Abstract
From the viewpoint of aeronomy, the atmosphere can be considered to be a mixture of gases exposed to the electromagnetic spectrum of the sun. An understanding of the dynamical and photochemical processes which occur in this environment requires consideration of atmospheric radiative transfer. For example, the rate of reaction between two constituents generally depends on the local temperature (see Chapter 2), which is a result of the effects of absorption, scattering, and emission of solar and terrestrial radiation. Further, solar radiation of particular energies can dissociate and ionize atmospheric molecules to produce reactive ions and radicals which participate in many of the important atmospheric chemical processes.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Ackerman, M., Ultraviolet solar radiation released to mesospheric processes, pp. 149–159, in: Fiocco, G. (Ed.), Meaoapheric Modela and Related Experimenta, D. Reidel (Dordrecht, Holland ), 1971.
Ackerman, M., F. Biaume, and M. Nicolet, Absorption in the spectral range of the Schumann-Runge Bands, Canad. J. Chem., 47, 1834, 1969.
Allen, M. and J.E. Frederick, Effective photodissociation cross sections for molecular oxygen and nitric oxide in the Schumann-Runge Bands, J. Atmos. Sci., 39, 2066, 1982.
Allen, M. and J.E. Frederick, Effective photodissociation cross sections for molecular oxygen and nitric oxide in the Schumann-Runge Bands, J. Atmos. Sci., 39, 2066, 1982.
Arnold, J.O., E.E. Whiting and S.R. Langhoff, MCSF + Cl wevefunctions and properties of the X2H and A2II states of C1O, J. Chem. Phys., 86, 4459, 1977.
Augustsson, T. and V. Ramanathan, A radiative-convective model study of the CO2 climate problem, J. Atmos. Sci., 34, 448, 1977.
Banks, P., and G. Kockarts, Aeronomy, Academic Press, ( New York ), 1973.
Bass, A.M. and A.H. Laufer, Extinction coefficients of ozomethane and dimethyl mercury in the near ultra-violet, J. Photochem., 2, 465, 1974.
Bass, A.M., A. E. Ledford and A.H. Laufer, Extinction coefficients of NO2 and N204, J. Res. NBS, 80A, 143, 1976.
Bass, A.M., L.C. Glasgow, C. Miller, J.P. Jesson and D.L. Filkin, Temperature dependent cross-sections for formaldehyde [CH2O]: The effect of formaldehyde on stratospheric chlorine chemistry, Planet. Sp. Sci., 28, 675, 1980.
Bass, A.M. and R.J. Paur, UV absorption cross sectiosn for ozone: The temperature dependence, J. Photochem., 17, 141, 1981.
Bates, D.R. and P.B. Hays, Atmospheric nitrous oxide, Planet. Sp. Sci., 15, 189, 1967.
Baum, W.A., F.S. Johnson, J.J. Obserly, C.C. Rockwood, C.V. Strain, and R. Tousey, Solar ultraviolet spectrum to 88 kilometers, Phys. Rev., 70, 781, 1946.
Bell, L., Notes on the absorption spectrum of nitrogen peroxide, Amer. Chem. J., 7, 32, 1885.
Bethke, G.W., Oscillator strengths in the far ultraviolet, I. Nitric oxide, J. Chem. Phys., 31, 662, 1959.
Biaume, F., Determination de la Valeur Absolute de l’absorption dans les bandes du systeme de Schumann-Runge de l’oxygene moleculaire, Aeronomica Acta, Brussels, A NO. 100, 1972a.
Biaume, F., Structure de rotation des bandes 0–0 a 13–0 du systeme de Schumann-Runge de la molecule d’oxygene, Acad. Roy. Belg., Mem. Cl. Sci. Coll In -8 Deg., 2E Ser., Tome 40, Fascicule 2, 68 pp., 1972b.
Biaume, F., Nitric acid vapour absorption cross-section spectrum and its photodissociation in the stratosphere, J. Photochem., 2, 139, 1973.
Blake, A.J., J.H. Carver and G.N. Haddad, Photoabsorption cross-sections of molecular oxygen between 1250 A and 2350 A, J. Quant. Spect. Rad. Transf., 6, 451, 1966.
Bossy, L. and M. Nicolet, On the variability of Lyman alpha with solar activity, Planet. Sp. Sci., 29, 907, 1981.
Bossy, L., Solar indices and solar UV irradiances, Planet. Space Sci., 31, 977, 1983.
Brasseur, G. and P.C. Simon, Stratospheric chemical and thermal response to long-term variability in solar UV irradiance, J. Geophys. Res., 86, 7343, 1981.
Brasseur, G., A. De Rudder and P.C. Simon, Implication for stratospheric composition of a reduced absorption cross section in the Herzberg continuum of molecular oxygen, Geopys. Res. Lett., 10, 20, 1983.
Brewer, A.W. and A.W. Wilson, Measurements of solar ultraviolet radiation in the stratosphere, Quart. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 91, 452, 1965.
Broadfoot, A.L., The solar spectrum 2100–3200 A, Astrophys. J., 173, 681, 1972.
Brueckner, G.E., Solar radiometry: Spectral irradiance measurements, Adv. Space Res., 2, 177, 1983.
Brusa, R.W. and C. Frohlich, Recent solar constant determinations from high altitude balloons, Paper presented at the Symposium on the Solar Constant and the Spectral Distribution of Solar Irradiance, IAMAP third Scientific Assembly, Published by the Radiation Commission, Boulder, CO, USA, 1982.
Callear, A.B. and M.J. Pilling, Fluorescence of nitric oxide, 8. Predissociation and cascade quenching in NO D2E+ (v = 0) and NO C211 (v = 0), and the oscillator strengths of the o(0,0) and (0,0) bands, Trans. Faraday Soc., 66, 1886, 1970b.
Carver, J.H., H.P. Gies, T.I. Hobbs, B.R. Lewis and D.G. McCoy, Temperature dependence of the molecular oxygen photoabsorption cross section near the H Lyman alpha line, J. Geophys. Res., 82, 1955, 1977.
Castellano, E. and H.J. Schumacher, Die kinetik und der mechanismus des photochemischen ozonzerfalles im licht der wellenlange 313 nm, Z. Physik. Chem. Neue Folge, 65, 62, 1969.
Cess, R.D., Radiative transfer due to atmospheric water vapor: Global considerations of the earth’s energy balance, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer, 14, 861, 1974.
Cess, R.D., Climate change: An appraisal of atmospheric feedback mechanisms employing zonal climatology, J. Atm. Sci., 33, 1831, 1976.
Cess, R.D. and V. Ramanathan, Radiative transfer in the atmosphere of Mars and that of Venus above the cloud deck, J. Quant. Spectrose Radiat. Transfer, 12, 933–945, 1972.
Chandrasekhar, S., Radiative Trawler, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1950 ( Reprinted by Dover Publ, ( New York ), 1960 ).
Chang, J.S., J.R. Barker, J.E. Davenprot and D.M. Golden, Chlorine nitrate photolysis by a new technique: Very low pressure photolysis, Chem. Phys. Letters, 60, 385, 1979.
Chapman, S., The absorption and dissociative or ionizing effect of monochromatic radiations in an atmosphere on a rotating earth, Proc. Phys. Soc., 43, 483, 1931.
Chou, C.C., W.S. Smith, H. Vera Ruiz, K. Moe, G. Crescentini, J.J. Molinar and F.S. Rowland, The temperature dependence of the ultraviolet absorption cross sections of CCl2F2 and CC13F, and their stratospheric significance, J. Phys. Chem., 81, 1977.
Chou, C.C., R.J. Milstein, W.S. Smith, H. Vera Ruiz, M.J. Molinar and F.S. Rowland, Stratospheric photodissociation of several saturated perhalo chiorofluorocarbon compounds in current technological use (Fluorocarbons -13, -113, -114 and -115), J. Phys. Chem., 82, 1, 1978.
Cieslik, S. and M. Nicolet, The aeronomic dissociation of nitric oxide, Planet. Space Sci., 21, 925, 1973.
Coulson, K.L., Solar and Terrestrial Radiation, Academic Press, ( New York ), 1975.
Cox, R.A. and R.G. Derwent, The uttraviolet absorption spectrum of gaseous nitrous acid, J. Photochem., 6, 23, 1976.
Cox, R.A. and K. Patrick, Kinetics of the reaction HO2 + NO2 (+M) HO2NO2 using molecular modulation spectrometry, Int. J. Chem. Kinetics, 11, 635, 1979.
Coxon, J.A., Vibrational numbering in the AÎI state of CIO, J. Photochem., 5, 337, 1976.
Coxon, J.A. and D.A. Ramsay, The A211–X211 band system of CIO reinvestigation of the absorption spectrum, Canad. J. Phys., 54, 1034, 1978.
Coxon, J.A., RKR Franck-London factors and absorption cross-sections for rotational transitions in the A211 - X211 system of CIO, J. Photochem., 8, 439, 1977.
Crutzen, P., Comment on paper “Absorption and emission by carbon dioxide in the mesosphere”, by J.T. Houghton, Quart. J. Roy. Met. Soc., 96, 767, 1970.
Curtis, A.R., Discussion of a statistical model for water vapour absorption, Quart. J. Roy. Met. Soc., 78, 638, 1952.
Curtis, A.R. and R.M. Goody, Thermal radiation in the upper atmosphere, Proc. Roy. Soc., A236, 193, 1956.
Daimon, R., Recherches sur l’acide nitrique et ses solutions par les spectres d’absorption dans l’ultraviolet, Memoires des services de L’etat, Paris, 30, 141, 1943.
Daumont, D., J. Brion and J. Malicet, Measurement of total atmospheric ozone: Consequences entailed by new values of 03 absorption cross sections at 223 K in the 310–350 nm spectral range, Planet. Space Sci., 31, 1229, 1983.
Davenport, J.E., Determination of NO2 photolysis parameters for stratospheric modeling, Report No. FAA-EQ-78–14, 1978.
De More, W.B. and M. Patapoff, Temperature and pressure dependence of CO2 extinction coefficients, J. Geophys. Res., 77, 6291, 1972.
De More, W.B. and O.F. Raper, Reaction of O(1D) with nitrogen, J. Chem. Phys., 37, 2048, 1962.
De More, W.B. and O.F. Raper, Primary processes in ozone photolysis, J. Chem. Phys., 44, 1780, 1966.
Dickinson, R.E., Method of parameterization for infrared cooling between the altitudes of 30 and 70 km, J. Geophys. Res., 78, 4451, 1973.
Dobson, G.M.B., Observera Handbook for the Ozone Spectrophotometer, Ann. IGU, V, 46, Pergamon Press, New York, 1957.
Donner, L. and V. Ramanathan, Methane and nitrous oxide: Their effects on the terrestrial climate, J. Atmos. Sci., 37, 119, 1980.
Dopplick, T.G., Radiative heating of the global atmosphere, J. Atmos. Sci., 29, 1278, 1972.
Ditchburn, R.W. and P.A. Young, The absorption of molecular oxygen between 1850 and 2500 A, J. Atm. Terr. Phys., 24, 127, 1962.
Duncan, A.B.F., The far ultraviolet absorption spectrum of N20, J. Chem. Phys., 4, 638, 1936.
Edwards, D.K., Absorption of radiation by carbon monoxide gas according to the exponential wide-band model, Appl. Optics, 4, 1351, 1965.
Ellingson, R.G. and J.C. Gille, An infrared radiative transfer model, I. model description and comparison of observations with calculations, J. Atmos. Sci., 35, 523, 1978.
Ellis, J.S., Cloudiness: The planetary radiation budget and climate, Ph.D. Thesis, Dept. of Atmos. Sci., Colorado State Univ., Fort Collins.
Elsasser, W.M., Heat transfer by infrared radiation in the atmosphere, Harvard Meteorological Studies, No. 6, Harvard Univ. Press, Cambridge, Mass., 1942.
Elsasser, W.M., Mean absorption and equivalent absorption coefficient of a band spectrum, Phys. Rev., 54, 126, 1938.
Elterman, L., UV, visible and IR attenuation for altitudes to 50 km, AFCRL Report 68–0153, Environ. Res. Papers, Bedford, MA, 1968.
Fairchild, C.E., E.J. Stone and G.M. Lawrence, Photofragment spectroscopy of ozone in the UV region 270–310 nm and 600 nm, J. Chem. Phys., 69, 3632, 1978.
Fang, T.M., S.C. Wofsy and A. Dalgarno, Capacity distribution functions and absorption in Schumann-Runge bands of molecular oxygen, Planet. Space Sci., 22, 413, 1974.
Fiocco, G., A. Mugnai and W. Forlizzi, Effects of radiation scattered by aerosols on the photodissociation of ozone, J. Atom. Terr. Phys., 40, 949, 1978.
Frederick, J.E. and R. D. Hudson, Predissociation of nitric oxide in the mesosphere and stratosphere, J. Atmos. Sci., 36, 737–745, 1979.
Frederick, J.E., R.D. Hudson and J.E. Mental(, Stratospheric observations of the attenuated solar irradiance in the Schumann-Runge band absorption region of molecular oxygen, J. Geophys. Res., 86, 9885, 1981.
Frederick, JE. and J.E. Mentall, Solar irradiance in the stratosphere: Implication for the Herzberg continuum absorption of 02, Geophys. Res. Lett., 9, 461, 1982.
Frederick, J.E., R.B. Abrams and P.J. Crutzen, The delta band dissociation of nitric oxide: A potential mechanism for coupling thermospheric variations to the mesosphere and stratosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 88, 3829, 1983.
Frohlich, C., Contemporary measures of the solar constant, pp. 93–109, in: White, O.R. (ed.), The Solar Output and itsVariation, University of Colorado Press, 1977.
Froidevaux, L. and Y.L. Yung, Radiation and chemistry in the stratosphere: Sensitivity to 02 cross sections in the Herzberg continuum, Geophys. Res. Lett., 9, 854, 1982.
Ghazi, A.V., V. Ramanathan and R.E. Dickinson, Acceleration of upper stratospheric radiative damping: observational evidence, Geophys. Res. Lett., 6, 437, 1979.
Gibson, G.E. and N.S. Bayliss, Variation with temperature of the continuous absorption spectrum of diatomic molecules: Part I. Experimental absorption spectrum of chlorine, Phys. Rev., 44, 186, 1933.
Gibson, G.E., O.K. Rice and N.S. Bayliss, Variation with temperature of the continuous absorption spectrum of diatomic molecules: Part II. Theoretical, Phys. Rev., 44, 193, 1933.
Godson, W.L., The evaluation of infrared radiative fluxes due to atmosphere water vapour, Quart. J. Roy. Met. Soc., 79, 367, 1953.
Goldstein, R. and F.N. Mastrup, Absorption coefficients of the 02 Schumann-Runge continuum from 1270 A to 1745 A using a new continuum source, 56, 765, 1966.
Goodeve, C.F. and A.C.W. Taylor, The continuous absorption spectrum of hydrogen bromide, Proc. Roy. Soc., A152, 221, 1935.
Goody, R.M., A statistical model for water-vapour absorption, Quart. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 78, 165, 1952.
Goody, R.M., Atmospheric radiation, I. Theoretical Basis, Oxford at the Clarendon Press, 1964.
Graham, R.A. and H.S. Johnston, The photochemistry of NO3 and the kinetics of the N203–03 system, J. Phys. Chem., 82, 254, 1978.
Graham, R.A., A.M. Wier and J.A. Pitts, Ultraviolet and infrared cross section of gas phase HO2NO2i Geophys. Res. Lett., 5, 909, 1978.
Grant, I.P. and G.E. Hunt, Discrete space theory of radiative transfer, I. Fundamentals, Proc. Roy. Soc. London, A313, 183, 1969.
Griggs, M., Absorption coefficients of ozone in the ultraviolet and visible regions, J. Chem. Phys., 49, 857, 1968.
Groves, K.S. and A.F. Tuck, Strospheric 03-CO2 coupling in a photochemical-radiative column noel, I. Without chlorine chemistry, Quart. J. Roy. Met. Soc., 106, 125, 1980.
Hall, T.C. and F.E. Blacett, Separation of the absorption spectra of NO2 and N204 in the range of 2400–5000 A, J. Chem. Phys., 20, 1745, 1952.
Hansen, J.E., W.C. Wang and A.A. Lacis, Mount Agung eruption provides test of a global climatic perturbation, Science, 199, 1065, 1978.
Hansen, J., D. Johnson, A. Lacis, S. Lebedeff, P. Lee, D. Rind, and G. Russell, Climate impact of increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide, Science, 213, 957, 1981.
Harker, A.B., N. Ho and J.J. Ratto, Photodissociation quantum yield of NO2 in the region 375 to 420 nm, Chem. Phys. Letters, 50, 394, 1977.
Hasson, V. and R.W. Nicholls, Absolute spectral absorption measurements on molecular oxygen from 2640–1920 A. II. Continuum measurements 2430–1920 A, J. Phys. B., 4, 1789, 1971.
Hearn, A.G., The absorption of ozone in the ultraviolet and visible region of the spectrum, Proc. Phys. Soc., 79, 932, 1961.
Heath, D.F. and M.P. Thekaekara, The solar spectrum between 1200 and 3000 A, in The Solar Output and Its Variations, Oran R. White, (ed.), Colorado Associated University Press, Boulder, Colorado, 193–212, 1979.
Heath, D.F., A review of observational evidence for short and long term ultraviolet flux variability of the Sun, in Proceedings of the International Conference on Sun and Climate, Centre National D’Etudes Spatiales, p. 163, France, 1980.
Henri, V. and S.A. Schou, Struktur und akitivierung der molekel des formaldehyds, eine analyse auf grund des ultrvioletten absorption-spektrums des dampfes, Zeit. Phys., 49, 774, 1928.
Hering, W.S., C.N. Tonart and T.R. Borden, Ozone heating and radiative equilibrium in the lower stratosphere, J. Atmos. Sci., 29, 402, 1987.
Herman, J.R. and J.E. Mental!, The direct and scattered solar flux within the stratosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 87, 1319, 1982a.
Herman, J.R. and J.E. Mentall, 02 absorption cross section (187–225 nm) from stratospheric solar flux measurements, J. Geophys. Res. 87, 8967, 1982b.
Heroux, L. and R.A. Swirbalus, Full-disk solar fluxes between 1230 and 1940 A, J. Geophys. Res. 81, 436, 1976.
Herzberg, G., Ultraviolet absorption spectra of acetylene and formaldehyde, Trans. Faraday. Soc., 27, 378, 1931.
Herzberg, L., in Physic, of the Earth’a upper atmosphere, Hines, C., I. Paghis, T. R. Hartz, and J. A. Fejer (eds.), Prentice Hall, (Englewood Cliffs, N. J. ), 1965.
Hinteregger, H.E., Solar UV irradiance at wavelengths below 185 nanometers observed for sunspot cycle 21, EGS, Uppsala, 1981.
Holt, R.B., C.K. McLane and O. Oldenberg, Ultraviolet absorption spectrum of hydrogen peroxide, J. Chem. Phys., 16, 225–229, 1948.
Holt, R.B., C.K. McLane and O. Oldenberg, Ultraviolet absorption spectrum of hydrogen peroxide, Erratum: J. Chem. Phys., 18, 638, 1948.
Holt, R.B. and O. Oldenberg, Role of hydrogen peroxide in the thermal combination of hydrogen and oxygen, J. Chem. Phys., 17, 1091, 1949.
Houghton, J.T., Absorption and emission by carbon dioxide in the mesosphere, Quart. J. Roy. Met. Soc., 95, 1, 1969.
Houghton, J.T., The Phyaica of Atmoapherea, Cambridge University Press (Cambridge), 1977.
Hudson, R.D., V.L. Carter and J.A. Stein, An investigation of the effect of temperature on the Schumann-Runge absorption continuum of oxygen, 1580–910 A, J. Geophys. Res., 71, 2295, 1966.
Hudson, R.D. and V.L. Carter, Absorption of oxygen at elevated temperatures (300 to 900 K) in the Schumann-Runge system, J. Opt. Soc. Amer., 58, 1621, 1968.
Hudson, R.D., V.L. Carter and E.L. Breig, Predissociation in the Schumann-Runge band system of 02: Laboratory measurements and atmospheric effects, J. Geophys. Res., 74, 4079, 1969.
Hudson, R.D. and S.H. Mahle, Photodissociation rates of molecular oxygen in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 77, 2902, 1972.
Huffman, R.E., Y. Tanaka and J.C. Larrabee, Nitrogen and oxygen absorption cross sections in the vacuum ultraviolet, Disc. Faraday Soc., 37, 159, 1964.
Hummel, J.R. and W.R. Kuhn, An atmospheric radiative-convective moel with interactive water vàpor transport and cloud development, Tellus, 33, 372, 1981.
Inn, E.C.Y., K. Watanabe and M. Zelikoff, Absorption coefficients of gases in the vacuum ultraviolet: 3. CO2i J. Chem. Phys., 21, 1648, 1953.
Inn, E.C.Y., Absorption coefficient of HCI in the region 1400 to 2200 A, J. Atmos. Sci., 32, 2375, 1975.
Iribarne, J. V., and H. R. Cho, Atmospheric Physics, D. Reidel Publishing Company, ( Dordrecht, Holland ), 1980.
Isaksen, I.S.A., K.H. Modtbo, J. Sunde and P.J. Crutzen, A simplified method to include the molecular scattering and reflection calculations of photon fluxes and photodissociation rates, Geophys. Norv. 31, 11, 1977.
Johnson, F.S., J.D. Porcell, R. Tousey and K. Watanabe, Direct measurements of the vertical distribution of atmospheric ozone to 70 km altitude, J. Geophys. Res., 57, 157, 1952.
Johnston, H.S., E.D. Morris, Jr and J. Van den Bogaerde, Molecular modulation kinetic spectrometry, C1OO and CIO radicals in the photolysis of chlorine in oxygen, J. Amer. Chem. Soc., 91, 7712–7727, 1969.
Johnston, H.S. and R.A. Graham, Gas-phase ultraviolet spectrum of nitric acid vapor, J. Chem. Phys., 77, 62, 1973.
Johnston, H.S. and R.A. Graham, Photochemistry of NO„ compounds, Canad. J. Chem., 52, 1415, 1974.
Johnston, H.S. and G. Selwyn, New cross sections for the absorption of near ultraviolet radiation by nitrous oxide (N20), Geophys. Res. Lett., 2, 549, 1975.
Jones, E.J. and O.R. Wulf, The absorption coefficient of nitrogen pentoxide in the ultraviolet and the visible absorption spectrum Nos, J. Chem. Phys., 5, 873, 1937.
Jones, I.T.N. and K.D. Bayes, Photolysis of nitrogen dioxide, J. Chem. Phys., 59, 4836, 1973.
Jones, I.T.N. and R.P. Wayne, The photolysis of ozone by ultraviolet radiation. V. Photochemical formation of 02 (16,g), Proc. Roy. Soc. London, A321, 409, 1971.
Jourdan, J.L., G. Le Bras, G. Poulet, J. Combourieu, P. Rigaud and B. Leroy, UV absorption spectrum of CIO (A2II-X2II) up to the (1–0) band, Chem. Phys. Letters, 57, 109, 1978.
Junge, C.E., Air Chemistry and Radioactivity, Academic Press (New York), 1963.
Kajimoto, 0. and R.J. Cvetanovic, Temperature dependence of 0(’D) production in the photolysis of ozone at 313 nm, Chem. Phys. Letters, 37, 533, 1976.
Kiehl, J.T. and V. Ramanathan, CO2 radiative parameterization used in climate models: Comparison with narrow band moels and with laboratory data, J. Geophys. Res., 88, 5191, 1983.
Knauth, H.-D., H. Alberti and H. Clausen, Equilibrium constant of the gas reaction C12 + H2O = 2HOC1 and the ultraviolet spectrum of HOC !, J. Phys. Chem., 83, 1604, 1979.
Kockarts, G., Penetration of solar radiation in the Schumann-Runge bands of molecular oxygen in Mesopheric Models and Related Experiment, ed. G. Fiocco, Reidel Publ. Co. (Dordrecht, Holland), 160–176, 1971.
Kockarts, G., Absorption and photodissociation in the Schumann-Runge bands of molecular oxygen in the terrestrial atmosphere, Planet. Space Sci., 24, 589, 1976.
Kondratyev, K.Y., Radiation in the Atmosphere, Academic Press ( New York, N.Y. ), 1969.
Kourganoff, V., Basic Methods in Transfer Problems, Oxford University Press (London), 1952.
Kuhn, W.R., and J. London, Infrared radiative cooling in the middle atmosphere (30–110 km), J. Atmos. Sci., 26, 189, 1969.
Kuis, S., R. Simonaitis and J. Heicklen, Temperature dependence of the photolysis of ozone at 3130 A, J. Geophys. Res., 80, 1328, 1975.
Lacis, A.A. and J.E. Hansen, A parameterization for the absorption of solar radiation in the Earth’s atmosphere, J. Atmos. Sci., 31, 118, 1974.
Lambrey, M. and D. Chalonge, Structure de la bande ultraviolette de l’ozone, Gerl. Beitr. Geophys., 24, 42, 1929.
Langhoff, J.R., J.P. Dix, J.O. Arnold, R.W. Nicholls and L.L. Danylewych, Theoretical intensity parameters for the vibration-rotation bands of CIO, J. Chem. Phys., 67, 4306, 1977.
Langhoff, S.R., R.L. Jaffe and J.O. Arnold, Effective cross sections and rate constants for predissociation of CIO in the earth’s atmosphere, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Rad. Transfer, 18, 227, 1977.
Lean, J.L. and A.J. Blake, The effect of temperature on thermospheric molecular oxygen absorption in the Schumann-Runge continuum, J. Geophys. Res., 86, 211, 1981.
Lean, J.L., O.R. White, W.C. Livingston, D.F. Heath, R.F. Donnelly and A. Skumanisch, A three-component model of the variability of the solar ultraviolet flux: 145–200 nm, J. Geophys. Res., 87, 1037, 1982.
Laufer, A.M. and J.R. Mcnesby, Deuterium isotope effect in vacuum ultraviolet absorption coefficients of water and methane, Canad. J. Chem., 43, 3487, 1965.
Leifson, S.W., Absorption spectra of some gases and vapors in the Schumann region, Astrophys. J., 63, 73, 1926.
Lenoble, J., Standard procedures to compute atmospheric radiative transfer in a scattering atmosphere, I.A.M.A.P., National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado 80307, USA, 1977.
Lenoble, J., Transfert radiatif, in Physique Moleculaire - Physique de L’Atmosphere, C. Camy-Peyret (ed.), Editions du CNRS, Paris, 1982.
Lin, C.-L. and W.B. Demore, O(’D) production in ozone photolysis near 3100 A, J. Photochem., 2, 161–164, 1973.
Lin, C.L., N.K. Rohatgi and W.B. Demore, Ultraviolet absorption cross sections of hydrogen peroxide, Geophys. Res. Letters, 5, 113, 1978.
Liou, K-N., An Introduction to Atmospheric Radiation, Academic Press (New York, N.Y.), 1980.
Liou, K-N. and S-C.S. Ou, Theory of equilibrium temperatures in radiative turbulent atmospheres, J. Atmos. Sci., 40, 214, 1983.
London, J., In Proceedings of the Nato Advanced Institute on Atmospheric Ozone (Portugal), U.S. Dept. of Transportation, FAA - Washington, D.C., USA - No. FAA-EE-80–20, 1980.
Luther, F.M. and R.J. Gelinas, Effect of molecular multiple scattering and surface albedo on atmosphere photodissociation rates, J. Geophys. Res., 81, 1125, 1976.
Luther, F.M., D.J. Wuebbels, W.H. Buewer and J.C. Chang, Effect of multiple scattering on species concentrations and model sensitivity, J. Geophys. Res., 83, 3563, 1978.
Magnotta, F. and H.S. Johnston, Photodissociation quantum yields for the NO3 free radical, Geophys. Res. Letters, 7, 769, 1980.
Malkmus, W., Random Lorentz band model with exponential-tailed S-1 line intensity distribution function, J. Opt. Soc. Amer., 57, 323–329, 1967.
Manabe, S. and F. Moller, On the radiative equilibrium and heat balance of the atmosphere: Mon. Weath. Rev., 89, 503, 1961.
Manabe, S. and R.F. Strickler, Thermal equilibrium of the atmosphere with a convective adjustment, J. Atmos. Sci., 21, 361, 1964.
Manabe, S. and R.T. Wetherald, Thermal equilibrium of the atmosphere with a given distribution of relative humidity, J. Atmos. Sci., 24, 241, 1967.
Mandelman, M. and R.W. Nicholls, The absorption cross sections and F-values for the v*=0 progression of bands and associated continuum for the CIO (A2I1–X2I1) system, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Rad. Transfer, 17, 481, 1977.
Marmo, F.F., Absorption coefficients of nitrogen oxide in the vacuum ultraviolet, J. Opt. Soc. Amer., 43, 1186, 1953.
Martin, H. and R. Gareis, Die kinetik der reaktion von C1O2 mit NO2 in der loesungsphase, Zeit. Elektrochem., 60, 959, 1956.
McCartney, E.J., Optics of the Atmosphere: Scattering by Molecules and Particles, Wiley ( New York, N.Y. ), 1976.
McClatchey, R.A., et al., Optical properties of the atmosphere, 3rd ed., AFCRL-72–0497, Air Force Cambridge Research Labs, Bedford, Mass., 1972.
McClatchey, R.S., R.W. Fenn, J.E.A. Selby, F.E. Volz and J.S. Garing, Optical properties of the atmosphere, AFCRL-71–0279, Air Force Cambridge Research Laboratories, 85 pp., Cambridge, MA, 1973.
Meier, R.R., D.E. Anderson, Jr., and M. Nicolet, Radiation field in the troposphere and stratosphere from 240 to 1000 nm - I. General analysis, Planet. Space Sci., 30, 923, 1982.
Metzger, P.H. and G.R. Cook, A reinvestigation of the absorption cross sectiosn of molecular oxygen in the 1050–1800 A region, J. Quant. Spectros. Rad. Trans., 4, 107, 1964.
Mie, G., Beitrage zur optik trueber Medien, Speziell koloidaller metaloesungen, Ann. der Phys., 25, 377, 1908.
Miescher, E., Rotationsanalyse der NO+ banden, HeIv. Phys. Acata, 29, 135, 1956a.
Miescher, E., Rotationanalyse der B’-banden (2A-X211) des NO-molekuls, HeIv. Phys. Acta, 29, 401 1956b.
Miescher, E., Excited NO levels, J. Opt. Soc. Amer., 49, 1130, 1959.
Miescher, E., Spectrum and energy levels of the NO molecule, J. Quant. Spectros. Rad. Trans., 2, 421, 1962.
Miescher, E., Analysis of the spectrum of nitric oxide molecule, Report AFCRL-69–0268, 1968.
Miescher, E., The fine structure of the spectrum of the electronic NO laser, J. Mol. Spec., 53, 302, 1974.
Milne, E.A., Handbuch der Astrophysik, 3, Part I, 1930 ( Reprinted in “Selected Papers on the Transfer of Radiation”, Dover, 1968 ).
Mitchell, A.C.G. and W.M. Zemansky, Resonance Radiation and Excited Atoms, Harvard Univ. Press, Cambridge, MA, 1934 (Reprinted 1961 ).
Molina, L.T., S.D. Schinke and M.J. Molina, Ultraviolet absorption spectrum of hydrogen peroxide vapor, Geophys. Res. Letters, 4, 580, 1977.
Molina, L.T. and M.J. Molina, Ultraviolet spectrum of HOC1, J. Phys. Chem., 42, 2410, 1978.
Molina, L.T. and M.J. Molina, Chlorine nitrate ultraviolet absorption spec- trum at stratospheric temperatures, J. Photochem., 11, 139–144, 1979.
Molina, L.T. and M.J. Molina, J. Photochem., 15, 97, 1981.
Moortgat, G.K., E. Kudszus and P. Warneck, Temperature dependence of O(1D) formation in the near UV photolysis of ozone, J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans 11, 73, 1216, 1977.
Moortgat, G.K. and P. Warneck, Relative O(MD) quantum yields in the near UV photolysis of ozone at 298 K, Naturforsch., 30A, 835, 1975.
Moortgat, G.K. and P. Warneck, CO and H2 quantum yields in the photo- decomposition of formaldehyde in air, J. Chem. Phys., 70, 3639, 1979.
Mount, G.H., G.J. Rottman, and J.G. Thimothy, The solar spectral irradiance 1200–2550 A at solar maximum, J. Geophys. Res., 85, 4271, 1980.
Mount, G.H. and G.J. Rottman, The solar spectral irradiance 1200–1284 A near solar maximum: July 15, 1980, Geophys. Res. Letters, 86, 9193, 1981.
Mount, G.H. and G.J. Rottman, The solar absolute spectral irradiance 11503173 A: 17 May 1982, J. Geophys. Res., 88, 5403, 1983.
Murgatroyd, R.J. and R.M. Goody, Sources and sinks of radiative energy from 30 to 90 km, Quart. J. Roy. Met. Soc., 84, 225, 1958.
Nakayamat, T., M.Y. Kitamura and K. Watanabe, Ionization potential and absorption coefficients of nitrogen dioxide, J. Chem. Phys., 30, 1180, 1959.
Neckel, H. and D. Labs, Improved data of solar spectral irradiance from 0.33 to 1.25 microns, Solar Phys., 74, 231, 1981.
Nicolet, M., Photodissociation of nitric oxide in the mesosphere and stratosphere: Simplified numerical relations for atmosphere model calculation, Geophys. Res. Letters, 6, 866, 1979.
Nicolet, M., The chemical equations of stratospheric and mesopheric ozone, Proceedings of Nato Advanced Study Institute on Atmospheric Ozone (Portugal), edited by US Dept. of Transportation, FAA Washington, D.C., USA, Rapport No. FAA-EE-80–20, 1980.
Nicolet, M. and S. Cieslik, The photodissociation of nitric oxide in the mesophere and stratosphere, Planet. Space Sci., 28, 105, 1980.
Nicolet, M. and W. Peetermans, Atmospheric absorption in the 02 Schumann-Runge band spectral range and photodissociation rates in the stratosphere and mesophere, Planet. Space Sci., 28, 85, 1980.
Nicolet, M., The photodissociation of water vapor in the rr~sophere, J. Geophys. Res., 86, 5203, 1981.
Nicolet, M., R.R. Meier, and D.E. Anderson, Radiation field in the troposphere and stratosphere - II. Numerical analysis, Planet. Space Sci., 30 935, 1982.
Nicolet, M., R.R. Meier, and D.E. Anderson, Radiation field in the troposphere and stratosphere - II. Numerical analysis, Planet. Space Sci., 30 935, 1982.
Norrish, R.G.W. and F.N. Kirkbride, Primary photochemical processes, Part I. The decomposition of formaldehyde, J. Chem. Soc., pp. 1518–1530, 1932.
Ogawa, M., Absorption cross sections of 02 and CO2 continua in the Schumann-Runge and far-UV regions, J. Chem. Phys. Letters, 9, 603, 1971.
Ogawa, S. and M. Ogawa, Absorption cross section of 02 (A1Ag) and 02 (X3Og) in the region from 1087 to 1700 A., Canad. J. Phys., 53, 1845, 1975.
Owens, A.J., C.H. Hales, D.L. Filkin, C. Miller, A. Yokozeki, J.M. Steed and J.P. Jesson, A coupled one-dimensional radiative-convective chemistry - transport moel of the atmosphere, I. Model structure and steady state perturbation calculations, manuscript
Park, J.H., The equivalent mean absorption cross sections for the 02 Schumann-Runge bands: Aplication to the H2O and NO photodissociation rates, J. Atmos. Sci., 312, 1893, 1974.
Penndorf, R., Tables of the refractive index for standard air and the Rayleigh scattering coefficient for the spectral region between 0.2 and 20.0 pm and their application to atmospheric optics, J. Opt. Soc. Am., 47, 176, 1957.
Perner, D., and U. Platt, Absorption of light in the atmosphere by collision pairs of oxygen (02)2, Geophys. Res. Lett., 7, 1053, 1980.
Ramanathan, V., Radiative transfer within the Earth’s troposphere and stratosphere: A simplified radiative-convective model, J. Atmos. Sci., 33, 1330, 1976.
Ramanathan, V. and J.A. Coakley, Climate modeling thrcugh radiative convective models, Rev. Geophys. Space Phys., 16, 465, 1978.
Ramanathan, V., E.J. Pitcher, R.C. Malone and M.L. Blackmon, The response of a spectral general circulation model refinements in radiative processes, J. Atmos. Sci., 40, 805, 1983.
Rasool, S.I. and S.H. Schneider, Atmospheric carbon dioxide and aerosols effects of large increases on global climate, Science, 173, 138, 1971.
Richards, P.G., D.G. Torr, and M.A. Torr, Photodissociation of N2: A significant source for thermospheric atomic nitrogen, J. Geophys. Res., 86, 1495, 1981.
Robbins, D.E., Photodissociation of methyl chloride and methyl bromide in the atmosphere, Geophys. Res. Letters, 3, 213, 1976a, and Erratum: Ibid, 757, 1976b.
Rodgers, C.D. and C.D. Walshaw, The computation of infra-red cooling rate in planetary atmospheres, Quart. J. Roy. Met. Soc., 92, 67, 1966.
Romand, J. and B. Vodar, Spectre d’absorption de la’acide chlorhydrique gazeux dans la region de Schumann, C.R. Acad. Sci. Paris, 226, 238, 1948.
Romand, J. and Mayence, J., Spectre d’absorption de l’oxyde azoteux gazeux dans la region de Schumann, C.R. Acad. Sci. Paris, 228, 998, 1949.
Rothman, L.S., A. Goldman, J.R. Gillis, R.H. Tipping, L.R. Brown, J.S. Margolis, A.G. Maki and L.D.G. Young, AFGL trace gas compilation: 1980 version, Appl. Opt., 20, 1323, 1980.
Rottman, G., Personal communication, 1981.
Rottman, G., C. Barth, R. Thomas, G. Mount, G. Lawrence, D. Rusch, R. Saunders, G. Thomas and J. London, Solar spectral irradiance, 120 to 190 nm, October 13, 1981 - January 3, 1982, Geophys. Res. Letters, 9, 587, 1982.
Rottman, G.J., 27-day variations observed in solar ultraviolet (120–300 nm) irradiance, Planet. Space Sci., 31, 1001, 1983.
Rowland, F.S., and M.J. Molina, Chlorofluoromethanes in the enviornment, Rev. Geophys. Space Phys., 13, 1, 1975.
Rowland, F.S., J.E. Spencer and M.J. Molina, Stratospheric formation and photolysis of chlorine nitrate, J. Phys. Chem., 80, 2711, 1976.
Samain, D. and P.C. Simon, Solar flux determination in the spectral range 150–210 nm, Solar Phys., 49, 33, 1976.
Schoeberl, M.R. and D.F. Strobel, The zonally averaged circulation of the middle atmosphere, J. Atmos. Sci., 35, 577, 1978.
Schurgers, M. and K.H. Welge, Absorptionskoeffizient von 11202 und N2H4 zwischen 1200 und 2000 A, Zeit. Naturforsch., 23A, 1508, 1968.
Seery, D.J. and D. Britton, The continuous absorption spectra of chlorine, bromine, bromide chloride, iodine chloride and iodine bromide, J. Phys. Chem., 68, 2263, 1964.
Shardanand, and A.D. Prasad-Rao, Collision-induced absorption of 02 in the Herzberg continuum, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer, 17, 443, 1977.
Shemansky, D.E., CO2 extinction coefficient 1700–3000 A, J. Chem. Phys., 56, 1582, 1972.
Simon, P.C., Solar irradiance between 120 and 400 nm and its variations, Solar Phys., 74, 273, 1982.
Simon, P.C., R. Pastiels and D. Nevejans, Balloon observations of solar ultra- violet irradiance at solar minimum, Planet. Space Sci., 30, 67, 1982a.
Simon, P.C., R. Pastiels, D. Nevejans and D. Gillotay, Balloon observatiosn of solar ultraviolet irradiance during solar cycle 21, in Proceedings of the Symposium on the Solar Constant and the Spectral Distribution of Solar Irradiance (J. London and C. Frohlich, ed.), p. 95, IAMAP, Third Scientific Assembly, Boulder, CO, USA, 1982b.
Simonaitis, R., S. Braslaysky, J. Heicklen and M. Nicolet, Photolysis of Os at 3130 A, Chem. Phys. Lett., 19, 601, 1973.
Simons, J.W., R.J. Paur, H.A. Webster, III and E.J. Bair, Ozone ultraviolet photolysis, IV. The ultraviolet spectrum, J. Chem. Phys., 59, 1203, 1973.
Simpson, C.J.S.M., P.D. Gait and J.M. Simmie, The vibrational deactivation of the bending moe of CO2 by 02 and by N2, Chem. Phys. Lett., 47, 133, 1977.
Smith, E.V.P. and D.M. Gottlieb, Solar flux and its variations, Space Sci. Rev., 16, 771, 1974.
Smith, W.S., C.C. Chou and F.S. Rowland, The mechanism for ultraviolet photolysis of gaseous chlorine nitrate at 302.5 nm, Geophys. Res. Letters, 4, 517, 1977.
Sobolev, V.V., A Treatise of Radiative Transfer, D. Van Nostrand ( Princeton, N.J. ), 1963.
Spencer, J.E. and F.S. Rowland, Bromine nitrate and its stratospheric significance, J. Phys. Chem., 82, 7, 1978.
Stockwell, W.R. and J.C. Calvert, The near ultraviolet absorption spectrum of gaseous HONO and N204, J. Photochem., 8, 193, 1978.
Stolarski, R.S. and R.J. Cicerone, Stratospheric chlorine, A possible sink for ozone, Can. J. Chem., 52, 1610, 1974.
Stone, P. and J. Carlson, Atmospheric lapse rate regimes and their parameterization, J. Atmos. Sci., 36, 415, 1976.
Swider, W. and M.E. Gardner, On the accuracy of certain approximations for the Chapman function, Environmental Research Papers No. 272, Air Force Cambridge Research, Bedford, MA, USA, 1967.
Sze, N.D. and M.K.W. Ko, The effects of the rate for OH + HNO3 and HO2NO2 photolysis on stratospheric chemistry, Atmos. Environm., 15, 1301, 1981.
Tanaka, Y., E.C.Y. Inn and K. Watanabe, Absorption coefficients of gases in the vacuum ultraviolet, Part IV. Ozone, J. Chem. Phys., 21, 1651, 1953.
Taube, H., Photochemical reactions of ozone in solution, Trans. Faraday Soc., 53, 857, 1957.
Thompson, B.A., P. Harteck and R.R. Reeves, Jr., Ultraviolet absorption coefficients of CO2 CO, 02, H20, N20, NH3, NO, SO2 and CH4 between 1850 and 4000 A, J. Geophys. Res., 68, 6431, 1963.
Tiwari, S.N., Models for infrared atmospheric radiation, Adv. Geophys., 20, 1, 1978.
Turco, R.P., R.C. Whitten, O.B. Toon, E.C.Y. Inn and P. Hamil, Stratospheric hydroxyl radical concentrations: New limitations suggested by observations of gaseous and paticulate sulfur, J. Geophys. Res., 86, 1129, 1981.
Urey, H.C., L.C. Dawsey and F.O. Rice, The absorption spectrum and decomposition of hydrogen peroxide by light, J. Amer. Chem. Cos., 51, 1371, 1929.
Valley, S.L. (ed.), Handbook of Geophysics and Space Environment, Air Force Cambridge Research Laboratory, 1965.
Van de Hu1st, H.C. Light Scattering by Small Particles, Wiley, (New York), 1957
Van Laethem-Meuree, N., J. Wisemberg and P.C. Simon, Absorption des chloromethanes dans l’ultraviolet: Mesures des sections efficaces d’absorption en fonction de la temperature, Bull. Acad. Roy. Belgique, Cl. Sci., 64, 34, 1978a.
Van Laethem-Meuree, N., J. Wisemberg and P.C. Simon, Influence de la temperature sur les sections efficaces d’absorption des chlorofluoromethanes dans l’ultraviolet, Bull. Acad. Roy. Belgique, Cl. S i., 64, 42, 1978b.
Vernazza, J., E. H. Avrett, and R. Loeser, Structure of the solar chromosphere. II. The underlying photosphere and temperature minimum region, Astrophys. J., 30, 1, 1976.
Vidal-Madjar, A., The solar spectrum at Lyman Alpha, in the Solar Output and its Variation (edited by O. White), p. 2313, Colorado Associated University Press, Boulder, Colorado, USA, 1977.
Vigroux, E., Mesures absolues des coefficients d’absorption de l’ozone dans la region des bandes de Huggins, A 18 degrés, C.R. Acad. Sci. Paris, 234, 2351, 1952a.
Vigroux, E., Absorption de l’ozone dans la region des bandes de Huggins, influence de la temperature, C.R. Acad. Sci. Paris, 234, 2439, 1952b.
Vigroux, E., Contribution experimentale de l’absorption de l’ozone, Ann. Phys., Paris, 12eme Serie, 8, 709, 1953.
Vigroux, E. Coefficients d’absorption de l’ozone dans la bande de Hartley, Ann. Geophys., 25, 169, 1969.
Vodar, M.B., Spectre d’absorption ultraviolet du gaz chlorhydrique et courbe d’energie potentielle de l’etat excite de la molecule C1H, J. Phys. Rad., 9, 166, 1948.
Wang, W.C., W.B. Rossow, M.S. YaO and M. Wolfson, Climate sensitivity of a one-dimensional radiative-convective model with cloud feedback, J. Atmos. Sci., 38, 1167, 1981.
Wang, W.C. and P.H. Stone, Effect of ice-albedo feedback on global sensitivity in a one-dimensional radiative-convective climate model, J. Atmos. Sci., 37, 545, 1980.
Watanabe, K. and F.F. Marmo, Photoionization and total absorption cross section of gases, II. 02 and N2 in the region 850–1500 A, J. Chem. Phys., 25, 965, 1956.
Watanabe, K. and M. Zelikoff, Absorption coefficient of water vapor in the vacuum ultraviolet, J. Opt. Soc. Amer., 43, 753, 1953.
Watanabe, K., E.C. Inn and M. Zelikoff, Absorption coefficients of oxygen in the vacuum ultraviolet, J. Chem. Phys., 21, 1028, 1953.
Watson, R.T., Rate constants for reactions of CIO of atmospheric interest, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 8, 871, 1977.
Williams, A.P., Relaxation of the 2.7 micron and 4.3 micron bands of carbon dioxide, in Mesospheric modela and related Experiments, Reidel Publishing Company, 177, 1971.
Williams, A.P. and C.D. Rodgers, Radiative transfer by the 15 miron CO2 band in the mesophere, Proceedings of the International Radiation Symposium, Sendai, Japan, 253–260, 26 May-2 June 1972.
Wiscombe, W.J., Extension of the doubling method to inhomogeneous sources, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer, 18, 477, 1976a.
Wiscombe, W.J., On initialization, error and flux conservation in the doubling method, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer, 16, 637, 1978b
WMO (World Meteorological Organization), The stratosphere 1981: theory and measurements, Report no. 11, Geneva, Switzerland, 1982.
Wyatt, P.J., V.R. Stull and G.N. Plass, Quasi-random model of band absorption, J. Opt. Soc. Amer., 52, 1209, 1962.
Yao, F., I. Wilson and H. Johnston, Temperature dependent ultraviolet absorption spectrum for dinitrogen pentoxide, J. Phys. Chem., 86, 3811, 1982.
Zeilik, M., Astronomy: the evolvinguniverse, Prentice Hall, ( Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey ), 1965.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1984 D. Reidel Publishing Company, Dordrecht, Holland
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Brasseur, G., Solomon, S. (1984). Radiation. In: Aeronomy of the Middle Atmosphere. Atmospheric Sciences Library. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-6401-3_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-6401-3_4
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-009-6403-7
Online ISBN: 978-94-009-6401-3
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive