The evolution of predator-prey systems

Abstract

Ecological systems per se do not evolve; their constituent species’ populations evolve. The effects of evolution upon the dynamics of predatory systems must, therefore, be sought in the selective forces operating separately upon the predator and prey. Books have been written about little else but evolutionary adaptations for and against predation. Protective morphology, coloration and behavior provide a substantial fraction of the stories with which ecologists regularly amaze one another. Much of the systematic work on predators employs teeth, jaws, raptorial appendages, and other adaptations for pursuit and capture.

Of a truth Divine Providence does appear to be, as indeed one might expect beforehand, a wise contriver. For timid animals which are a prey to others are all made to produce young abundantly, that so the species may not be entirely eaten up and lost; while savage and noxious creatures are made very unfruitful.

Herodotus¹