7,000 titles (B. Rollet, pers. comm.1).

Keywords

These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
EUR   29.95
Price includes VAT (France)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
EUR   160.49
Price includes VAT (France)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
EUR   210.99
Price includes VAT (France)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
EUR   210.99
Price includes VAT (France)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Literature cited

  • Baltzer, F. 1969. Les formations vegetales associees au delta de la Dumbea (Nouvelle Caledonie). Cah. ORSTOM, Ser. Geol. 1: 59–84.

    Google Scholar 

  • Banus, M.D. and Kolehmainen, S.E. 1975. Floating, rooting and growth of red mangrove (Rhizophora mangle L.) seedlings: effect on expansion of mangroves in southwestern Puerto Rico. In Proc. Int. Symp. Biol, and Management of Mangroves, Vols. I and II, eds. G.E. Walsh, S.C. Snedaker and H.J. Teas, pp. 370 - 384. Int. Food Agric. Sci., Univ. Florida, Gainesville.

    Google Scholar 

  • Budowski, G. 1963. Forest succession in tropical lowlands.Turrialba 13: 42–44.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carlton, J.M. 1974. Land-building and stabilization by mangroves. Environmental Conservation 1: 285–294.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carter, M.R., Burns, L.A., Cavinder, T.R., Dugger, K.R., Fore, P.L., Hicks, D.B., Re veils, H.L. and Schmidt, T.W. 1973. Ecosystems Analysis of Big Cypress Swamp and Estuaries, EPA 904/9-74-002, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region IV, Atlanta.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chapman, V.J. 1944. 1939 Cambridge University expedition to Jamaica. I- A study of the botanical processes concerned in the development of the Jamaican shore-line. J. Linn. Soc. London Bot. 52: 407–447.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chapman, V.J. 1968. Vegetation under saline conditions. In Saline Irrigation for Agriculture and Forestry, ed. H. Boyko, pp. 201–216. Dr W. Junk Publ., The Hague. Chapman, V.J. 1970. Mangrove phytosociology. Trop. Ecol. 11: 1–19.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chapman, V.J. 1975. Mangrove biogeography. In Proc. Int. Symp. Biol, and Management of Mangroves. Vols. I and II, eds. G.E. Walsh, S.C. Snedaker and H.J. Teas, pp. 3 - 22. Int. Food Agric. Sci., Univ. Florida, Gainesville.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chapman, V.J. 1976. Mangrove Vegetation. Strauss & Cramer, Germany.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chapman, VJ. ed. 1977. Ecosystems of the World. Vol. 1. Wet Germany.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chapman, V.J. (ed.). 1977. Ecosystems of the World. Vol. 1. Wet Coastal Ecosystems. Elsevier Scientific Publ. Co., Amsterdam.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chapman, V.J. and Ronaldson, J.W. 1958. The mangrove and saltgrass flats of Auckland Isthmus. N.Z. Dept. Sci. Ind. Res. Bull. No. 125.

    Google Scholar 

  • Choudhury, A.M. 1968. Working Plan of Sundarban Forest Division for the Period from 1960–61 to 1979–80, Vol. 1. East Pakistan Government Press, Tejgaon, Dacca.

    Google Scholar 

  • Choudhury, Z.M. 1978. Coastal development — a strategy. In Proc. UNESCO Sem. on Human Uses of the Mangrove Environment and Management Implications, eds. P. Kunstadter and S.C. Snedaker. Held in Dacca, Bangladesh, December 1978. ( In preparation).

    Google Scholar 

  • Cintron, G., Lugo, A.E., Pool, D.J. and Morris, G. 1978. Mangroves of arid environments in Puerto Rico and adjacent islands. Biotropica 10: 110–121.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Clarke, L.D. and Hannon, N.J. 1969. The mangrove swamp and salt marsh communities of the Sydney District. II— The holocoenotic complex with particular reference to physiography. J. Ecol. 57: 213–234.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Clarke, L.D. and Hannon, N.J. 1970. The mangrove swamp and salt marsh communities of the Sydney district. Ill— Plant growth in relation to salinity and waterlogging. J. Ecol. 58: 351–369.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Clarke, L.D. and Hannon, N.J. 1971. The mangrove swamp and salt marsh communities of the Sydney District. IV— The significance of species interaction. J. Ecol. 59: 535–553.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Coleman, J.M. 1969. Brahmaputra River: channel processes and sedimentation. Sediment. Geol. 3: 129–239.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Connally, G.G., Department of Geology, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, U.S.A.

    Google Scholar 

  • Connor, D.J. 1969. Growth of grey mangrove (Avicennia marina) in nutrient culture. Biotropica 1: 36–40.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Curray, J.R. and Moore, D.G. 1964. Holocene regressive littoral sand, Costa de Nayarit, Mexico. In Deltaic and Shallow Marine Deposits-Developments in Sedimentology, Vol. 1, ed. L.J.G.V. Van Straaten, pp. 76–82. Proc. 6th Sedimentological Congress 1963.

    Google Scholar 

  • Curray, J.R. and Moore, D.G. 1971. Growth of the Bengal deep- sea fan and denudation in the Himalayas. Geol. Soc. Amer. Bull. 82: 563–572.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Curray, J.R., Emmel, F.J. and Crampton, P.J.S. 1969. Holocene history of a strand plain, lagoonal coast, Naye it, Mexico. In Lagunas Costeras, un Simposio, eds. A. Ayala Castanares and F.B. Phleger, pp. 63–100. UNAM UNESCO 28–30 Nov. 1967.

    Google Scholar 

  • Curtis, S.J. 1933. Working Plan for the Sunderbans Division ( 1931–51 ). Forest Dept., Bengal.

    Google Scholar 

  • Curtiss, A.H. 1888. How the mangrove forms islands. Garden & Forest 1: 100.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davis, J.H., Jr. 1938. Mangroves — makers of land. Nature Mag. 31: 551–553.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davis, J.H., Jr. 1940. The ecology and geologic role of mangroves in Florida. In Carnegie Inst. Washington Pub. No. 517, pp. 303–412. Papers from the Tortugas Lab, Vol. 32.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davis, J.H., Jr. 1946. The peat deposits of Florida, their occurrence, development and uses. Fla. Geol. Surv. Bull. No. 30. Tallahassee.

    Google Scholar 

  • Day, J.H., Millard, N.A.H., and Broekhuysen, G.J. 1953. The ecology of South African estuaries. Part IV. The St. Lucia system. Trans. R. Soc. South Africa 34: 129.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • De Haan, J.H. 1931. Het een en ander over de Tijlatjapsche vloedbosschen. Tectona 24: k39–75.

    Google Scholar 

  • Egler, F.E. 1948. The dispersal and establishment of red mangrove in Florida. Carib. Forest. 9: 299–310.

    Google Scholar 

  • Egler, F.E. 1950. Southeast saline Everglades vegetation, Florida, and its management. Veg. Acta Geobot. 3: 213–265.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fosberg, F.R. 1961. Vegetation-free zone on dry mangrove coasts. U.S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper No. 424 (D): 216–218.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gale, J. 1975. Water balance and gas exchange of plants under saline conditions. In Plants in Saline Environments, eds. A. Poljakoff-Mayber and J. Gale, pp. 168–185. Springer-Verlag, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gifford, J.C. 1934. The Keys and Glades of South Florida. N.Y. Books Inc., New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gill, A.M. 1969. Tidal trees: orient and Occident. Bull. Fair child Trop. Gard. 24: 7–10.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harper, R.M. 1917. Geography of central Florida. Florida State Geol. Surv. Annual Report 13: 71–307.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harshberger, J.W. 1914. The vegetation of South Florida. Trans. Wagner Free Inst. Sci. 7: 49–189.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hicks, H.B. and Burns, L.A. 1975. Mangrove metabolic response to alterations of natural freshwater drainage to southwestern Florida estuaries. In Proc. Int. Symp. Biol, and Management of Mangroves, Vols. I and II, eds. G.E. Walsh, S.C. Snedaker and H.J. Teas, pp. 238–255. Int. Food Agric. Sci., Univ. Florida, Gainesville.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hooker, D.J. 1875. Flora of British India, Vol. II. Reeve, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ismail, M., Department of Botany, University of Dacca, Dacca 2, Bangladesh.

    Google Scholar 

  • Karim, A., Department of Botany, University of Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh.

    Google Scholar 

  • Khan, S.A. 1966. Working Plan of the Coastal Zone Afforesta¬tion Division from 1963-64 to 1982 - 83. Government of West Pakistan, Agriculture Department, Lahore.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kylin, A. and Gee, R. 1970. Adenosine triphosphatase activities in leaves of the mangrove Avicennia nitida Jacq. Plant Physiol. 45: 169–172.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lind, E.M. and Morrison, M.E.S. 1974. East African Vegetation. Longman, London. ( Quoted in Rabinowitz, 1978c ).

    Google Scholar 

  • Lindberg, S.E. and Harriss, R.C. 1973. Mechanisms controlling pore water salinities in a salt marsh. Limnol. Oceanogr. 18: 788–791.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lugo, A.E. and Snedaker, S.C. 1974. The ecology of mangroves. Ann. Rev. Ecology & Systematics 5: 39–64.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lugo, A.E., Evink, G., Brinson, M.M., Broce, A., and Snedaker, S.C. 1975. Diurnal rates of photosynthesis, respiration, and transpiration in mangrove forests of south Florida. In Tropical Ecological Systems, eds. F.B. Golley and E. Medina, pp. 335–350. Springer-Verlag, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • McMillan, C. 1971. Environmental factors affecting seedling establishment of the black mangrove on the central Texas coast. Ecology 52: 927–930.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McMillan, C. 1974. Salt tolerance of mangroves and submerged aquatic plants. In Ecology of Halophytes, eds. R.J. Reimold and W.H. Queen, pp. 379 - 390. Academic Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Macnae, W. 1966. Mangroves in eastern and southern Australia. Aust. J. Bot. 14: 67–104.

    Google Scholar 

  • Macnae, W. 1968. A general account of the fauna and flora of mangrove swamps and forests in the Indo-West-Pacific region. Advances Marine Biol. 6: 73–270.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Macnae, W. and Kalk, M. 1962. The ecology of the mangrove swamps of Inhaca Island, Mozambique. J. Ecol. 50: 19–34.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moog, A.O.D. 1963. A preliminary investigation of the significance of salinity in the zonation of species in salt-marsh and mangrove swamp associations. S. Afr. J. Sci. 59: 81–86.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morrow, L. and Nickerson, N.H. 1973. Salt concentrations in ground waters beneath Rhizophora mangle and Avicennia germinans. Rhodora 75: 102–106.

    Google Scholar 

  • Odum, E.P. 1969. The strategy of ecosystem development. Science 164: 262–270.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Phillips, O.P. 1903. How the mangrove tree adds new land to Florida. J. Geog. 2: 10–21.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pollard, C.L. 1903. Plant agencies in the formation of the Florida Keys. Plant World 5: 8–10.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pool, D.J., Snedaker, S.C. and Lugo, A.E. 1977. Structure of mangrove forests in Florida, Puerto Rico, Mexico and Costa Rica. Biotropica 9: 195–212.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Por, F.D., Dor, I. and Amir, A. 1977. The mangal of Sinai: limits of an ecosystem’. Helgolander Wiss. Meeresunters 30: 295–314.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Queen, W.H. 1974. Physiology of coastal halophytes. In Ecology of Halophytes, eds. R.J. Reimold and W.H. Queen, pp. 345–353. Academic Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rabinowitz, D. 1975. Planting experiments in mangrove swamps of Panama. In Proc. Int. Symp. Biol, and Management of Mangroves, Vols. I and II, eds. G.E. Walsh, S.C. Snedaker and H.J. Teas, pp. 385–393. Int. Food Agric. Sci., Univ. Florida, Gainesville.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rabinowitz, D. 1978a. Mortality and initial propagule size in mangrove seedlings in Panama. J. Ecol. 66: 45–51.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rabinowitz, D. 1978b. Dispersal properties of mangrove propagules. Biotropica 10: 47–57.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rabinowitz, D. 1978c. Early growth of mangrove seedlings in Panama, and an hypothesis concerning the relationship of dispersal and zonation. J. Biogeogr. 5: 113–133.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Record, S.J. and Hess, R.W. 1949. Timbers of the New World. Yale Univ. Press, New Haven.

    Google Scholar 

  • Richards, P.W. 1964. The Tropical Rain Forest. Cambridge Univ. Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rollet, B. 1974. Introduction a l’étude des mangroves du Mexique. Bios Forests Trop. 156: 3–74.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rollet, B., Division of Marine Sciences, UNESCO, 7 place de Fontenoy, 75700 Paris, France.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sargent, C.S. 1893. The mangrove tree. Garden & Forest 6: 97–98, 101–103.

    Google Scholar 

  • Savage, T. 1972. Florida mangroves as shoreline stabilizers. Fla. Dept. Natur. Resources. Prof. Paper No. 19.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scholander, P.F., Hammel, H.T., Bradstreet, E.D. and Hemmingsen, E.A. 1965. Sap pressure in vascular plants. Science 148: 339–346.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Scholl, D.W. 1962. Sedimentary record of the holocene transgression across the southwestern margin of the Everglades, southern Florida. In Proc. First Nat. Coastal and Shallow Water Res. Conf pp. 670–673.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scholl, D.W. 1965. High interstitial water chlorinity in estuarine mangrove swamps, Florida. Nature (London) 207: 284–285.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sidhu, S.S. 1975. Culture and growth of some mangrove species. In Proc. Int. Symp. Biol, and Management of Mangroves. Vols. I and II, eds. G.E. Walsh, S.C. Snedaker and H.J. Teas, pp. 394–401. Int. Food Agric. Sci., Univ. Florida, Gainesville.

    Google Scholar 

  • Siever, R., Garrels, R.M., Kan wisher, J. and Berner, R.A. 1961. Interstitial waters of recent marine muds off Cape Cod. Science 134: 1071–1072.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Snedaker, S.C. and Lugo, A.E. 1973. The role of mangrove ecosystems in the maintenance of environmental quality and a high productivity of desirable fisheries. Bur. Sports Fisheris & Wildlife — A final report, contract no. 14-16-008-606. NTIS, Dept. of Commerce, Springfield, Va.

    Google Scholar 

  • Snedaker, S.C. and Pool, D.J. 1973. Mangrove forest types and biomass. In Bur. Sports Fisheries & Wildlife, eds. S.C. Snedaker and A.E. Lugo. A final report, contract no. 14-16- 008 - 606. NTIS, Dept. of Commerce, Springfield, Va.

    Google Scholar 

  • Snedaker, S.C. and Stanford, R.L. 1976. Ecological studies of a subtropical terrestrial biome. Florida Power & Light Co., final report, Miami, Florida.

    Google Scholar 

  • Steinke, T.D. 1975. Some factors affecting dispersal and establishment of propagules of Avicennia marina (Forsk.) Vierh. In Proc. Int. Symp. Biol, and Management of Mangroves, Vols. I and II, eds. G.E. Walsh, S.C. Snedaker and H.J. Teas, pp. 402–414. Int. Food Agric. Sci., Univ. Florida, Gainesville.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stephens, W.M. 1962. Mangroves: trees that make land. Sea Frontiers 8: 491–96.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stern, W.L. and Voigt, G.K. 1959. Effect of salt concentration on growth of red mangrove in culture. Bot. Gaz. 121: 36–39.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Teas, H.J. and Montgomery, F. 1968. Ecology of red mangrove seedling establishment. Ass. S.E. Biol. Bull. 15: 56–57.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thom, B.G, 1967. Mangrove ecology and deltaic geomorphology: Tabasco, Mexico. J. Ecol. 55: 301–343.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thom, B.G., Wright, L.D. and Coleman, J.M. 1975. Mangrove ecology and deltaic-estuarine geomorphology: Cambridge Gulf-Ord River, Western Australia. J. Ecol. 63: 203–232.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vann, J.H. 1959. Landform-vegetation relationships in the Atrato delta. Ann. Ass. Amer. Geogr. 49: 345–360.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Van Steenis, C.G.G.J. 1958. Rhizophoraceae. Flora Malesiana 5: 431–493.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Steenis, C.G.G.J. 1963. Miscellaneous notes on New Guinea plants. VII. Nova Guinea (Botany) 12: 189.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vaughan, T.W. 1909. The geologic work of mangroves in Southern Florida. Smithson. Misc. Coll. 52: 461–464.

    Google Scholar 

  • Waisel, Y. 1972. Biology of Halophytes. Academic Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walsh, G.E. 1974. Mangroves: a review. In Ecology of Halophytes, eds. R.J. Reimhold and W.H. Queen, pp. 51–174. Academic Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walsh, G.E., Snedaker, S.C. and Teas, H.J. eds. 1975. Proc. Int. Symp. Biol, and Management of Mangroves, Vols. I and II. Inst. Food Agric. Sci., Univ. Florida, Gainesville.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walter, H. 1971. Ecology of Tropical and Subtropical Vegetation. Van Nostrand-Reinhold, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walter, H. and Steiner, M. 1936. Die Okologie des Ost Afrikanischen Mangroven. Z. Bot. 30: 65–193.

    Google Scholar 

  • Watson, J.G. 1928. Mangrove Forests of the Malay Peninsula. (Malayan Forest. Ree. No. 6 ) Fraser and Neave, Ltd., Singapore.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weaver, J.E. and Clements, F.E. 1938. Plant Ecology, 2nd edition. McGraw-Hill Book Co. Inc., New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Welch, B. 1962. Aspects of succession in shallow coastal waters of the Caribbean. Ph.D. dissertation. Department of Botany, Duke University.

    Google Scholar 

  • West. R.C. 1956. Mangrove swamps of the Pacific coast of Columbia. Ann. Ass. Amer. Geogr. 46: 98–121.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Winkler, H. 1931. Einige Bemerkungen über Mangrove— Pflanzen und den Amorphophallus titanum im Hamburger Botanischer Garten. Ber. Dtsch. Bot. Ges. 49: 87–102.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Biology and Living Resources, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL, 33149, USA

    Samuel C. Snedaker

Authors
  1. Samuel C. Snedaker
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

David N. Sen Kishan S. Rajpurohit

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1982 Dr W. Junk Publishers, The Hague, The Netherlands

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Snedaker, S.C. (1982). Mangrove species zonation: why?. In: Sen, D.N., Rajpurohit, K.S. (eds) Contributions to the ecology of halophytes. Tasks for vegetation science, vol 2. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-8037-2_8

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-8037-2_8

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-94-009-8039-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-009-8037-2

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation