Abstract
There are two very important reasons for studying lead in air. Firstly, inhaled lead may pass via the respiratory system to the bloodstream and hence contribute to the lead exposure of the population. Secondly, airborne lead is progressively removed from the atmosphere by wet and dry deposition processes causing contamination of other environmental media.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
US Environmental Protection Agency (1977), Control Techniques for Lead Air Emissions, EPA-450/2-77-012.
Vandegrift, A. E., Shannon, L. J., Sallee, E. E., Gorman, P. G. and Park, W. R. (1971), Particulate Air Pollution in the United States, J. Air Pollut. Control Assoc., 21, 321–328.
Lee, R. E. and von Lehmden, D. J. (1973), Trace Metal Pollution in the Environment, J. Air Pollut. Control Assoc., 23, 853–857.
Central Unit of Environmental Pollution, Department of the Environment (1974), Lead in the Environment and its Significance to Man, HMSO, London.
Hirschler, D. A. Gilbert, F., Lamb, F. W. and Niebylski, L. M. (1957), Particulate Lead Compounds in Automobile Exhaust Gas, Ind. Eng. Chem., 49, 1131–1142.
Habibi, K. (1973), Characterization of Particulate Matter in Vehicle Exhaust, Environ. Sci. Technol., 7, 223–234.
Chamberlain, A. C., Heard, M. J., Little, P. and Wiffen, R. D. (1979), The Dispersion of Lead from Motor Exhausts, Proceedings of the Royal Society Discussion Meeting, Pathways of Pollutants in the Atmosphere, London, 1977; Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. Lond. A. 290 577–589.
Yankel, A. J., von Lindern, I. H. and Walter, S. D. (1977). The Silver Valley Lead Study: The Relationship between Childhood Blood Lead Levels and Environmental Exposure, J. Air Pollut. Control Assoc., 27, 763–767.
Daines, R. H., Motto, H., Chilko, D. M. (1970).Atmospheric Lead: Its Relationship to Traffic Volume and Proximity to Highways, Environ. Sci. Technol., 4, 318–322.
Bevan, M. G., Colwill, D. M. and Hogbin, L. E. (1974), Transport and Road Research Laboratory Report 626.
Little, P. and Wiffen, R. D. (1978), Atmos. Environ., 12, 1331-1341.
Waller, R. E., Commins, B. T. and Lawther, P. J. (1965), Br. J. Ind. Med., 22, 128–138.
Harrison, R. M., Perry, R. and Slater, D. H.(1974), Atmos. Environ., 8, 1187–1194.
Solomon, R. L., Hartford, J. W., Hudson, J. L., Neaderhouse, D. and Stuckel, J. J., Spatial Variation of Airborne Lead Concentration in an Urban Area, J. Air Pollut. Control Assoc., 27, 1095–1099.
Harrison, R. M., Laxen, D. P. H. (1978), A Natural Source of Tetraalkyllead in Air, Nature, 275, 238–240.
Harrison, R. M. and Perry, R. (1977), The Analysis of Tetraalkyl Lead Compounds and their Significance as Urban Air Pollutants, Atmos. Environ., 11, 847–852.
Harrison, R. M., Laxen, D. P. H. and Birch, J. (1979) Tetraalkyllead in Air: Sources Sinks and Concentrations, International Conference — Management and Control of Heavy Metals in the Environment, London, Sept., CEP Consultants Ltd., Edinburgh, pp. 257–261.
Harrison, R., and Laxen, D. P. H. (1977), Organolead Compounds adsorbed upon Atmospheric Particulates: A Minor Component or Urban Air, Atmos. Environ., 11, 201–203.
Harrison, R. M. and Laxen, D. P. H. (1978), Sink Processes for Tetraalkyllead Compounds in the Atmosphere, Environ. Sci. Technol., 12, 1384–1392.
Harrison, R. M., Laxen, D. P. H. and Birch, J. (1980), A Specific Method for 24–48 Hour Analysis of Tetraalkyllead in Air, Sci. Tot. Environ., 14, 31–42.
Georgii, H. W. and Jost, D. (1971), Atmos. Environ., 5, 725–727.
Brief, R. S., Jones, A. R., and Yoder, J. D. (1960), J. Air Pollut. Control Assoc., 10, 384–388.
Bové, J. L. (1970), Science, 167, 986–987.
Colucci, J. M., Begeman, C. R. and Kumler, K. (1968), Paper at 61st Annual Meeting APCA, St.Paul, Minn.
Martens, C. S., Wesolowski, J. J., Kaifer, R. and John, W. (1973), Atmos. Environ., 7, 905–915.
Perry, R., Whitelaw, K. and Harrison, R. M. (1978), A Correlation Study of Vehicle-Generated Air Pollutants, Water Air Soil Pollut., 10, 115–127.
Lusen, D. P. H. and Harrison, R. M. (1977), The Highway as a Source of Water Pollution: An Appraisal with the Heavy Metal Lead, Water Res., 11, 1–11.
Smith, W. H. (1976), Lead Contamination of the Roadside Ecosystem, J. Air Pollut. Control Assoc., 26, 753–766.
Biggins, P. D. E. and Harrison, R. M. (1978), Identification of Lead Compounds in Urban Air, Nature, 272, 531–532.
Biggins, P. D. E. and Harrison, R. M. (1979), The Atmospheric Chemistry of Automotive Lead, Environ. Sci. Technol., 13, 558–565.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1981 R. M. Harrison and D. P. H. Laxen
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Harrison, R.M., Laxen, D.P.H. (1981). Lead in the atmosphere. In: Lead Pollution. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-5830-2_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-5830-2_2
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-009-5832-6
Online ISBN: 978-94-009-5830-2
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive