Abstract
New intravenous drugs hopefully are better than existing compounds. Intravenous anesthetics ideally provide hypnosis, amnesia, analgesia, without toxicity. There are two intravenous drugs whose release by the FDA is imminent. One is etomidate which is old, having been available for many years in Europe and the other is midazolam which is young and still being investigated worldwide. The following discussions review pertinent pharmacology of these drugs, some of which appear in Table 1 below.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Reves JG, Corssen G, Holcomb C. Comparison of two benzodiazepines for anesthesia induction: midazolam and diazepam. Can Anaesth Soc J 1978;25:211–214.
Brown CR, Sarnquist FH, Canup CA, et al. Clinical, electroencephalographic and pharmacokinetic studies of a water-soluble benzodiazepine, midazolam maleate. Anesthesiology 1979;50:467–470.
Ghoneim MM, Korttila K. Pharmacokinetics of intravenous anaesthetics: implications for clinical use. Clin Pharmacokinet 1977;2:344–372.
Forster A, Gardaz JP, Suter PM, et al. Respiratory depression by midazolam and diazepam. Anesthesiology 1980;53:494–497.
Samuelson PN, Reves JG, Kouchoukos NT, et al. Hemodynamic responses to anesthetic induction with midazolam or diazepam in patients with ischemic heart diesase. Anesth Analg 1981;60:802–809.
Janssen PAJ, Niemegeers CJE, Marsboon RPH. Etomidate, a potent nonbarbiturate intravenous hypnotic. Intravenous etomidate in mice, rats, guinea pigs, rabbits and dogs. Arch Int’l Pharmacodyn Ther 1975;241:92–132.
Schuerman SV, Dom J, Dony J, et al. Multinational evaluation of etomidate for anesthesia induction: conclusions and consequences. Anaesthesist 1978;27:52–59.
Van Hamme MJ, Ghoneim MM, Ambre JJ. Pharmacokinetics of etomidate, a new intravenous anesthetic. Anesthesiology 1978;49:274–277.
Zacharias M, Clarke RFJ, Dundee JW, et al. Venous sequelae following etomidate. Br J Anaesth 1979;51:779–783.
Gooding JM, Weng JT, Smith, et al. Cardiovascular and pulmonary responses following etomidate induction of anesthesia in patients with demonstrated cardiac disease. Anesth Analg 1979;58:40–41.
Daehlin L, Gran L. Etomidate and thiopentone: a comparative study of their respiratory effects. Curr Therap Res 1980;27:706–713.
Kissin I, McGee T, Smith LR. The indices of potency for intravenous anesthetics. Can Anaesth Soc J 1981 ;28:585–589.
Ghoneim MM, Van Hamme MJ. Pharmacokinetics of thiopentone: effects of enflurane and nitrous oxide anesthesia in surgery. Br J Anaesth 1978;50:1237–1242.
Christensen JH, Andreasen F, Jansen JA. Pharmacokinetics of thiopentone in a group of young women and a group of young men. Br J Anaesth 1980;52:913–918.
Booij LHDJ, Rutten JMJ, Crul JF. Anesthesia with a constant infusion of etomidate in adult man. Acta Anaesth Belg 1978;29:165–170.
Fragen RJ, Caldwell N, Brunner EA. Clinical use of etomidate for anesthesia inductoin: a preliminary report. Anesth Analg 1976;55:730–733.
Ghoneim MM, Yamada T. Etomidate: a clinical electroencephalographic comparison with thiopental. Anesth Analg 1977;56:479–485.
Fragen RJ, Caldwell N. Comparison of a new formulation of etomidate with thiopental - side effects in awakening times. Anesthesiology 1979;50:242–244.
Gooding JM, Corssen G. Effect of etomidate on the cardiovascular system. Anesth Analg 1977;56:717–719.
Becker KE, Tonnesen AS. Cardiovascular effects of plasma levels of thiopental necessary for anesthesia. Anesthesiology 1978;49:197–200.
Seltzer JL, Gerson JI, Allen FB. Comparison of the cardiovascular effects of bolus vs incremental administration of thiopentone. Br J Anaesth 1980;52:527–530.
Kettler D. Sonntag H, Wolfram-Donath U, et al. Haemodynamics, myocardial function, oxygen requirement, and oxygen supply of the human heart after administration of etomidate. In: Doenicke A. ed. Anaesthesiology and Resuscitatoin. New York: Springer Verlag, 1977:81–94.
Colvin MP, Savege TM, Newland PE, et al. Cardiorespiratory changes following induction of anaesthesia with etomidate in patients with cardiac disease. Br J Anaesth 1979;51:551–556.
Firestone S, Kleinman CS, Jaffe CC, et al. Human research and noninvasive measurement of ventricular performance: an echocardiographic evaluation of etomidate and thiopental. Anesthesiology 1979;51:S22.
Hempelmann G, Piepenbrock S, Hempelmann W, et al. Influence of althesine and etomidate on blood gases (continuous PO-monitoring) and hemodynamics in man. Acta Anaesth Belg 1974;25:402–412.
Patschke D, Bruckner JB, Eberlein HJ, et al. Effects of althesin, etomidate and fentanyl on haemodynamics and myocardial oxygen consumption in man. Can Anaesth Soc J 1977;24:57–69.
Wauquier A, Hermans C, Van den Broeck W, et al. Resuscitative drugeffects in hypovolemic-hypotensive animals. Part 1: comparative cardiovascular effects of an infusion of saline, etomidate, thiopental or pentobarbital in hypovolemic dogs. Unpublished Observations.
Reves JG, Mardis M, Strong S. Cardiopulmonary effects of midazolam. Ala J Med Sci 1978; 15:347–351.
Conner JT, Katz RL, Pagano RR, et al. RO 21-3981 for intravenous surgical premedication and induction of anesthesia. Anesth Analg 1978;57:1–5.
Vinik HR, Reves JG, Wright D. Premedication with intramuscular midazolam: a prospective randomized double blind controlled study. Anesth Analg (in press).
Fragen RJ, Gahl F, Caldwell NA. Water soluble benzodiazepine RO 21-3981 for induction of anesthesia. Anesthesiology 1978;49:41–43.
Forster A, Gardaz JP, Suter PM, et al. IV Midazolam as an induction agent for anaesthesia: a study in volunteers. Br J Anaesth 1980;52:907–911.
Fragen RJ, Caldwell NJ. Recovery from midazolam used for short operations. Anesthesiology 1980;53:S11.
Sarnquist FH, Mathers WD, Brock-Utne J, et al. A bioassy of a water- soluble benzodiazepine against sodium thiopental. Anesthesiology 1980;52:149–153.
Reves JG, Samuelson PN, Lewis S. Midazolam maleate induction in patients with ischemic heart disease: hemodynamic observation. Can Anaesth Soc J 1979;26:402–409.
Samuelson PN, Reves JG, Dole K, et al. Midazolam-N2O induction in ischemic heart disease patients. Anesthesiology 1979;51 :S104.
Al-Khudhairi D, Whitwam JG, Chakrabarti MK, et al. Haemodynamic effects of midazolam and thiopentone during induction of anaesthesia for coronary artery surgery. Br J Anaesth 1982;54:831–835.
Melvin MA, Johnson BH, Quasha AL, et al. Induction of anesthesia with midazolam decreases halothane MAC in man. Anesthesiology 1980;53:S10.
Reves JG, Vinik R, Hirschfield AM, et al. Midazolam compared with thiopentone as a hypnotic component in balanced anesthesia: a randomized, double-blind study. Can Anaesth Soc J 1979;26:42–49.
Reves JG. Benzodiazepines. In: Hug C, ed. Pharmacokinetics of Anesthetic Drugs, (in press)
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1983 Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Boston
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Reves, J.G. (1983). New Intravenous Anesthetic Drugs: Etomidate and Midazolam. In: Stanley, T.H., Petty, W.C. (eds) New Anesthetic Agents, Devices and Monitoring Techniques. Developments in Critical Care Medicine and Anaesthesiology, vol 3. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-6804-2_14
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-6804-2_14
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-009-6806-6
Online ISBN: 978-94-009-6804-2
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive