Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Malaria and Babesiosis pp 173–205Cite as

Malaria epidemiology

  • Chapter

  • 233 Accesses

Part of the book series: New Perspectives in Clinical Microbiology ((NPCM,volume 7))

Abstract

In this chapter it is not intended to give an account of the many factors governing malaria transmission since such a review has been provided in the chapter on ‘The Importance of Malaria in the World’ in Vol. 1 of Malaria (ed. J. Kreier, Academic Press, 1980). However, an attempt is made here to cover the current malaria situation in the world, and recent results of applied research which have relevance to the epidemiology of malaria. A section is also devoted to the distribution of drug resistant Plasmodium falciparum as this problem is becoming one of the most serious obstacles to curbing mortality and suffering from malaria.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. World Health Organization: World Malaria Situation 1982. World Health Statistics Quarterly, 37:130–161, 1984.

    Google Scholar 

  2. World Health Organization: World Malaria Situation 1981. WHO Weekly Epidemiological Record 58:189–192,198–199, 206–209, 214–216, 222–224, 232–233,1983.

    Google Scholar 

  3. World Health Organization: Status of Malaria Programs in the Americas. XXXI. Report. WHO Document No. DC 29/INF/2 (AMRO/PAHO), 1983.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Coosemans M, Storme B, Wery M: Recherche épidémiologique d’un paludisme plus stable en Afrique centrale: prospection géographique dans la plaine de la Ruzizi; perspectives de control. In: Abstracts of Papers: 2nd International Conference on Malaria and Babesiosis, 19–22 September 1983, Annecy, France, p 193.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Williamson WA, Gilles HM: Malumfashi endemic diseases research project. II. Malariometry in Malumfashi, Northern Nigeria. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology 72:323–328, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Osuhor PC, Ereme DVE: Malariometric indices of infants, children and young adults (under 20 years) in Malumfashi, northern Nigeria. Journal of Communicable Diseases 9:143–149,1977.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Gazin P, Ovazza L, Brandicourt O, Ouari B, Legros F: Etudes transversales sur le paludisme dans plusieurs villages de la région de Bobo-Dioulasso. XXIIIème Conférence technique de TOCCGE, 11 au 15 avril 1983 Ouagadougou No. 8224/83/Doc.Techn.OCCGE, 1983.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Richard-Lenoble D, Kornbila M, Chandenier J: Paludisme au Gabon: Résultats d’enquêtes récentes menées en milieu urbain et rural. XIVe Conférence Technique, Yaoundé, 20–23 avril 1982. OCEAC, Yaoundé, pp 67–69.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Chabasse D, Dumon H, Tounkara A, Maiga A, Ranque P: Indices paludométriques chez 938 enfants et adolescents en savane humide au sud du Mali. Bulletin de la Société de Pathologie exotique 73:254–258. 1980.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Wenlock RW: The incidence of Plasmodium parasites in rural Zambia. East African Medical Journal 55:268–276, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Sulzer AJ, Cantella R, Colichon A, Gleason NN, Walls KW: A focus of hyperendemic Plasmodium malariae - P. vivax with no P. falciparum in a primitive population in the Peruvian Amazon jungle. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 52:273–278,1975.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Hati AK, Mukhopadhyay NC: Distribution of Plasmodium falciparum in West Bengal. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 74:420–421,1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Roy RG, Shanmugham CAK, Chakrapani KP, Madesayya NM, Ghosh RB: Distribution of human plasmodia in Karnataka and Tamil Nadu States in the reappearing phase of malaria in 1970 and 1975. Indian Journal of Medical Research 69: 53–59, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Kalra NL: Emergence of malaria zoonosis of simian orgin as natural phenomenon in Greater- Nicobars, Andaman and Nicobar Islands - a preliminary note. Journal of Communicable Diseases 12:49–54,1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Choudhury DS: Investigation on simian malaria in India and its potential as a source of zoonosis. Indian Journal of Malariology 18:28–34,1981.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Somboon P, Sivasomboon C: A case of Plasmodium ovale malaria acquired in Burma. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 77:567,1983.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Gundelfinger BF, Wheeling CH, Lien JC, Atmosoedjono S, Simanjuntak CH: Observations on malaria in Indonesian Timor. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 24:393–396.1975

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Lee VH, Atmosedjono S, Aep S, Swaine CD: Vector studies and epidemiology of malaria in Irian Jaya, Indonesia. Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health 11:341– 347, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. World Health Organization: Terminology of Malaria and Malaria Eradication. WHO, Geneva, 1963.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Neiva A: Über die Bildung einer chininresistenten Rasse des Malaria parasiten. Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 2: 131–140, 1910.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Nocht B, Werner H: Beobachtungen über relative Chininresistenz bei Malaria aus Brasilien. Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift 36:1557–1560,1910.

    Google Scholar 

  22. World Health Organization: Chemotherapy of Malaria and Resistance to Antimalarials. WHO Technical Report Series No. 529,1973.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Bruce-Chwatt LJ, Black RH, Canfield CJ, Clyde DF, Peters W, Wernsdorfer WH: Chemotherapy of Malaria. WHO, Geneva, 1981.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Rieckmann KH, McNamara JV, Frischer H, Stockert TA, Carson PE, Powell RD: Effects of chloroquine, quinine and cycloguanil upon the maturation of asexual erythrocytic forms of two strains of Plasmodium falciparum in vitro. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 17:661–671, 1968.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Trager W, Jensen JB: Human malaria parasites in continuous culture. Science 193:673–675, 1976

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Rieckmann KH, Campbell GH, Sax CJ, Mrema JE: Drug sensitivity of Plasmodium falciparum. An in vitro microtechnique. Lancet 1:22–23, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Lopez Antunano FJ, Wernsdorfer WH: In vitro response of chloroquine resistant Plasmodium falciparum to mefloquine. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 57:663–665,1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Wernsdorfer WH: Field evaluation of drug resistance in malaria. In vitro micro test. Acta Tropica 37:222–227, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Kouznetsov RL, Rooney W, Wernsdorfer WH, El Gaddal AA, Payne D, Badalla RE: Use of the in vitro microtechnique for the assessment of drug sensitivity of Plasmodium falciparum in Sennar, Sudan. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 58:785–789,1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Myint-Lwin, Min-Zaw, Rooney W: Comparative study of the micro in vitro and the in vivo tests of the response of Plasmodium falciparum to chloroquine in Burma. Unpublished document WHO/M AL/82.982, 1982.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Grab B, Wernsdorfer WH: Evaluation of in vitro tests for drug sensitivity in Plasmodium falciparum: probit analysis of logdose/response test from 3–8 points assay. Unpublished document WHO/MAL/83.990, 1983.

    Google Scholar 

  32. Magloire R, Nguyen-Dinh P: Chloroquine susceptibility of Plasmodium falciparum in Haiti. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 61:1017–1020,1983.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Draper CC, Brubaker G, Geser A, Kilimali VAEB, Wernsdorfer WH: Serial studies on the evolution of chloroquine resistance in an area of East Africa receiving intermittent chemosup- pression, 1984 (In press).

    Google Scholar 

  34. Boudreau EF, Webster HK, Pavanand K, Thosingha L: Type II mefloquine resistance in Thailand. Lancet 2:1335, 1982.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Bygbjerg IC, Schapira A, Flachs H, Gomme G, Jepsen S: Mefloquine resistance of falciparum malaria from Tanzania enhanced by treatment. Lancet 1:774–775,1983.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Mahor RJ, Green CA, Hunt RH: Diagnostic allozymes for routine identification of adults of the Anopheles gambiae complex (Diptera: Culicidae). Bulletin of Entomological Research 66:25– 31, 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  37. Miles SJ: Enzyme variation in the Anopheles gambiae Giles group of species (Diptera: Culicidae). Bulletin of Entomological Research 68:85–96,1978.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Miles SJ: A biochemical key to adult members of the A. gambiae group of species (Diptera: Culicidae). Journal of Medical Entomology 15: 297–299, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Baker RH: Anopheles culicifacies: mating behaviour and competitiveness in nature of males carrying a complex chromosomal aberration. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 73:581–588, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  40. Green CA, Miles SJ: Chromosomal evidence for sibling species of the malaria vector Anopheles (Cellia) culicifacies Giles. Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 83:75–78,1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Jayaprakash, Chowdaiah BN: Chromosome studies of oriental Anopheles. V. Polytene chromosomes of Anopheles culicifacies. Parasitologia 22:165–171,1980.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Miles SJ: Unidirectional hybrid male sterility from crosses between species A and species B of the taxon Anopheles (Cellia) culicifacies Giles. Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 84:13– 16, 1981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Subbarao SK: Distribution of sibling of the taxon Anopheles culicifacies. Journal of Communicable Diseases 14:219, 1982.

    Google Scholar 

  44. Subbarao SK, Adak T, Sharma VP: Anopheles culicifacies: Sibling species distribution and vector incrimination studies. Journal of Communicable Diseases 12:102–104, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Suguna SG, Tewari SC, Mani TR, Hiriyan J, Reuben R: Anopheles culicifacies species complex in Thenpennaiyar reverine tract, Tamil Nadu. Indian Journal of Medical Research 77:455–459, 1983.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Baimai V, Harrison BA, Nakavachara V: The salivary gland chromosomes ofAnopheles (Cellia) dirus (Diptera: Culicidae) of the southeast Asian Leucosphyrus group. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 82:319–328, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  47. Baimai V, Harrison A, Somchit L: Varyotype differentiation of three anopheline taxa in the balabacensis complex of Southeast Asia (Diptera: Culicidae). Genetica 57:81–86, 1981.

    Google Scholar 

  48. Baimai V, Wibowo S, Andre RC: Heterochromatin and sex chromosome differentiation of four taxa in the Anopheles balabacensis complex. In: Abstracts of Papers, Conference on Malaria Research, Pattaya, 25–27 April 1983, Bangkok, Ministry of Public Health p 66,1983.

    Google Scholar 

  49. Kanda T, Chiang GL, Ito K, Tumurasvin W, Loong PK: Cytogenetic observations on Anopheles dirus of the leucosphyrus complex. Mosquito News 40:585–592, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  50. Kanda T, Cheong WH, Oguma Y, Takai K, Chiang GL, Sucharit S: Systematics and cytogenetics of thehyrcanus group, leucosphyrus group and pyrethophorus group in East Asia. In: Recent developments in the genetics of insect disease vectors. Champaign, I.L. Stipes, p 506– 522,1982.

    Google Scholar 

  51. Kanda T, Takai K, Chiang GL, Loong PK, Sucharit S, Cheong WH: Phylogenetic interpretation and chromosomal polymorphism among nine strains of human malaria vectors of the Anopheles leucosphyrus group. Japanese Journal of Genetics 58:193–208, 1983.

    Google Scholar 

  52. Sucharit S, Choochote W, Pratchyanusorn N, Limsuwan W, Apiwathnasorn C, Kanda T: Esterase patternsoí Anopheles dirus (Bangkok strain) and Anopheles balabacensis (Perlis form) in the laboratory. Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health 14:127–132, 1983.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Warren M, Richardson BH, Collins WH: Pupal pleomorphism in a strain ofAnopheles al- bimanus from El Salvador. Mosquito News 35:549–551,1975.

    Google Scholar 

  54. De Meilion B, Van Eeden GJ, Coetzee L, Coetzee M, Meiswinkel R, Du Toit CLN, Hansford CF: Observations on a species of the Anopheles funestus subgroup, a suspected exophilic vector of malaria parasites in northeastern Transvaal, South Africa. Mosquito News 37:657–661,1977.

    Google Scholar 

  55. Green CA, Baimai V, Harrison BA, Andre RG: Chromosomal evidence for a complex of genetic species within Anopheles maculatus. In: Abstracts of Papers, Conference on Malaria Research, Pattaya, 25–27 April 1983, Bangkok, Ministry of Health, p 65,1983.

    Google Scholar 

  56. Kanda T: Report on a visit to Papua New Guinea, 19 January to 8 February 1979. Unpublished WPR document ICP/MPD/002.E:PNG/MPD/001.E of 20 April 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  57. Suguna SG: Inversion (2)R, in Anopheles stephensi, its distribution and relation to egg size. Indian Journal of Medical Research 73(Suppl.): 124–128,1981.

    Google Scholar 

  58. Suguna SG: Cytological and morphological evidence for sibling species in Anopheles subpictus Grassi. Journal of Communicable Diseases 14:1–8,1982.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Warren M, Collins WE, Richardson RB, Skinner JC: Morphologic variants of Anopheles albimanus and susceptibility to Plasmodium vivax and P. falciparum. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 26:607–611,1977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Collins WE, Warren M, Skinner JC, Richardson BB, Kearse TS: Infectivity of the Santa Lucia (El Salvador) strain of Plasmodium falciparum to different anophelines. Journal of Parasitology 63:57–61, 1977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Scorza JV, Taliaferro E, Rubiano H: Comportamiento y susceptibilidad de Anopheles nuneztovari Gabaldon, 1940 a la infección con Plasmodium falciparum y Plasmodium vivax. Boletin de la dirección de malariologia y saneamiento ambiental 16:129–136,1976.

    Google Scholar 

  62. Warren M, Collins WE, Jeffery GM, Richardson BB: Anophelespseudopunctipennis: laboratory maintenance and malaria susceptibility of a strain from El Salvador. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 29:503–506, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Collins W, Nguyen-Dinh P. Skinner JC, Sutton BB: Infectivity of a strain of Plasmodium falciparum from Hainan, People’s Republic of China, to different anophelines. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 30:538–540,1981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Shi DY: Experimental infection of Anopheles sinensis of Zhengzhou and Xinyang districts with Plasmodium vivax. Chinese Journal of Preventive Medicine 16(2):85 (In Chinese, with English abstract), 1982.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Daskova NG: New data on the susceptibility of Anopheles mosquitos of the USSR fauna to imported strains of the causative agents of human malaria. Meditsinskaya parazitologiya i parazitarnye bolezni 46:652–657 (In Russian), 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  66. Daskova NG, Rasnicyn SP: Review of data on susceptibility of mosquitos in the USSR to imported strains of malaria parasites. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 60:893–897, 1982.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Sucharit S, Surathin K, Tumrasvin W, Sucharit P: Chloroquine resistant Plasmodium falciparum in Thailand: susceptibility of Anopheles. Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand 60:648–654, 1977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Klein TA, Harrison BA, Andre RG, Whitmire RE, Inlao I: Detrimental effect of Plasmodium cynomolgi infections on the longevity of Anopheles dirus. Mosquito News 42:265–271,1982.

    Google Scholar 

  69. Segini SE, Scorza JV, Anez N: Variaciones diurnas de algunos factores fisico-quimicos en un criadero de larvas de Anopheles nuneztovari, Gabaldon, 1940. Boletin de la dirección de malariologia y saneamiento ambiental 19:1–1, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  70. Rosenberg R: Forest malaria in Bangladesh. III. Breeding habits oí Anopheles dirus. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 31:192–201,1982.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Damar T, Fleming G A, Gandahusada S, Bang YH: Nocturnal indoor resting heights of the malaria vector Anopheles aconitus and other anophelines (Diptera: Culicidae) in Central Java, Indonesia. Journal of Medical Entomology 18:362–365,1981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Batra CP, Reuben R, Das PK: Studies of day-time resting places ofAnopheles stephensi Liston in Salem (Tamil Nadu). Indian Journal of Medical Research 69:583–588,1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Snow WF: Field estimates of the flight speed of some West African mosquitos. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology 74:239–242,1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Snow WF: Further observations on the vertical distribution of flying mosquitos (Diptera: Culicidae) in West African savanna. Bulletin of Entomological Research 72:695–708,1982.

    Google Scholar 

  75. Gilles MT, Wilkes TJ: Field experiments with a wind tunnel on the flight speed of some West African mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae). Bulletin of Entomological Research 71:65–70,1981.

    Google Scholar 

  76. Manouchehri AV, Javadian E, Eshghy N, Motabar M: Ecology of Anopheles stephensi Liston in southern Iran. Tropical and Geographical Medicine 28:228–232,1976.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Gerold JL: Evaluation of some parameters of house-leaving behaviour of Anopheles gambiae s.l. Acta Leidensia 45:79–90,1977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Roberts DR, Alecrim WD, Tavares AM, McNeill KM: Field observations on the gonotrophic cycle of Anopheles darlingi (Diptera: Culicidae). Journal of Medical Entomology 20:189–192, 1983.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Carnevale P, Bosseno MF, Molinier M, Lancien J, Le Pont F, Zoulani A: Etude du cycle gonotrophique$ Anopheles gambiae (Diptera: Culicidae) (Giles, 1902) en zone de forêt dégradée d’Afrique centrale. Cahiers ORSTOM. série entomologie médicale et parasitologic 17:55–75, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  80. Carnevale P, Bosseno MF, Zoulani A: Etude du cycle gonotrophique d’Anopheles nili (theo.) 1904. Cahiers ORSTOM, série entomologie médicale et parasitologic 16:43–52,1977.

    Google Scholar 

  81. Mahmood F, Reisen WK: Duration of the gonotrophic cycles ofAnopheles culicifacies Giles and Anopheles stephensi Liston, with observations on reproductive activity and survivorship during winter in Punjab Province, Pakistan. Mosquito News 41:41–50,1980.

    Google Scholar 

  82. Boreham PFL, Lenahan JK, Boulzaguet R, Storey J, Ashkar TS, Nambiar R, Matsushima T: Studies on multiple feeding byAnopheles gambiae s.l. in a Sudan savanna area of north Nigeria. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 73:418–423,1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Boreham PFL, Port GR: The distribution and movement of engorged females of Anopheles gambiae Giles (Diptera: Culicidae) in a Gambian village. Bulletin of Entomological Research 72:489–495, 1982.

    Google Scholar 

  84. Carnevale P, Frezil JL, Bosseno MF, Le Pont F, Lancien J: Etude de l’agressivité d’Anopheles gambiae A en fonction de l’âge et du sexe des sujets humains. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 56:147–154, 1978.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Vittal M, Deo RR: A note on the feeding behaviour of mosquitos in Maharashtra villages. Indian Journal of Malariology 19:63–64,1982.

    Google Scholar 

  86. Carnevale P, Boreham PFL: Etudes des préférences trophiques d’Anopheles nili (Theo.) 1904. Cahiers d’ORSTOM série entomologie médicale et parasitologic 16:17–22,1978.

    Google Scholar 

  87. Collins RT, Dash BK, Agarwala RS, Dhal KB: An adaptation of the gel diffusion technique for identifying the source of mosquito bloodmeals. Unpublished document WHO/MAL/83.992; WHO/VBC/83.873, 1983.

    Google Scholar 

  88. Edrissian GH, Hafizi A: Application of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to identification of Anopheles mosquito bloodmeals. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 76:54–55, 1982.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Dai GJ: Preliminary observation on vivax malaria of long incubation in Liutum area, Donggou Xian, Liaoning Province. Zhonghua neike zazbi 18:411 (In Chinese), 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  90. Yang BL: Studies on the relapse patterns of tertian malaria in eastern Henan. Chinese Journal of Epidemiology 3(2):65 (In Chinese), 1982.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Mason J: Patterns of Plasmodium vivax recurrence in a high incidence coastal area of El Salvador C. A. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 24:581–585,1975.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Molineaux L, Storey J, Cohen JE, Thomas A: A longitudinal study of human malaria in the West African savanna in the absence of control measures: relationship between different Plasmodium species, in particular P. falciparum and P. malariae. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 29:725–737,1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Sanderson A, Walliker D, Molez JF. Enzyme typing of Plasmodium falciparum from African and some other Old World countries. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 75:263–267, 1981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Thaithong S, Sueblinwong T, Beale GH: Enzyme typing of some isolates of Plasmodium falciparum from Thailand. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 75:268–270,1981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Bekessy A, Molineaux L, Storey J: Estimation of incidences and recovery rates of Plasmodium falciparum from longitudinal data. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 54:685–693,1976.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Cornille-Brøgger R, Mathews HM, Storey J, Ashkar TS, Brogger S, Molineaux L: Changing patterns in the humoral immune response to malaria before, during, and after the application of control measures: a longitudinal study in the West African savanna. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 56:579–600, 1978.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Abdalla S, Weatherall DJ: The direct antiglobulin test in P. falciparum malaria. British Journal of Haematology 51:415–425, 1982.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Boreham PFL, Lenahan JK, Port GR, McGregor IA: Haptoglobin polymorphism and its relationship to malaria infections in the Gambia. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 75:193–200,1981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Monjour L, Trape JF, Druilhe P, Bourdillon F, Fribourg-Blanc A, Palminteri R, Gentilini M, Kyelem JM: Malaria and haptoglobin content of serum in a rural population in Upper Volta. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology 76:105–107,1982.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Smalley ME, Brown J: Plasmodium falciparum gametocytogenesis stimulated by lymphocytes and serum in infected Gambian children. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 75:316–317, 1981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Ade-Serrano MA, Ejezie GC, Kassim OO: Correlation ofPlasmodium falciparum gametocytaemia with complement titres in rural Nigerian school children. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 13:195–198, 1981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Nardin EH, Nussenzweig RS, Bryan JH, McGregor IA: Congenital transfer of antibodies against malarial sporozoites detected in Gambian infants. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 30:1159–1163, 1981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Abdalla S, Weatherall DJ, Wickramasinghe SN, Hughes M: The anaemia ofP. falciparum malaria. British Journal of Haematology 46:171–183,1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Facer CA: Direct antiglobulin reactions in Gambian children with P. falciparum malaria. III. Expression of IgG subclass determinants and genetic markers and association with anaemia. Clinical and Experimental Immunology 41: 81–90, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Reinhardt MC: Maternal anaemia in Abidjan - its influence on placenta and newborn. Helvetica paediatrica Acta 33(Suppl.)41:43–63, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  106. Pasvol G: The interaction between sickle haemoglobin and the malaria parasites Plasmodium falciparum. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 74:701–705, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Michel R, Carnevale P, Bosseno MF, Molez JF, Brandicourt O, Zoulani A, Michel Y: Le paludisme àPlasmodium f alciparum et le gène de la drépanocytose en République populaire du Congo. I. Prévalence du paludisme et du trait drépanocytaire en milieu scolaire dans la région Brazzavilloise. Médecine tropicale 41:403–411, 1981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Vaisse D, Michel R, Carnevale P, Bosseno MF, Molez JF, Peelman P, Loembe MT, Nzingoula S, Zoulani A: Le paludisme à Plasmodium falciparum et le gène de la drépanocytose en République Populaire du Congo. IL Manifestations cliniques du paludisme selon la parasitémie et le génotype hémoglobinique. Médecine tropicale 41:413–423,1981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Cornille-Brogger R. Fleming AF, Kagan L Matsushima T, Molineaux L: Abnormal haemoglobins in the Sudan savanna of Nigeria. II. Immunological response to malaria in normals and subjects with sickle cell trait. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology 73:173– 183, 1979.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  110. Guggenmoos-Holzmann I, Bienzle U, Luzzatto L:Plasmodium falciparum malaria and human red cells. II. Red cell genetic traits and resistance against malaria. International Journal of Epidemiology 10:16–22, 1981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. Ringelhann B, Hathorn MKS, Jilly P, Grant F, Parniczky G: A new look at the protection of hemoglobin AS and AC genotypes against Plasmodium falciparum infection: a census tract approach. American Journal of Human Genetics 28:270–279,1976.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. Storey J: Abnormal haemoglobins in the Sudan Savanna of Nigeria. IV. Malaria immunoglobulins and malaria antibodies in haemoglobin AC individuals. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology 73:311–315.

    Google Scholar 

  113. Bernstein SC, Bowman JE, Noche LK: Population studies in Cameroon. Haemoglobin S, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency and falciparum malaria. Human Heredity 30:251–258, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. Kidson C, Lamont G, Saul A, Nurse GT: Ovalocytic erythrocytes from Melanesians are resistant to invasion by malaria parasites in culture. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 78:5829–5832,1981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. Castelino D, Saul A, Myler P, Kidson C, Thomas H, Cooke R: Ovalocytosis in Papua New Guinea - dominantly inherited resistance to malaria. Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health 12:549–555, 1981

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  116. Stafford EE, Dennis DT, Masri S, Sudomo M: Intestinal and blood parasites in the Torro Valley, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health 11:468–472, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. Facer CA: ABO blood groups and falciparum malaria. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 73:599–600, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  118. Martin SK, Miller LH, Hicks CU, David-West A, Ugbode C, Deane M: Frequency of blood group antigens in Nigerian children with falciparum malaria. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 73:216–218, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. Gupta M, Chowdhuri ANR: Relationship between ABO blood groups and malaria. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 58:913–915,1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. Spencer HC, Miller LH, Collins WE, Knud-Hansen C, McGinnis MH, Shiroishi K, Lobos RA, Feldman RA: The Duffy blood group and resistance to Plasmodium vivax in Honduras. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 27:664–670,1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  121. Mathews HM. Armstrong JC: Duffy blood groups and vivax malaria in Ethiopia. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 30:299–303,1981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  122. Tzoneva M, Bulanov AG, Mavrudieva M, Lalchev S, Toncheva D, Tanev D: Frequency of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency in relation to altitude: a malaria hypothesis. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 58:659–662,1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  123. Gloria-Bottini F, Falsi AM, Moriera J, Bottini E: The relations between G-6-PD deficiency, thalassemia and malaria. Further analysis of data from Sardinia and the Po Valley. Experientia 36:541–543, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. Brown PD: New considerations on the distribution of malaria, thalassaemia, and glucose- 6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency in Sardinia. Human Biology 53:357–382,1981.

    Google Scholar 

  125. McGregor IA, Wilson ME, Bullewicz WZ: Malaria infection of the placenta in the Gambia, West Africa: its incidence and relationship to stillbirth, birthweight and placental weight. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 77:232–244,1983.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  126. Watkinson M, Rushton DI: Plasmodial pigmentation of placenta and outcome of pregnancy in West African mothers. British Medical Journal 287:251–254,1983.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  127. Diallo S, Victorius A, Ndir O, Diouf F, Bah IB, Bah MD: Prévalence et évolution du paludisme congénital en zone urbaine: cas de la ville de Thiès (Sénégal). Unpublished document WHO/ MAL/81.947, 1981.

    Google Scholar 

  128. Emajuaiwe SO: Some evidence for the occurrence of congenital malaria infections in ports of Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Medical Science 2:81–90,1979.

    Google Scholar 

  129. Le Bras J, Ricour A, Savel J, Payet M: Diagnostic parasitologique du paludisme par concentration des hématies parasitées: technique et résultats préliminaires. Bulletin de la Société de Pathologie exotique 70:605–614, 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  130. Midha N, Ichhpujani RL, Singh P, Arora DR, Arora B, Chugh TD: Evaluation of fluorescent microscopy for the identification of malaria parasites. Journal of Communicable Diseases 13:241–243, 1981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  131. Zavala F, Gwadz RW, Collins FH, Nussenzweig RS, Nussenzweig V: Monoclonal antibodies to circumsporozoite proteins identify the species of malaria parasites in infected mosquitoes. Nature 299:737–738, 1982.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  132. Tharavanij S, Tantivanich S, Chongsa-Nguan M, Prasertsiriroj V: Comparison of various serological test results using antigens from different strains of Plasmodium falciparum. Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health 13:174–180,1982.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  133. Tikasingh E, Edwards C, Hamilton PJS, Commissiong LM, Draper CC: A malaria outbreak due to Plasmodium malariae on the island of Grenada. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 29:715–719,1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  134. Mackey L, McGregor IA, Lambert PH: Diagnosis of Plasmodium falciparum infection using a solid-phase radioimmunoassay for the detection of malaria antigens. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 58:439–444,1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  135. Mackey LJ, McGregor IA, Paounova N, Lambert PH: Diagnosis ofPlasmodium falciparum infection in man: detection of parasite antigens by ELISA. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 60:69–75,1982.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  136. Warren M, Mason J, Hobbs J: Natural infections of Anopheles albimanus with Plasmodium in a small malaria focus. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 24:545–546,1975.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  137. Boyan JH: Anopheles gambiae and A. melas at Brefet, the Gambia and their role in malaria transmission. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology 77:1–12,1983.

    Google Scholar 

  138. Carnevale P, Bosseno MF: Le paludisme humain à Plasmodium falciparum dans le Sud-Ouest de la République populaire du Congo en fonction du biotype et du vecteur. Médecine d’Afrique noire 26:29–40, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  139. Highton RB, Bryan J, Boreham PFL, Chandler JA: Studies on the sibling speciesAnopheles gambiae Giles and Anopheles arabiensis Patton (Diptera: Culicidae) in the Kisumu area, Kenya. Bulletin of Entomological Research 69:43–53, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  140. Panioker KN, Bai MG, Rao USB, Viswam K, Murthy US:Anopheles subpictus, vector of malaria in coastal villages of south-east India. Current Science 50:694–695,1981.

    Google Scholar 

  141. Anon: Studies on the ecological characteristics of the chief malaria vector Anopheles balabacen- sis balabacensis in Hainan Island and the effects of control experiments. Chinese Journal of Preventive Medicine 14(3): 129 (In Chinese), 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  142. Smith A, Hansford CF, Thompson JF, Malaria along the southernmost fringe of its distribution in Africa: epidemiology and control. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 55:95–103, 1977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  143. Sharma SK, Wattal BL, Singh K. Bhargava YS: Spring transmission of malaria in Alwar Region (Rajasthan). Journal of Communicable Diseases 14:125–129,1981.

    Google Scholar 

  144. Vercruysse J, Jancloes M: Etude entomologique sur la transmission du paludisme humain dans la zone urbaine de Pikine (Sénégal). Cahiers ORSTOM, série entomologie médicale et parasitologic 19:165–178, 1981.

    Google Scholar 

  145. Carnevale P, Robert V, Hervy JP, Legros F, Ovazza L, Hurpin C: La transmission du paludisme en zone rizicole et en zone de savane. XXIIIème Conférence technique de l’OCCGE, 11 au 15 avril 1983, Ouagadougou, No. 8224/83/Doc.Tech.OCCGE, 1983.

    Google Scholar 

  146. Reisen WK, Mahmood F: Relative abundance, removal sampling and mark-release-recapture estimates of population size ofAnopheles culicifacies and A. stephensi in diurnal resting sites in rural Punjab Province, Pakistan. Mosquito News 41:22–30,1981.

    Google Scholar 

  147. Reisen WK, Mahmood F: Horizontal life table characteristics of the malaria vectors Anopheles culicifacies andAnopheles stephensi (Diptera: Culicidae). Journal of Medical Entomology 17:211–217, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  148. Cullen JR, Chitprarop U, Doberstyn EB, Sombatwattanangkul K: An epidemiological early warning system for malaria control in northern Thailand. Unpublished document WHO/MAL/ 83.994, 1983.

    Google Scholar 

  149. De Zulueta J, Miytaba SM, Shah IH: Malaria control and long-term periodicity of the disease in Pakistan. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 74:624–632, 1980.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  150. Van Druten JAM: A mathematical-statistical model for the analysis of cross-sectional serological data, with special reference to the epidemiology of malaria. M.D. thesis, Catholic University of Nijmegen, The Netherlands, 1981.

    Google Scholar 

  151. Hyma B, Ramesh A: The reappearance of malaria in Sathanaur Reservoir and environs: Tamil Nadu, India. Social Science and Medicine 14:337–344,1980.

    Google Scholar 

  152. Bunnag T, Sornmani S, Pinithpongse S, Harinasuta C: Surveillance of water-borne parasite infections and studies of the impact of ecological changes on vector mosquitoes of malaria after dam construction. Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health 10:656–660, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  153. Atangana S, Foumbi J, Charlois M, Ambroise-Thomas P, Ripert C: Etude épidémiologique de l’onchocercose et du paludisme dans la région du lac de retenue de Bamendjin - Cameroun. Médecine tropicale 39:537–543, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  154. Ripert C, Same-Ekobo A, Enyong P, Palmer D: Evaluation des répercussions sur les endémies parasitaires (malaria, bilharziose, onchocercose, dracunculose) de la construction de 57 barrages dans les monts Mandara (Nord-Cameroun). Bulletin de la Société de Pathologie exotique 72:324–339, 1979.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  155. Bîlbîe I, Enescu A, Tâcu V, Giurcâ I, Nicolescu G, Velehorschi N, Petrescu S: Date actuale de biologie si comportament fatà de insecticide a faunei anopheline din fostele zone endemice de malarie situate in sudul tarif. Revista a Societatea de Bactériologie, Virusologie, Parazitologie, Epidemiologic 27:23–27, 1982.

    Google Scholar 

  156. Blazquez J, De Zulueta J: This disappearance of Anopheles labranchiae from Spain. Para- ssitologia 22:161–163, 1980.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  157. Stafford Smith DM: Mosquito records from the Republic of Niger, with reference to the construction of the new Trans-Sahara Highway. Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 84:95–100, 1981.

    Google Scholar 

  158. Menon PKB, Rajagopalan PK: Seasonal changes in the density and natural mortality of miniature stages of the urban malaria vector, Anopheles stephensi (Liston) in wells in Pondicherry. Indian Journal of Medical Research 70(Suppl.): 123–127, 1979.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  159. Das PK, Reuben R, Batra CP: Urban malaria and its vectors in Salem (Tamil Nadu): Natural and induced infection with human plasmodia in mosquitos. Indian Journal of Medical Research 69:403–411, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  160. Pattanayak S, Rahman SJ. Samnotra KG, Kalra NL: Changing patterns of malaria transmission in urban Delhi. Journal of Communicable Diseases 9:150–158,1977.

    Google Scholar 

  161. Dutta HM, Duth AK, Vishnukumari G: The resurgence of malaria in Tamil Nadu. Social Science and Medicine 13D:191–194, 1979.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  162. Kanjanpan W: Health effects of labour mobility. A study of malaria in Kanchanaburi Province, Thailand. Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health 14:54–57,1983.

    Google Scholar 

  163. Radford AJ, Van Leeuwen H, Christian SH: Social aspects in the changing epidemiology of malaria in the highlands of New Guinea. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology 70:11– 23,1976.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  164. Sharp PT, Harvey P: Malaria and growth stunting in young children of the highlands of Papua New Guinea. Papua New Guinea Medical Journal 23:132–140, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  165. Wenlock R W: The epidemiology of tropical parasitic diseases in rural Zambia and consequences for public health. Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 82:90–98,1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  166. Payne D, Grab B, Fontaine RE, Hempel JHG: Impact of control measures on malaria transmission and general mortality. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 54:369–377,1976

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Research and Technical Intelligence, Malaria Action Programme, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland

    Walther H. Wernsdorfer

Authors
  1. Walther H. Wernsdorfer
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, 61801, Urbana, ILL, USA

    Miodrag Ristic DVM, PhD

  2. Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, University of Grenoble, 38700, La Tronche, France

    Pierre Ambroise-Thomas MD, DSc

  3. Department of Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, Ohio State University, 43210, Columbia, OH, USA

    Julius Kreier DVM, PhD

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1984 Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Dordrecht

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Wernsdorfer, W.H. (1984). Malaria epidemiology. In: Ristic, M., Ambroise-Thomas, P., Kreier, J. (eds) Malaria and Babesiosis. New Perspectives in Clinical Microbiology, vol 7. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-6042-8_12

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-6042-8_12

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-94-009-6044-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-009-6042-8

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation