Abstract
The first part of this paper reviews the atomistic model proposed for the equilibrium structure of grain boundaries in metals. These models are based on dislocation, coincidence, plane matching and polyhedral unit concepts. The basic ideas and shortcomings of the various concepts are discussed. The present understanding of the structure of dislocation and vacancies (non-equilibrium defects) in grain boundaries is summarized in the second part of the chapter. The existing evidence suggests that these defects have a similar structure in low energy grain boundaries as the analogous defects in the perfect lattice. However, in high energy boundaries, the defects may be smeared out (delocalized) in the plane of the boundary.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Gleiter H. and Chalmers B., Prog. Mat. Sci. 16 (1971)
Gleiter H., Phys. Stat. Sol. (b) 45 (1971) 9
The Nature and Behavior of Grain Boundaries, H. Hu ed., Plenum Press, New York (195.2)
Chaudhari P. and Matthews J.W. eds, Surf. Sci. 31 (1972)
Grain Boundary Structure and Properties, G.A. Chadwich and D.A. Smith eds., Academic Press, New York (1976)
Interfacial Segregation, Johnson W.C. and Blakely J.M. eds., ASM, Metals Park, Ohio (1979)
Balluffi R.W. ed., ASM Materials Science Seminar: Grain Boundary Structure and Kinetics, 15-16 Sept. 1979, Milwaukee, WI, ASM, Metals Park, Ohio (1980)
Gleiter H., Materials Sci. and Eng., in press.
Read W.I. and Shockley W., Phys. Rev. 78 (1950) 275
Li J. C. M., J. Appl. Phys. 32 (1961) 525
Frank F.C., Acta Cryst. 4 (1951)497
Glicksman M.E. and Vold C.L., Surf. Sci. 31 (1972) 50
Masamura R.A. and Glicksman M.E., Can. Met. Quart. 13 (1974) 43
Masamura R.A. and Glicksman M.E., NRL Report 7851, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. (1975)
Vold C.L. and Glicksman M.E., in ref. 4 p. 171
Jones D.R.H., J. Mat. Sci. 4 (1974) 1
Kaukler W., Ph. D. Thesis, University of Toronto (1981)
Erb U. and Gleiter H., Scripta Met. 13 (1979) 61
Seeger A. and Horning R., quoted in A. Seeger, Handbuch der Physik, Vol. VII/1, Springer Verlag, Berlin, 1955, p. 654
van der Merwe J.H., Proc. Phys. Soc. A63 (1950) 616
Gleiter H., Scripta Met. 11 (1977) 305
Hasson C.G. and Goux C., Scripta Met. 5 (1971) 889
Khalfalla O. And Priester L., Scripta Met. 14 (1980) 839
Mori T. and Tangri K., Met. Trans. A10 (1979) 733
Balluffi R.W. and Schindler R., Proc. V. Polish Conf. on Electron Microscopy, J.A. Kozubowski ed., Warsaw-Jadwisin(1978)51
Kluge-Weiss P. and Gleiter H., Acta Met. 26 (1979) 1 17
Foll H. And Ast D., Phil. Mag. 40 (1979) 589
Pumphrey P.H., Gleiter H. and Goodhew P., Phil. Mag. 36 (1977) 1099
Varin R.A., Phys. Stat. Sol. (a) 51 (1979) K 189
Varin R.A., Phys. Stat. Sol. (a) 52 (1979) 347
Varin R.A., Wyrzykowski J., Lojkowski W. and Grabski M.W., Phys. Stat. Sol. (a) 45 (1 978 ) 565
Kuhn H., Baro G. and Gleiter H., Acta Met. 27 (1979) 959
Ishida Y., Hasegawa T. and Nagata F., Trans. Jap. Inst. Metals 9 (1968) 504.
Gleiter H., Scripta Met. 14 (1980) 569
Vitek V., Sutton A.P., Smith D.A. and Pond R.C., Phil. Mag. A39 (1979) 213.
Sutton A.P. and Vitek V., Scripta Met., in press.
Warrington D.H. and Pond R.C., Phil. Mag. 39 (1979) 821
Pumphrey P.H. and Goodhew P.J., Phil. Mag. 39 (1979) 825
Li J.C.M., Surf. Sci. 3 (1972) 12
Shih K.K. and J.C.M. Li, Surf. Sci. 50 (1979) 109
Marcinkowski M., Sadananda K. and Tseng W.F., Phys. Stat. Sol. (a) 17 (1973) 423
Marcinkowski M. and Sadananda K., Phys. Stat. Sol. (a) 18 (1973) 361
Marc Inkowski M. and Dwarakadasa E.S., Phys. Stat. Sol. (a) 19 (1973) 597
Marcinkowski M. and Sadananda K., J. Appl. Phys. 45 (1974) 1521
ibid. 45 (1974) 1533
Marc Inkowski M.J., Archiwum Mechaniki Stosowang 31 (1979) 763
Marc Inkowski M.J., in Unified Theory of Mechanical Behavior, J. Wiley and Sons, 1979
Kroner E., in Kontinuums Theorie der Versetzungen, Springer Verlag 1958
Marcinkowski M.J., Phys. Stat. Sol. (a) 49 (1978) 725
Marcinkowski M.J., J. Mat. Sci. 14 (1979) 205
Marcinkowski M.J. and Jagannadham K., Phys. Stat. Sol. 50 (1978) 601.
Kronberg M.L. and Wilson F.H., Trans AIME 185 (1949) 501
Frank F.C., Conf. Plastic Def. of Cryst. Solids, Mellon Inst., Pittsburgh (1950)p 150
Brandon D.G., Ralph B., Ranganathan S. and Wald M.S., Acta Met. 12 (1964) 813
Ranganathan S., Acta Cryst. 21 (1966) 197
Bollmann W.,Phil. Mag. 16 (1967) 363
Arkharov V.I., Fiz Met. i Me tall. 12 (1961) 223
Brandon D.G., Acta Met. 14 (1966) 1479
Weins M., Gleiter H. and Chalmers B., Scripta Met. 4 (1970) 235
Weins M., Chalmers B., Gleiter H. and Ashby M.F., Scripta Met. 3 (1969) 601
Weins M., Gleiter H. and Chalmers B., J. Appl. Phys. 42 (1971) 2639
Yamraguchi Y. and Vitek V., Phil. Mag. 34 (1976) 1
Bristowe P.D. And Crocker A.B., Acta Met. 25 (1977) 1363
Pond R.C., Smith D.A. and Vitek V., Acta Met. 27 (1979) 235
Bristowe P.D. and Crocker A.B., Phil. Mag. A38 (1978) 487
Pond R.C. and Smith D.A., Can. Metall. Quart. 13 (1974) 39
Pumphrey P.H., Malis T.F. and Gleiter H., Phil. Mag. 3 (1976) 227
Marukawa K., Phil. Mag. 36 (1977) 1375
Chalmers B. and Gleiter H., Phil. Mag. 23 (1971) 1541
Herrmann G., Gleiter H. and Baro G., Acta Met. 24 (1976) 353
Sautter H., Gleiter H. and Baro G., Acta Met. 25 (1977) 467
Herrmann G., Sautter H., Baro G. and Gleiter H., Scripta Met. 9 (1975) 357
Seeger A. and Schottky G., Acta Met. 7 (1959) 495.
Kubalski M. and Grabski M.W., subm. to Phys. Stat. Sol.
Aust K.T., Can. M t. 9 (1969) 173
Simpson C.J., Aust K.T. and Winegard W.C., Met. Trans. 2 (1971) 987
Demianczuk D.W. and Aust K.T., Acta Met. 23 (1975) 1140
Lagarde P. and Biscondi M., Can. Met. Quart. 13 (1974) 245
Gleiter H., Zeitschr. f. Metallk. 61 (1970) 282
Hart E.W., in ref. 3 p. 155
Meisser H., Gleiter H. and Mirwald E., Scripta Met. 14 (1980) 95
Gleiter H., Radex-Rundschau 1 (1980) 51
Dash J.G. and Ruwalds J. eds, in Phase Transitions in Surface Films, Plenum Press, N. Y., 1980, NATO Advanced Study Institutes Series, Senes B. Physics Vol. 51.
Boolmann W., in Crystal Defects and Cryst. Interfaces, Springer Verlag, Berlin, 1970
Bollmann W. and Perry A.J., Phil. Mag. 20 (1969) 33
Warrington D.H. and Bollmann W., Phi’l. Mag. 25 (1972) 1195
Horton C.A.P., Silcock J.M. and Kegg G.R., Phys. Stat. Sol. (a) 26 (1974) 215
Balluffi R.W., Komem Y. and Schober T., Surf. Sci. 31 (1972) 68
Goodhew P., in ref. 7.
Horton C.A.P. and Silcock J.M., J. Micr. 102 (1974) 334
Clark W.A.T. and Smith D.A., Phil. Mag. 38 (1978) 367
Mori M. and Ishida Y., Scripta Met. 12 (1978) 1 1
Varin R.A., Phys. Stat. Sol. (a) 51 (1979) K189
Lojkowski W., Kirchner H.O.K. and Grabski M., Scripta Met. 11 (1977) 1127
Pumphrey P.H., ScriptaMet. 9 (1975) 151
Gleiter H., Phil. Mat. 36 (1977) 1109
Bollmann W., Acta Cryst. A33 (1977) 730
Caudig W. and Sass S.L., Phil. Mag. A39 (1979) 725
Bollmann W., Michaut B. and Sanifort G., Phys. Stat. Sol. (a) 13 (1972) 637
Vaughan D., Phil. Mag. 22 (1970) 1003
Pumphrey P., Scripta Met. 6 (1972) 107
Ralph B., Howell P.R. and Page T.F., Phys. Stat. Sol. (b) 55 (1977) 641
Balluffi R.W. and Schober T., Scripta Met. 6 (1972) 697
Pumphrey P., Scripta Met. 7 (1973) 895
Kegg G.R., Horton C.A.P. and Silcock J., Phil. Mag. 27 (1973) 1041
Gronski W. and Thomas G., Scripta Met. 11 (1977) 79 1
Smith D.A., Vitek V. and Pond R.C., Acta Met. 25 (1977) 475
Potapov L.P., Golovin B.F. and Shiryaev P.H., Fiz Met. Metall. 32 (5) (1971) 227
Aaron H.B. and Bolling G.F., Surface Sci. 31 (1972) 27
Aaron H.B. and Bolling G.F., in Grain Boundary Structure and Properties„ G.A. Chadwich and D.A. Smith eds., Academic Press, New York, 1976, p. 107.
Ashby M.F., Spaepen F. and Williams S., Acta Met. 26 (1978) 1647.
Ashby M.F. and Spaepen F., Scripta Met. 12 (1978) 193
Frost H.J., Ashby M.F. and Spaepen F., Scripta Met. 14 (1980) 1051
Pond R.C., Smith D.A. and Vitek V., Scripta Met. 12 (1978) 669
Chen H.S. and Chang S.Y., Phys. Stat. Sol. (a) 25 (1974) 581
Ozawa T. and Ishida Y., Scripta Met. 11 (1977) 835
Ishida Y. and Ozawa T., Scripta Met. 9 (1975) 1103
Nasu S. and Gleiter H., to be published.
Ingle K.W., Bristowe P.D. and Crocker A.G., Phil. Mag. 33 (1976) 83
Faridi B.A. and Crocker A.G.,Phil. Mag. A41 (1980) 137
Dahl R.E., Beeler J.R., Bourquin R.D., in Interatomic Potential and Simulation of Lattice Defects, Plenum Press, 1972,p 673
Briwtowe P.D., Brokman A., Spaepen F. and Balluffi R.W., Scripta Met. 14 (1980) 943
Hahn H., Diploma Thesis, Univ. Of Saarbrucken (1980)
Hahn H. and Gleiter H., Acta Met. 29 (1981) 601
Gleiter H., Progr. Mat. Sci., 25 (1981) 125
Naberezhnyky V.P., Feldman E.P. and Iurchenko V.M., Metalofizika 2 (1980) 11
Siegel R.W., Chang S.M. and Balluffi R.W., Acta Met. 28 (1980) 249
Segall R.L., Acta Met. 12 (1964) 1 17
Jaeger W. and Gleiter H., Scripta Met. 12 (1978) 675
Ishida Y.,Okamato K. and Hachisu S., Acta Met. 26 (1978) 651
Pond R.C. and Smith D.A., Phil. Mag. 36 (1977) 353
Dingley D.J. and Pond R.C., Acta Met. 27 (1979) 667
Darby T.L. and Balluffi R.W., Phil. Mag. A37 (1978) 245
Clark W.A.T. and Smith D.A., Journal of Mat. Sci. 14 (1979) 776
Pumphrey P.H. and Gleiter H., Phil. Mag. 30 (1974) 593
Smidoda K. and Gleiter H., Zeitschr. f. Metallk. 89 (1978) 81
Johannesson T. and Tholen A., Metal Sci. J. 6 (1972) 189
Ashby M.F., Surf. Sci. 31 (1972) 498
Aaron H.B. and Bolling G.F., Surf. Sci. 31 (1972) 27
The energy density in the core of a high energy boundary is of the order of the latent heat of fusion. This energy density presents an upper limit, and, hence, the introduction of an additional dislocation in such a high energy structure can not increase the energy significantly. It has also been argued 137, 138 that the relatively low density 81, 139 of the material in the boundary should result in lower restoring forces there, and thus allow the long range strain field to reduce its energy by widening the boundary dislocation core.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1982 D. Reidel Publishing Company
About this paper
Cite this paper
Gleiter, H. (1982). On the Structure of Grain Boundaries in Metals. In: Mutaftschiev, B. (eds) Interfacial Aspects of Phase Transformations. NATO Advanced Study Institutes Series, vol 87. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-7870-6_8
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-7870-6_8
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-009-7872-0
Online ISBN: 978-94-009-7870-6
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive