Abstract
Tumour markers may be defined as serum or body fluid constituents found in inappropriate concentrations in tumour bearing patients. As such they encompass not only those products of tumour cells which may correctly be termed tumour antigens but also normal body constituents that are produced in excessive amounts in response to the tumour load. Tumour antigens are ‘synthetic’ markers and these may be tumour specific like the oncofetal antigens or nonspecific like the various enzyme and hormones that may demonstrate inappropriate secretion. Those substances produced by host tissues as a response to the presence of tumour are ‘reactive’ markers and include such substances as the acute phase reactive proteins and many enzymes. These reactive markers can never be considered as specific for the tumour bearing state and their interpretation should always be approached with caution.
Keywords
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Bence Jones H: Papers in chemical pathology. Lancet ii: 88–92, 1847.
Maclntyre W: Case of mollities and fragilitas ossium. Med Chir Soc Trans 33: 211–232, 1846.
Dalrymple J: On the microscopic character of mollities ossium. Dublin J Med Sci 2: 85–95, 1846.
Bergstrand CG, Czar B: Demonstration of a new protein fraction in the serum from a human fetus. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 8: 174, 1956.
Gitlin D: Normal biology of alphfetoprotein. Ann NY Acad Sci 259: 7–16, 1975.
Smith CJ, Kelleher RC: afetoprotein: separation of two molecular variants by affinity chromatography with concanavalin-A agarose. Biochim Biophys Acta 317: 231–235, 1973.
Abelev GI, Perova S, Khramkova NI, Postnikova ZA, Irlin I: Production of embryonal alphaglobulin by the transplantable mouse hepatomas. Transplant Bull 1: 174–180, 1963.
Tatarinov YS: Detection of embryospecific alphaglobulin in the blood serum of patients with primary liver tumour. Vopr Med Khim 10: 90–91, 1964.
Norgaard-Pederson B, Albrechtsen R, Teilum G: Serum alphafetoprotein as a marker for endodermal sinus tumour (yolk sac tumour) or a vitelline component of teratocarcinoma. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand 83: 573–589, 1975.
Talerman A, Haije WG: Alphafetoprotein and germ cell tumours: a possible role of yolk sac tumour in production of alphaprotein. Cancer 34: 1722–1726, 1974.
Teilum G: Endodermal sinus tumours of the ovary and testis. Comparitive morphogenesis of the so-called mesonephroma ovarii (Schiller) and extra embryonic (yolk sac allantoic) structures of the rat placenta. Cancer 12: 1092–1105, 1959.
Rosen SW: Placental proteins and their subunits as tumour markers. Ann Intern Med 82: 71–83, 1975.
Catalona WJ, Vaitukaitis JL, Fair WR: Falsely positive specific human chorionic gonadotrophin assays in patients with testicular tumours: conversion to negative with testosterone administration. J Urol 122: 126–128, 1979.
Burtin B, Gold P: Carcinoembryonic antigen. Scand J Immunol 8 (Suppl. 8): 27–38, 1978.
Goldenberg DM: Introduction to the International Conference on the Clinical applications of CEA, Lexington Kentucky 1977. Cancer 42: 1397–1398, 1977.
Banwo O, Versey J, Hobbs JR: New oncofetal antigen for human pancreas. Lancet i:643645, 1974.
Knapp ML, Hobbs JR: Oncofetal pancreatic antigen. Protides of the Biologic Fluids 27: 6366, 1980.
Searle F: New marker possibilities, pp 233–249. In: Germ cell tumours, Anderson, Jones, Milford Ward (eds). London: Taylor & Francis, 1981.
Medical Research Council: Myelomatosis: comparison of melphalan and cyclophosphamide therapy. Br Med J 1: 640–641, 1971.
Axellson U, Hallan JA: A population study on monoclonal gammopathy. Acta Med Scand, 191: 111–113, 1972.
Kohn J, Shrivastava PC: Paraproteinaemia in blood donors and the aged: benign and malignant. Protides of the Biologic Fluids 20: 257–261, 1972.
Gutman AB, Gutman EB: Acid phosphatase occurring in serum of patients with metastasising carcinoma of the prostate gland. J Clin Invest 17: 473–478, 1938.
Foti AG, Herschman H, Cooper JT: A solid phase RIA for human prostatic acid phosphatase. Cancer Res 35: 2446–2452, 1975.
Huggins C, Hodges CT: Studies on prostatic acid phosphatase I. The effect of castration, of oestrogen, and of androgen injection on serum acid phosphatase in metastatic carcinoma of prostate. Cancer Res 1: 293–297, 1941.
Cooper EH, Milford Ward A: Acute phase reactant proteins as aids to monitoring disease. Invest Cell Pathol 2: 293–301, 1979.
Milford Ward A, Cooper EH, Turner R, Anderson JA, Neville AM: Acute phase reactant protein profiles: an aid to the monitoring of large bowel cancer by carcinoembryonic antigen and serum enzymes. Br J Cancer 35: 170–178, 1977.
Milford Ward A, Cooper EH, Houghton AL: Acute phase reactant proteins in prostatic cancer. Br J Urol 49: 411–418, 1977.
Te Velde ER, Faber JAJ, Roebersen W, Berghuys M, Zegers BJM, Ballieux RE: The predictive value of serial determinations of some acute phase reactants, complement components and immunoglobulins in patients with invasive carcinoma of the cervix. Protides of the Biologic Fluids 27: 335–338, 1980.
Bradwell AR: Haptoglobin and orosomucoid in lung and breast tumours, pp 197–215. In: Immunochemistry in clinical laboratory medicine, Milford Ward, Whicher (eds). Lancaster: MTP Press, 1979.
Bastable JRG, Richards B, Howarth S, Cooper EH: Acute phase reactant proteins in the management of carcinoma of the bladder. Br J Urol 51: 283–289, 1979.
Latner AL, Turner GA, Lamin MM: Plasma alpha 1 antitrypsin levels in early and late carcinoma of the cervix. Oncology 33: 12–14, 1976.
Child JA, Cooper EH, Illingworth S, Worthy TS: Biochemical markers in Hodgkin’s disease and non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Recent Results Cancer Res 64: 180–189, 1978.
Gold P, Freedman SO: Demonstration of tumour specific antigens in human colonic carcinomata by immunological tolerance and absorption techniques. J Exp Med 121: 439–462, 1965.
Abelev GI: αfetoprotein as a marker of embryo specific differentiations in normal and tumour tissues. Transplant Rev 20:3–37, 1974.
McIntire KR, Vogel CR, Princler GL, Patel IR: Serum afetoprotein as a biochemical marker for hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Res 32: 1941–1946, 1972.
Ruoslahti E, Salaspuro M, Pihko H, Anderson L, Seppala M: Serum afetoprotein: diagnostic significance in liver disease. Br Med J 2: 527–529, 1974.
Sizaret P, Tuyns A, Martel N, Jouvencaux A, Levin A, Ong YW, Rive J: afetoprotein levels in normal males from seven ethnic groups with different hepatocellular carcinoma risks. Ann NY Acad Sci 259: 136–155, 1975.
Jalanko H, Engvall E, Virtanen I, Ruoslahti E: Early increase of serum afetoprotein in spontaneous hepatocarcinogenesis in mice. Int J Cancer 21: 453–459, 1978.
Kroes R, Sontag JM, Sell S, Williams GM, Weisberger JH. Elevated concentrations of serum alphafetoprotein in rats with chemically induced liver tumours. Cancer Res 35: 1214–1217, 1975.
Murray Lyon IM, On AH, Gazzard B, Kohn J, Williams R: Prognostic value of serum alphafetoprotein in fulminant hepatic failure including patients treated by charcoal haemoperfusion. Gut 17: 576–580, 1976.
Okuda K, Kotoda K, Obata H, Hayashi N, Hisamitsu T, Tamiya M, Kubo Y, Yakushiji F, Nagata E, Jinnouchi S, Shimokawa Y: Clinical observations during a relatively early stage of hepatocellular carcinoma with special reference to afetoprotein levels. Gastroenterology 69: 226–234, 1975.
Co-ordinating Group for the Research on Liver Cancer Studies on human afetoprotein I. αfetoprotein assay in primary hepatocellular carcinoma. Mass survey and followup studies, The Peoples Republic of China, 1974.
McIntire KR, Waldmann TA, Moertel CG, Go VLW: Serum afetoprotein as a biochemical marker for the gastrointestinal tract. Cancer Res 35: 991–996, 1975.
Kohn J: The dynamics of serum alphafetoprotein in the course of testicular teratoma. Scand J Immunology 8 (Suppl. 8): 103–107, 1978.
Lange PH, Fraley EE: Serum alphafetoprotein and testicular tumours. N Engl J Med 296: 694, 1977.
Bagshawe KD: Choriocarcinoma. London: Arnold, 1969.
Bagshawe KD: Recent observations related to the chemotherapy and immunology of gestational choriocarcinoma. Adv Cancer Res 18: 231–263, 1973.
Bagshawe KD, Harland S: Immunodiagnosis and monitoring of gonadotrophin producing metastases in the central nervous system. Cancer 38: 112–118, 1976.
Newlands ES, Dent J, Kardona A, Searle F, Bagshawe KD: Serum afetorprotein and hCG in patients with testicular tumours. Lancet ii: 744–745, 1976.
Milford Ward A: Markers in germ cell tumours: the current state of the art, AFP, ßHCG and AHL kinetics, pp 207–215. In: Germ cell tumours, Anderson, Jones, Milford Ward (eds). London: Taylor and Francis, 1981.
Javadpour N: Management of seminoma based as tumour markers. Urol Clin North Am 7: 773–780, 1980.
Jones WG: Germ cell tumours - the current state of the art and problems in clinical management, pp 3–14. In: Germ cell tumours, Anderson, Jones, Milford Ward (eds). London: Taylor and Francis, 1981.
Wiltshaw E: Germ cell tumours in females, pp 179–188. In: Germ cell tumours, Anderson, Jones, Milford Ward (eds). London: Taylor and Francis, 1981.
Corbett PJ: Extragonadal germ cell tumours: biological and clinical relevance, pp 165–168. In: Germ cell tumours, Anderson, Jones Milford Ward (eds). London: Taylor and Francis, 1981.
Milford Ward A, Bates GE: Serum AFP and apparent half life estimates in the management of endodermal sinus tumours. Protides of the Biologic Fluids 27: 356–368, 1980.
Javadpour N: Improved staging for testicular cancer using biologic tumour markers: a prospective study. J Urol 124: 58–59, 1980.
Scott IV, Milford Ward A, Bradwell AR, Wilson A: afetoprotein, HCG apparent half life in the clinical management of malignant ovarian teratoma, pp 189–191. In Germ cell tumours, Anderson, Jones, Milford Ward (eds). London: Taylor and Francis, 1981.
Germa-Lluch JR, Begent RHJ, Bagshawe KD: Tumour marker levels and prognosis in malignant teratoma of the testis. Br J Cancer 42: 850–855, 1980.
Newlands ES, Begent RHJ, Kaye SB, Rustin GJS, Bagshawe KD: Chemotherapy of advanced malignant teratoma. Br J Cancer 42: 378–384, 1980.
Begent RHJ, Newlands ES, Germa-Lluch JK, Bagshawe KD: Tumour marker levels and prognosis in malignant teratoma of the testis, pp 227–229. In: Germ cell tumours, Anderson, Jones, Milford Ward (eds). London: Taylor & Francis, 1981.
Einhorn LH, Donohue JP: Cisdiammine-dichloroplatinum, vinblastine, and bleomycin combination chemotherapy in disseminated testicular cancer. Ann Intern Med 87: 293–298, 1977.
Newlands ES, Begent RHJ, Rustin GJS, Bagshawe KD: The development of modern chemotherapy for malignant teratomas and results of sequential chemotherapy at Charing Cross Hospital, pp 359–367. In: Germ cell tumours, Anderson, Jones, Milford Ward (eds). London: Taylor & Francis, 1981.
Hancock BW, Grail A, Bates GE, Jones WG, Milford Ward A: Serum ferritin as a third marker in malignant germ cell tumours, pp 253–255. In: Germ cell tumours, Anderson, Jones, Milford Ward (eds). London: Taylor & Francis, 1981.
National Institutes of Health, Concensus Development Conference Statement: CEA: its role as a marker in the management of cancer. Tumour Diagnostik 2: 59–61, 1981.
Livingstone AS, Hampson LG, Shuster J, Gold P, Hinchley EJ: Carcinoembryonic antigen in the diagnosis and management of colorectal carcinoma. Arch Surg 109: 259–264, 1974.
Neville AM, Patel S, Lawrence DJR, Cooper EH, Tuberville C, Coombes RC: The monitoring role of plasma CEA alone and in association with other tumour markers in colorectal and mammary carcinoma. Cancer 42: 1448–1451, 1978.
Sugarbaker PH, Zamcheck N, Moore FD: Assessment of serial carcinoembryonic assays in postoperative detection of recurrent colorectal carcinoma. Cancer 38: 2310–2315, 1976.
MRC Working Party: Report on the second myelomatosis trial after five years follow-up. Br J Cancer 42: 813–822, 1980.
MRC Working Party: Prognostic features in the third MRC myelomatosis trial. Br J Cancer 42: 831–840, 1980.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1982 Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, The Hague
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Ward, A.M. (1982). Tumour Markers. In: Hancock, B.W. (eds) Assessment of Tumour Response. Developments in Oncology, vol 11. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-7633-7_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-7633-7_3
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-009-7635-1
Online ISBN: 978-94-009-7633-7
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive