Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Estimates based on Products and Effects of Insects

  • Chapter
Ecological Methods

  • 107 Accesses

Abstract

Measures of the size of populations based on the magnitude of their products or effects are often referred to as population indices. The relationship of these indices to the absolute population varies from equivalence, when the number of exuviae are counted, to no more than an approximate correlation, when the index is obtained from general measures of damage.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Aldrich, R. C., Bailey, W. F. and Heller, R. C., 1959. Large scale 70 mm color photography techniques and equipment and their application to a forest sampling problem. Photogrammetric Eng. 25, 747–754.

    Google Scholar 

  • Andrzejewska, L. and Wojcik, Z., 1970. The influence of Acridoidea on the primary production of a meadow (field experiment). Ekol. Polska 18, 89–109.

    Google Scholar 

  • Askew, R. R. 1968. A survey of leaf-miners and their parasites on laburnum. Trans. R. ent. Soc. Lond. 120, 1–37.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bardner, R., 1968. Wheat bulb fly, Leptohylemyia coarctata Fall, and its effect on the growth and yield of wheat. Ann. appl. Biol. 61, 1–11.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bardner, R., Fletcher, K. E. and Huston, P., 1969. Recent work on wheat bulb flies. Proc. 5th Br. Insecticide Fungicide Conf. 500–504.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bean, J. L., 1959. Frass size as an indicator of spruce budworm larval instars. Ann. ent. Soc. Am 52, 605–608.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bess, H. A. and Haramoto, F. H., 1959. Biological control of Pamakani, Eupatorium adenophorum, in Hawaii by a tephritid gall fly, Procecidochares utilis. 2. Population studies of the weed, the fly and the parasites of the fly. Ecology 40, 244–249.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bohart, G. E. and Lieberman, F. V., 1949. Effect of an experimental field application of DDT dust on Nomia melanderi. J. econ. Ent. 42, 519–522.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bowling, C. C., 1963. Cage tests to evaluate stink bug damage to rice. J. econ. Ent. 56, 197–200.

    Google Scholar 

  • Campbell, K. G., 1960. Preliminary studies on population estimation of two species of stick insects (Phasmatidae Phasmatodea) occurring in plague numbers in Highland Forest areas of south-eastern Australia. Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 85, 121–137.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cherrett, J. M., 1964. The distribution of spiders on the Moor House National Nature Reserve, Westmorland. J. Anim. Ecol. 33, 27–48.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chiang, H. C., Latham, R. and Meyer, M. P., 1973. Aerial photography: use in detecting simulated insect defoliation in corn. J. econ. Ent. 66 (3), 779–784.

    Google Scholar 

  • Churchill, G. B., John, H. H., Duncan, D. P. and Hodson, A. C., 1964. Long-term effects of defoliation of aspen by the forest tent caterpillar. Ecology 45, 630–633.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Coaker, T. H., 1957. Studies of crop loss following insect attack on cotton in East Africa. II. Further experiments in Uganda. Bull. ent. Res. 48, 851–866.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Coombs, C. W., 1963. A method of assessing the physical condition of insect-damaged grain and its application to a faunistic survey. Bull. ent. Res. 54, 23–35.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Corbet, P. S., 1957. The life-history of the Emperor dragonfly, Anax imperator Leach (Odonata: Aeshnidae). J. Anim. Ecol. 26, 1–69.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Creber, G. T., 1977. Tree rings: a natural data storage system. Biol. Rev. 52, 349–382.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dadd, R. H., 1960. Observations on the palatability and utilisation of food by locusts, with particular reference to the interpretation of performances in growth trials using synthetic diets. Entomologia exp. Appl. 3, 283–304.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dahms, R. G. and Wood, E. D., 1957. Evaluation of green bug damage to small grains. J. econ. Ent. 50, 443–446.

    Google Scholar 

  • DE Gryse, J. J., 1934. Quantitative methods in the study of forest insects. Sci. Agr. 14, 477–495.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dimond, J. B. and Allen, D. C., 1974. Sampling populations of pine leaf chermid Pineus pinifoliae (Homoptera: Chermidae). III. Neosisterites on white pine. Can. Ent. 106, 509–518.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dixon, A. F. G., 1971. The role of aphids in wood formation II. The effect of the lime aphid, Eucallipterus tiliae L. (Aphididae), on the growth of lime, Tilia × vulgaris Hayne. J. appl. Ecol. 8, 393–399.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dybas, H. S. and Davis, D. D., 1962. A population census of seventeen-year periodical Cicadas (Homoptera: Cicadidae: Magicicada). Ecology 43, 432–444.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dybas, H. S. and Lloyd, M., 1962. Isolation by habitat in two synchronized species of periodical cicadas (Homoptera: Cicadidae: Magicicada). Ecology 43, 444–459.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dybas, H. S. and Lloyd, M., 1974. The habitats of 17-year periodical cicadas (Homoptera: Cicadidae: Magicicada spp.). Ecol. Monogr. 44 (3), 279–324.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eckstein, K., 1938. Die Bewertung des Kotes der Nonnenraupe, Psilura monacha L., als Grundlage für die Festellung ihres Auftretens und zu ergreifenden Massregeln. Allgem. Forst. Jagdztg. 114, 132–148.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eckstein, K., 1939. Das Bohrmehl des Waldgärtners, Myelophilus pimperda L., nebst Bemerkungen über den ‘Frass’ der Borkenkäfer und anderen Insekten. Arb. physiol. angew. Ent. 6, 32–41.

    Google Scholar 

  • Franz, J. and Karafiat, H., 1958. Eigen sich Kartierung und Serienphotographie von Tannenläusen für Massenwechsel-studien? Z. angew. Ent. 43, 100–112.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Friden, F., 1958. Frass-drop frequency in Lepidoptera. Uppsala (Almqvist & Wiksells Boktryckeri), 59 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frost, S. W., 1928. Insect scatology. Ann. ent. Soc. Am. 21, 35–46.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fry, K. E., and Henneberry, T. J., 1977. Measuring leaf damage by the cotton leaf perforator. J. econ. Ent. 70, 141–142.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gomez, K. A. and Bernardo, R. C., 1974. Estimation of stem borer damage in rice fields. J. econ. Ent. 67 (4), 509–516.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gösswald, K., 1935. Über die Frasstätigkeit von Forstschädlingen unter verschiedener Temperatur und Luftfeuch tigkeit und ihre praktische und physiologische Bedeutung. I. Z. angew. Ent. 21, 183–187.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gough, H. C., 1947. Studies on wheat bulb fly, Leptohylemyia coarctata, Fall. II. Numbers in relation to crop damage. Bull. ent. Res. 37, 439–454.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Green, G. W. and DE Freitas, A. S., 1955. Frass drop studies of larvae of Neodiprion americanus banksianae, Roh. and Neodiprion lecontii, Fitch. Can. Ent. 87, 427–440.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Green, G. W. and Henson, W. R., 1953. A new type of coprometer for laboratory and field use. Can. Ent. 85, 227–230.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harcourt, D. G., Mukerji, M. K. and Guppy, J. C., 1974. Estimation of egg populations of the alfalfa weevil, Hypera postica (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Can. Ent. 106, 337–347.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harris, M. K., Hart, W. G., Davis, M. R., Ingle, S. J. and VAN Cleave, H. W., 1976. Aerial photography shows caterpillar infestation. Pecan Quarterly. 10 (2); 12–18.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harris, P., 1974. A possible explanation of plant yield increases following insect damage. Agro-ecosystems 1, 219–225.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hart, W. G. and Ingle, S. J., 1969. Detection of arthropod activity on citrus foliage with aerial infrared color photography. Proc. Workshop Aerial Color Photography Pl. Sci., 85–88, Florida.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hart, W. G., Ingle, S. J., Davis, M. R. and Mangum, C., 1973. Aerial photography with infra-red colour film as a method of surveying for Citrus Blackfly. J. econ. Ent. 66 (1), 190–194.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hatlfield, J. L., Stanley, C. D. and Carlton, R. E., 1976. Evaluation of an electronic foliometer to measure leaf area in corn and soybeans. Agron. J. 68, 434–436.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Henson, W. R. and Stark, R. W., 1959. The description of insect numbers. J. econ. Ent. 52, 847–850.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hodson, A. C. and Brooks, M. A., 1956. The frass of certain defoliators of forest trees in the north central United States and Canada. Can. Ent. 88, 62–68.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Howse, G. M. and Dimond, J. B., 1965. Sampling populations of Pine leaf adelgid, Pineus pinifoliae (Fitch). I. The gall and associated insects. Can. Ent. 97, 952–961.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ito, Y., Shibazaki, A. and Iwahashi, O., 1970. Biology of Hyphantria cunea Drury (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae) in Japan. XI. Results of road-survey. Appl. Ent. Zool. 5, 133–144.

    Google Scholar 

  • Iwao, S., 1962. Studies on the phase variation and related phenomena in some Lepidopterous insects. Mem. Coll. Agric. Kyoto Univ. (Ent. no. 12) 84, 1–80.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jepson, W. F., 1959. The effects of spray treatments on the infestation of the oat crop by the frit fly (Oscinella frit L.). Ann. appl. Biol. 47, 463–474.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jepson, W. F. and Mathias, P., 1960. The control of frit fly, Oscinella frit (L.) in sweet corn (Zea mays) by Thimet (O, O-Diethyl S-ethyethio-methyl phosphorod-ithioate). Bull. ent. Res. 51, 427–433.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jepson, W. F. and Southwood, T. R. E., 1958. Population studies on Oscinellafrit L. Ann. appl. Biol. 46, 465–474.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, C. G. and Burge, G. A., 1971. Field trials of anti-capsid insecticides on farmers cocoa in Ghana, 1956–60. 2. Effects of different insecticides compared by counting capsids, and capsid counting compared with counting the percentage of newly damaged trees. Ghana. J. agric. Sci. 4, 33–38.

    Google Scholar 

  • Klein, W. H., 1973. Beetle killed pine estimates, Photogrammetric Engineering 39, 385–388.

    Google Scholar 

  • Legner, E. F. and Oatman, E. R., 1962. Sampling and distribution of summer eye-spotted bud moth Spilonota oceliana (D. & S.) larvae and nests on apple trees. Can. Ent. 94, 1187–1189.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leroi, B., 1972. A study of natural populations of the celery leaf-miner Philophylla heraclei L. (Diptera Tephritidae). I. Methods of counting of larval populations. Res. Popul. Ecol. 13, 201–215.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leroi, B., 1974. A study of natural populations of the celery leaf-miner, Philophylla heraclei L. (Diptera, Tephritidae). II. Importance of changes of mines for larval populations. Res. Popul. Ecol. 15, 163–182.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lessard, G. and Buffam, P. E., 1976. Effects of Rhyacionia neomexicana on height and radial growth in Ponderose Pine reproduction. J. econ. Ent. 69, 755–760.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lockwood, S., 1924. Estimating the abundance of, and damage done by grasshoppers. J. econ. Ent. 17, 197–202.

    Google Scholar 

  • Möllerström, G., 1963. Different kinds of injury to leaves of the sugar beets and their effect on yield. Medd. Växtskyddsanst. 12, 299–309.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morris, R. F., 1942. The use of frass in the identification of forest insect damage. Can. Ent. 74, 164–167.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Morris, R. F., 1949. Frass-drop measurement in studies of the European spruce sawfly. Univ. Michigan Sch. Forestry and Conserv. Bull. 12, 58 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morris, R. F. and Bennett, C. W., 1967. Seasonal population trends and extensive census methods for Hyphantria cunea. Can. Ent. 99, 9–17.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mott, D. G., Nairn, L. O. and Cook, J. F., 1957. Radial growth in forest trees and effects of insect defoliation. For. Sci. 3 (3), 286–304.

    Google Scholar 

  • Murai, M., 1974. Studies on the interference among larvae of the citrus leaf miner, Phyllocristis citrella Stainton (Lepidoptera: Phyllocristidae). Res. Popul. Ecol. 16, 80–111.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nakamura, M., Kondo, M., Ito, Y., Miyashita, K. and Nakamura, K., 1964. Population dynamics of the chestnut gall-wasp, Dryocosmus buriphilus. 1. Description of the survey station and the life histories of the gall wasp and its parasites. Jap. J. appl. Ent. Zool. 8, 149–158.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Neiswander, C. R. and Herr, E. A., 1930. Correlation of corn borer populations with degree of damage. J. econ. Ent. 23, 938–945.

    Google Scholar 

  • Newcomer, E. J., 1943. Apparent control of the Pacific mite with xanthone. J. econ. Ent. 36, 344–345.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nolte, H. W., 1939. Über den Kot von Fichten-und Kieferninsekten. Tharandter forstl. Jahrb. 90, 740–761.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ogunlana, M. O. and Pedigo, P., 1974. Economic injury levels of the potato leafhopper on Soybeans in Iowa. J. econ. Ent. 67(1), 29–32.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ortman, E. E. and Painter, R. H., 1960. Quantitative measurements of damage by the greenbug, Toxoptera graminum to four wheat varieties. J. econ. Ent. 53, 798–802.

    Google Scholar 

  • Paramonov, A., 1959. A possible method of estimating larval numbers in tree crowns. Ent. mon. Mag. 95, 82–83.

    Google Scholar 

  • Payne, J. A., Tedders, W. L., Cosgrove, G. E. and Foard, D., 1972. Larval mine characteristics of four species of leaf-mining Lepidoptera in Pecan. Ann. ent. Soc. Am. 65, 74–81.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pond, D. D., 1961. Frass studies of the armyworm, Pseudaletia unipuncta. Ann. ent. Soc. Am. 54, 133–140.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pottinger, R. P. and LE Roux, E. J., 1971. The biology and dynamics of Lithocolletis blancardella (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) on apple in Quebec. Mem. Ent. Soc. Canada. 77, 437 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Prasad, S. K., 1961, (1962). Quantitative estimation of damage to cabbage by cabbage worm, Pieris rapae (Linn.). Indian J. Ent. 23, 54–61.

    Google Scholar 

  • Redfern, M., 1968. The natural history of spear thistle-heads. Field Studies 2(5), 669–717.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reichle, D. E., Goldstein, R. A., VAN Hook, R. I. and Dobson, G. J., 1973. Analysis of insect consumption in a forest canopy. Ecology 54, 1076–1084.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rhumbier, L., 1929. Zur Begiftung des Kiefernspanners (Bupalus piniarius L.) in der Oberförsterei Hersfeld-Ost 1926. Z. angew. Ent. 15, 137–158.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sen, A. R. and Chakrabarty, R. P., 1964. Estimation of loss of crop from pests and diseases of tea from sample surveys Biometrics 20, 492–504.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, R. F., 1969. The importance of economic injury levels in the development of integrated pest control programs. Qual. Plant. Mater. Veg. 17, 81–92.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Solomon, J. D., 1977. Frass characteristics for identifying insect borers (Lepidoptera: Cossidae and Sesiidae; Coleoptera: Cerambyciidae) in living hardwoods. Can. Ent. 109, 295–303.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Southwood, T. R. E. and Norton, G. A., 1973. Economic aspects of pest management strategies and decisions. In Geier, P. W. et al. (eds.) Insects: studies in population management. Mem. Ecol. Soc. Australia 1, 168–195.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stern, V. M., 1973. Economic thresholds. Ann. Rev. Ent. 18, 259–280.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stern, V. M., Smith, R. F., VAN DEN Bosch, R. and Hagen, K. S., 1959. The integrated control concept. Hilgardia 29(2), 81–101.

    Google Scholar 

  • Strandine, E. J., 1940. A quantitative study of the periodical cicada with respect to soil of three forests. Am. Midl. Nat. 24, 177–183.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Strickland, A. H., 1956. Agricultural pest assessment. I-The problem. N.A.A.S. quart. Rev. (H.M.S.O., London) 33, 112–118. II-A partial solution. Ibid. 34, 156–62.

    Google Scholar 

  • Strickland, A. H., 1970. Some attempts to predict yield losses in England from estimates of pest populations. E.P.P.O. Public. Ser. A. No. 57, 147–158.

    Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, W. E. and Bardner, R., 1968a. Effects of feeding by larvae of Phaedon cochleariae (F.) and Plutella maulipennis (Curt.) on the yield of radish and turnip plants. Ann. appl. Biol. 62, 249–254.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, W. E. and Bardner, R., 1968b. Leaf injury and food consumption by larvae of Phaedon cochleariae (Col. Chrysomelidae) and Plutella maculipennis (Lep. Plutellidae) feeding on turnip and radish. Entomologia exp. appl. 11, 177–184.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, W. E. and Bardner, R., 1970. Energy relationships between the larvae of Phaedon cochleariae (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae) or Plutella maculipennis (Lep-idoptera, Plutellidae) and radish and turnip plants. Entomologia exp. appl. 13, 403–406.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tinbergen, L., 1960. The natural control of insects in pinewoods. 1. Factors influencing the intensity of predation by song birds. Arch. Neérl. Zool. 13, 266–343.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tothill, J. D., 1922. The natural control of the fall webworm (Hyphentia cunea Drury) in Canada. Bull. Can. Dept. Agric. 3(n.s) (Ent. Bull. 19), 1–107.

    Google Scholar 

  • Varley, G. C. and Gradwell, G. R., 1962. The effect of partial defoliation by caterpillars on the timber production of oak trees in England. Proc. XI int. Congr. Ent. 2, 211–214.

    Google Scholar 

  • Waldbauer, G. P., 1964. Quantitative relationships between the numbers of fecal pellets, fecal weights and the weight of food eaten by tobacco hornworms, Protoparce sexta (Johan.) (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae). Entomologia exp. appl. 7, 310–314.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wallen, V. R., Jackson, H. R. and Macdiarmid, S. W., 1976. Remote sensing of corn aphid infestation, 1974 (Hemiptera: Aphididae) Can. Ent. 108, 751–754.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Waters, W. E., Heller, R. C. and Bean, J. L., 1958. Aerial appraisal of damage by the spruce budworm. J. Forest. 56(4), 269–276.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wear, J. F., Pope, R. B. and Lauterbach, P. G., 1964. Estimating beetle-killed Douglas fir by photo and field plots. J. Forest. 62(5), 309–315.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weiss, H. B. and Boyd, W. M., 1950, 1952. Insect feculae I. J. New York Ent. Soc. 58, 154–168. Insect feculae II. ibid. 60, 25–30.

    Google Scholar 

  • Whittaker, J. B., 1971. Population changes in Neophilaenus lineatus (L.) (Homoptera: Cercopidae) in different parts of its range. J. Anim. Ecol. 40, 425–443.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yonce, C. E., Gentry, C. R., Tumlinson, J. H., Doolittle, R. E., Mitchell, E. R. and Mclaughlin, J. R., 1977. Seasonal distribution of the lesser peach tree borer in Central Georgia as monitored by pupal skin counts and pheromone trapping techniques. Environ. Ent. 6, 203–206.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Imperial College, University of London, UK

    T. R. E. Southwood D.Sc., Ph.D, F.R.S. (Professor of Zoology and Applied Entomology)

Authors
  1. T. R. E. Southwood D.Sc., Ph.D, F.R.S.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1978 T. R. E. Southwood

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Southwood, T.R.E. (1978). Estimates based on Products and Effects of Insects. In: Ecological Methods. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-5809-8_8

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-5809-8_8

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-94-009-5811-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-009-5809-8

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation