Abstract
The world-wide acceptance of haemodialysis as a long term means of achieving survival for patients with end stage renal failure may have obscured the inherent danger of this technique to the patient. The technique evolved rapidly from the intensive care unit with continuous nursing and medical observation of the patients in 1960(1), to the patient’s own home, where unattended overnight haemodialysis was first performed in 1964 with a passive flow system and without the use of a blood pump (2). The universal preference for the arteriovenous (A-V) fistula (3) and its implied use of a blood pump, the use of more efficient dialysers(4) together with the requirement that the patient accepts more responsibility for his own treatment (5), have placed an even greater emphasis on the need for adequate equipment and monitoring.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Scribner BH, Buri R, Caner JEZ, Hegstrom R, Burnell JM: The treatment of chronic uremia by means of intermittent hemodialysis. A preliminary report. Trans Am Soc Artif Intern Organs 6: 114, 1960
Shaldon S: Experience to date with home hemodialysis. Proc Working Conf on Chronic Dialysis, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 1964, p 66
Brescia MJ, Cimino JE, Appel K, Hurwich BJ: Chronic hemodialysis using venipuncture and surgically created arteriovenous fistula. N Engl J Med 275: 1089, 1966
Cambi V, Savazzi G, Arisi L, Bignardi L, Bruschi G, Rossi E, Migone L: Short dialysis schedules (SDS) - Finally ready to become a routine? Proc Eur Dial Transpl Assoc 11: 112, 1974
Shaldon S: Independence in maintenance haemodialysis. Lancet 1: 520, 1968
Gurland HJ, Brunner FP, v Dehn H, Harlen H, Parsons FM, Scharer K: Combined report on regular dialysis and transplantation in Europe, III, 1972. Proc Eur Dial Transpl Assoc 10: XVII, 1973
Keshaviah P, Luehmann D, Shapiro FL, Comty CM: Investigation of the risks and hazards associated with hemodialysis devices. Technical Report, a FDA Medical Device Standards Publication, U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare, 1980
Grimsrud HJ, Cole JJ, Eschbach JW, Babb AL, Schribner BH: Safety aspects of hemodialysis. Trans Am Soc Artif Intern Organs 20: 770, 1974
Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation: Hemodialysis Systems Standard (proposed), Arlington VA, 1978.
Canadian Standards Association: Fluid Supply Systems and Accessories for Hemodialysis, Draft CSA standard Z364. 2, Rexdale, Ont, Canada, 1978.
British Standards Panel, LEL/103/2/12, Draft British Stan-dard: Single Patient Continuous Flow Type Supply and Monitoring Machines for Haemodialysis, London, England, 1975.
Japanese) Ministry of Health and Welfare. Standards of Artificial Kidneys for Dialysis (draft), Tokyo, Japan, 1979. Translated by C-D Medical Systems Ltd, Cordis Dow Corp Company, Miami FA
Bernstein EF, Indeglia RA, Shea MA, Varco RL: Sublethal damage to the red blood cell from pumping. Circulation (Suppl) 1: 226, 1967
Hyde SE III, Sadler JH: Red blood cell destruction in hemodialysis. Trans Am Soc Artif Intern Organs 15: 50, 1969
Von Hartitzsch B, Carr D, Kjellstrand CM, Kerr DNS: Normal red cell survival in well dialyzed patients. Trans Am Soc Artif Intern Organs 19: 471, 1973
Shaldon S, Ahmed R, Oag D, Crockett R, Opperman F, Koch KM: The use of the A-V fistula in overnight home haemodialysis in children. Proc Eur Dial Transpl Assoc 8: 65, 1971
Ward MK, Shadforth M, Hill AVL, Kerr DNS: Air embol-ism during haemodialysis. Br Med J 2: 74, 1971
Beullens T, Beelen R, Van Ypersele de Strihou C: Devices for air detection during dialysis. Proc Eur Dial Transpl Assoc 8: 412, 1971
Nishi RY: Ultrasonic detection of bubbles with doppler flow transducers. Ultrasonics 10: 173, 1972
Blagg CR: Acute complications associated with hemodialysis. In Replacement of Renal Function by Dialysis, edited by Drukker W, Parsons FM, Mäher JF, 1st edn, the Hague, Boston, London, Martinus Nijhoff 1978, p 486
Weseley SA: Air embolism during hemodialysis. Dial Transpl 2: 14, 1972
Von Hartitzsch B, Medlock R: New devices to prevent air foam emboli. Dial Transpl 5: 515, 1979
De Palma JR, Shinaberger JH, Abukurah AR: Air embolism hazards in maintenance hemodialysis. Trans Am Soc Artif Intern Organs (Abstract), 1976, p 20
Said R, Quintanilla A, Levin N, Ivanovich P: Acute hemolysis due to profound hypo-osmolality. A complication of hemodialysis. J Dial 1: 447, 1977
Linder A, Moskovtchenko JF, Traeger J: Accidental mass hypernatremia during hemodialysis. Nephron 9: 99, 1972
Bluemle LW Jr: Current status of chronic hemodialysis. Am J Med 44: 749, 1968
Kachmar JF, Grant GH: Proteins and amino acids. In: Fundamentals of Clinical Chemistry, edited by Norbert W. Tietz, Philadelphia, London, Toronto, Sydney, W.B. Saunders Company 1976, p 264
Fortner RW, Nowakowski A, Carter CB, King LH, Knepshield JH: Death due to overheated dialysate during dialysis. Ann Intern Med 73: 443, 1970
Berkes SL, Kahn SI, Chazan JA, Garella S: Prolonged hemolysis from overheated dialysate. Ann Intern Med 83: 363, 1975
Harrison PB, Jansson K, Kronenberg H, Mahony JF, Tiller D: Cold agglutinin formation in patients undergoing haemodialysis. A possible relationship to dialyser re-use. Aust NZ J Med 5: 195, 1975
Von Hartitzsch B, Hoenich NA, Johnson J, Brewis RAL, Kerr DNS: The problem of deaeration - cause, consequence, cure. Proc Eur Dial Transpl Assoc 9: 605, 1972
Drukker W, van der Werff B, Meinsma K: Deaeration of dialysis fluid. Dial Transpl 3: 33, 1974
Hendrick DJ, Lane DJ: Formaline asthma in hospital staff. Br Med J 1: 607, 1975
O’Quinn SE, Kennedy CB: Contact dermatitis due to formaldehyde in clothing textiles. JAMA 194: 123, 1965
Ogden DA, Myers LE, Eskelson CD, Ziegler EJ: Iatrogenic administration of formaldehyde to hemodialysis patients. Proc Dial Transpl Forum 3: 141, 1973
Reveillaud RJ, Deschamps A, Aubert Ph: Risks of i. v. administration of formaldehyde to hemodialyzed patients. Kidney Int 11: 292, 1977
Howell D, Perkins HA: Anti-N-like antibodies in the sera of patients undergoing chronic hemodialysis. Vox Sang 23: 291, 1972
White WL, Miller GE, Kaehny WD: Formaldehyde in the pathogenesis of hemodialysis-related anti-N antibodies. Transfusion 17: 443, 1977
Crosson JT, Moulds J, Comty CM, Polesky F: A clinical study of anti-NDP in the sera of patients in a large repetitive hemodialysis program. Kidney Int 10: 463, 1976
Shaldon S, Chevallet M, Maraoui M, Mion C: Dialysis associated auto-antibodies. Proc Eur Dial Transpl Assoc 13: 339, 1976
Fassbinder W, Pilar J, Scheuermann E, Koch M: Formaldehyde and the occurrence of anti-N-like cold agglutinins in RDT patients. Proc Eur Dial Transpl Assoc 13: 333, 1976
Beizer FO, Kountz SL, Perkins HA: Red cell cold auto- agglutinins as a cause of failure of renal allotransplantation. Transplantation 11: 422, 1971
Koch KM, Frei U, Fassbinder W: Hemolysis and anemia in anti-N like antibody positive hemodialysis patients. Trans Am Soc Artif Intern Organs 24: 709, 1978
Lewis KJ, Dewar PJ, Ward MK, Kerr DNS: Formation of anti-N-like antibodies in dialysis patients: Effect of different methods of dialyzer rinsing to remove formaldehyde. Clin Nephrol 15: 39, 1981
Lefferson P, Goss J: Risk current vs leakage current. Dial Transpl 2: 42, 1973
Deller AG: Electrical safety in dialysis. J Med Eng Technol 3: 186, 1979
Frize M, Scott J, Durie N, Park G: Fibrillation caused by leakage from dialysis machines - What is the danger? Med Biol Eng Comput 16: 124, 1978
Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation. Safe Current Limits for Electromedical Apparatus, American National, Standard Arlington, VA, 1978.
Kopp KF, Gutch CF, Kolff WJ: Single needle dialysis. Trans Am Soc Artif Intern Organs 18: 75, 1972
Gurland HJ, Brunner FP, Chantier C, Jacobs C, Schärer K, Seiwood NH, Spies G, Wing AJ: Combined report on regular dialysis and transplantation in Europe, VI, 1976. Proc Eur Dial Transpl Assoc 13: 3, 1976
Shaldon S, Chiandusse L, Higgs B: Haemodialysis by per-cutaneous catheterisation of the femoral artery and vein with regional heparinisation. Lancet 2: 857, 1961
Kobayashi K, Shibata M, Kato K, Kato S, Nakamura S, Kurachi K, Yasuda B, Ohta K, Maeda K, Imai T, Kawaguchi S, Shimizu K, Yamazaki T, Maji T, and Nomura T: Studies on the development of a new method of controlling the amount and contents of body fluids (extracorporeal ultrafiltration method: ECUM) and the application of this method for patients receiving long term hemodialysis. Jap J Nephrol 14: 1, 1972
Ing TS, Ashbach DL, Kanter A, Oyama HJ, Armbruster KFW, Merkel FK: Fluid removal and negative-pressure hydrostatic ultrafiltration using a partial vacuum. Nephron 14: 451, 1975
Bergström J, Asaba H, FĂ¼rst P, Oulès R: Dialysis ultrafiltration and blood pressure. Proc Eur Dial Transpl Assoc 13: 293, 1976
Shaldon S: Sequential ultrafiltration and dialysis. Proc Eur Dial Transpl Assoc 13: 300, 1976
Asaba H, Bergström J, FĂ¼rst P, Lindh K, Mion C, Oules R, Shaldon S: Sequential ultrafiltration and diffusion as alter-native to conventional haemodialysis. Proc Clin Dial Transpl Forum 6: 129, 1976
Hampl H, Paeprer H, Unger V, Kessel M: Hemodynamic studies during hemodialysis in comparison to sequential ultrafiltration and hemofiltration. J Dial 3: 51, 1979
Wehle B, Asaba H, Castenfors J, FĂ¼rst P, Gunnarson B, Shaldon S, Bergström J: Hemodynamic changes during sequential ultrafiltration and dialysis. Kidney Int 15: 411, 1979
Keshaviah P, Ilstrup K, Constantini E, Berkseth R, Shapiro F: The influence of ultrafiltration (UF) and diffusion (D) on cardiovascular parameters. Trans Am Soc Artif Intern Organs 26: 328, 1980
Koch KM, Ernst W, Baldamus CA, Brecht HM, Georges J, Fassbinder W: Sympathetic activity and Hemodynamics in hemodialysis ultrafiltration and hemofiltration. Kidney Int Abstract) 16: 891, 1979
Comty CM: Factors influencing body composition in terminal uraemics treated by regular haemodialysis. Proc Eur Dial Transpl Assoc 4: 216, 1967
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1983 Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Dordrecht
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Keshaviah, P.R., Shaldon, S. (1983). Haemodialysis Monitors and Monitoring. In: Drukker, W., Parsons, F.M., Maher, J.F. (eds) Replacement of Renal Function by Dialysis. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-6768-7_11
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-6768-7_11
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-0-89838-770-4
Online ISBN: 978-94-009-6768-7
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive