Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Planning for Nuclear Power Plant Accidents: Some Neglected Spatial and Behavioral Considerations

  • Chapter
Geographical Dimensions of Energy

Part of the book series: The GeoJournal Library ((GEJL,volume 5))

Abstract

Federal regulations governing the operation of commercial nuclear power plants contain unrealistic assumptions about human spatial behavior in crisis situations which, in the event of a major reactor accident, are likely to result in inadequate and ineffective emergency preparedness and response. In this paper the extensive and substantive literature in geography, sociology, and psychology which deals with crisis decision-making and behavior, including pertinent studies conducted in the aftermath of the accident at Three Mile Island in 1979, are drawn on in an effort to (1) provide a realistic picture of the actual range of emergency spatial behaviors a major nuclear reactor accident is likely to evoke among both the general population and designated emergency personnel; (2) demonstrate the potential negative consequences of failing to plan for these emergency spatial behaviors; and (3) propose revisions to the existing federal regulations in order that radiological emergency preparedness and response plans might more accurately reflect the spatial and behavioral factors which appear to distinguish nuclear emergencies from other types of crises.

This is a substantially revised and expanded version of a paper which was presented at the 7th Annual Applied Geography Conference, held at Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, November 1–3, 1984 (Johnson 1984b). I am especially indebted to Ms. Althea Silvera for editorial assistance, and to Zeigler and an anonymous reviewer for their comments on an earlier draft of this paper.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • AEC, 1973. Guide and checklist for the development and evaluation of state and local government radiological emergency response plans in support of fixed nuclear facilities. WASH-1293, Nov. 1. Available at NRC Public Documents Room.

    Google Scholar 

  • AEC, 1974. Guide and checklist for the development and evaluation of state and local government emergency response plans in support of fixed nuclear facilities WASH-1293-Rev. 1, Dec. 1. Available at NRC Public Documents Room.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ajzen, I., and Fishbein, M. 1980. Understanding attitudes and predicting social behavior. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Englewood Cliffs.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baker, G.W., and Chapman, D.W. ed. 1962. Man and society in disaster. New York: Basic Books, Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barnes, K., et al. 1979. Responses of impacted population to the Three Mile Island nuclear reactor accident: an initial assessment. New Brunswick, NJ: Department of Geography, Discussion Paper No. 13, Rutgers University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baum, A. et al. 1981. Chronic stress and acute stress associated with the Three Mile Island accident and decontamination: preliminary findings of a longitudinal study. Technical report submitted to the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission.

    Google Scholar 

  • Breo, D.L. 1979. Nuclear scare tests hospital’s disaster plan. Hospitals, J.A.H.A. May 1:33.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bromet, E., Schulberg, H.C., and Dunn, L. 1982. Reactions of psychiatric patients to the Three Mile Island nuclear accident. Archives-of General Psychology 39:24–40.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brunn, S.D., Johnson, J.H., Jr, and Zeigler, D.J. 1979. Final report on a social survey of Three Mile Inland area residents. East Lansing, MI: Department of Geography, Michigan State University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burton, I., Kates, R., White, G.F. 1978. Environment as hazard. London: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chapman, D.W. ed. 1954. Human behavior in disaster: a new field of social research. Journal of Social Issues 10:1–73.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chenault, W.W., Hubert, G.D., and Reichlin, S.D. 1979. Evacuation planning in the TMI accident. Washington, DC: Federal Emergency Management Agency.

    Google Scholar 

  • Christensen, L., and Ruch, CE. 1980. The effect of social influence on response to hurricane warnings. Disasters 4:205–10.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, R., and Lichter, S.R. 1983. Nuclear power: the decision makers speak. Regulation March/Apri1:32–37.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, R.E., and Ahearn, F.L. 1980. Handbook for mental health care of disaster victims. Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Collins, H.E., Grimes, B.K., and Galpin, F. ed. 1978. Planning basis for the development of state and local government radiological emergency response plans in support of light-water nuclear power plants. Washington, DC: U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NUREG-0396).

    Google Scholar 

  • Cook, E. 1982. The role of history in the acceptance of nuclear power. Social Science Quarterly 63:3–15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cornell, J. 1982. The-great international disaster book. New York: Charles Scribner’s and Sons.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cunningham, A.M. 1982. Is there a seismograph for stress? Psychology Today 16(October):47–52.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cutter, S., and Barnes, K. 1982, Evacuation behavior and Three Mile Island. Disasters 6:116–24.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • DeMuth, W.E., and Trautlein, J.J. 1979. The luck of Three Mile Island. Journal of Trauma 19:792–94.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • DeMuth, W.E., and Miller, K.L. 1982. A perspective on Three Mile Island. Continuing Education December:18–24.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dohrenwend, B.P., et al. 1981. Stress in the community: a report to the President’s commission on the accident at Three Mile and. In The Three Mile Island nuclear accident: lessons and implications, ed. T.H. Moss and D.L. Sills, pp. 159–74. New York: The New York Academy of Sciences.

    Google Scholar 

  • Drabek, T.E., and Boggs, K.S.1968. Families in disaster: reactions and relatives. Journal of Marriage and the Family 30:443–51.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Drabek, T.E. 1969 Social processes in disaster: family evacuation. Social Problems 16:336–49.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dunning, C, and Silva, M. 1980. Disaster-induced trauma in rescue workers. Victimology: An International Journal 5:287–97.

    Google Scholar 

  • Erikson, K.T. 1982. Human response in a radiological accident. In The Indian Point book: a briefing of the safety investigation of the Indian Point nuclear power plant, pp. 55–59. Cambridge, MA: Union of Concerned Scientists; and New York, New York Public Interest Research Group, Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fabrikant, J.I. 1983. The effects of the accident at Three Mile Island on the mental health and behavioral responses of the general population and nuclear workers. Health Physics 45:579–86.

    Google Scholar 

  • FEMA 1980. Report to the president: state radiological emergency planning and preparedness in support of commercial nuclear power plants. Washington, DC: Federal Emergency Management Agency, June 30.

    Google Scholar 

  • FEMA 1982. Radiological emergency planning and preparedness: final regulations. Federal Register 47 (March 11): 10758–62.

    Google Scholar 

  • Firebaugh, M.W. 1981. Publicattitudesand information onthe nuclear option. Nuclear Safety 22:147–56.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fischer, D.W. 1981. Planning for large scale accidents: learning from the Three Mile Island accident. Energy 6:93–108.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Flynn, C.B. 1979. Three Mile Island telephone survey: preliminary report of procedures and findings. Washington, DC: U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NUREG/CR-1093).

    Google Scholar 

  • Flynn, C.B. 1981. Local public opinion. In The Three Mile Island nuclear accident: lessons and implications, ed. T.H. Moss and D.L. Sills, pp. 146–58. New York: The New York Academy of Sciences.

    Google Scholar 

  • Foster, H.D. 1980. Disaster planning: the preservation of life and property. New York: Springer-Verlag.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goldstein, R., and Schorr, J.K. 1982. The long-term impact of a man-made disaster: an examination of a small town in the aftermath of the Three Mile Island nuclear reactor accident. Disasters 6:50–59.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gricar, B.G., and Baratta Á.J. 1983. Bridging the information gap at Three Mile Island: radiation monitoring by citizens. The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science 19:35–49.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grosser, G.H., Weschsler, H., and Greenblatt, G. ed. 1964. The threat of impending disaster: contributions to the psychology of stress. Cambridge, MA: The M.I.T. Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haglund, K. 1979. At Hershey: medical system near “failure” during Three Mile Island. New Physician 28: 24–25.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hans, J.M., Jr., and Sell, T.C. 1974. Evacuation risks -an evaluation. Las Vegas, NV: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.

    Google Scholar 

  • Henderson, O.K. 1981. Radiological emergency response planning in Pennsylvania. In Current nuclear power plant safety issues, pp. 331–41. Vienna: IEA (IAEA-CN-39/7.1).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hohenesmer, C, Kasperson, R., and Kates, R. 1977. The distrust of nuclear power. Science 196 (April):25–34.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Houts, P.S., and Goldhaber, M.K. 1981. Psychological and social effects surrounding Three Mile Island after the nuclear accident on March 28, 1979. In Energy, environment and the economy, ed. S. Majumdar, pp. 151–64. PA:Pennsylvania Academy of Sciences.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hu, T., and Slaysman, K.S. 1981, Health related economic costs of the Three Mile Island accident. Center for Research on Human Resources, Institute for Policy Research and Evaluation. University Park, PA: The Pennsylvania State University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Janis, I.L. 1962. Psychological effects of warnings. In Man and Society in Disaster, ed. G.W. Baker and D.W. Chapman, pp. 55–92. New York: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Janis, I.L., and Mann, L. 1977. Emergency decision making: a theoretical analysis of responses to disaster warnings. Journal of Human Stress 3:35–48.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jaske, R.T. 1983. Emergency preparedness: status and outlook. Nuclear Safety 24: 1–11.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, J.H., Jr. 1983. Reactions of public school teachers to a possible accident at the Diablo Canyon nuclear power plant, a report prepared for the California Teachers Association, San Luis Obispo County Chapter. Available upon request from the author.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, J.H., Jr., and Zeigler, D.J. 1984. A spatial analysis of evacuation intentions at the Shoreham Nuclear Power Station. In Nuclear power: assessing and managing hazardous technology, ed. M.J. Pasqualetti and K.D. Pijawka, pp. 279–301. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, J.H., Jr. 1984a. Planningfor spontaneous evacuation during a radiological emergency. Nuclear Safety 25: 186–94.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, J.H., Jr. 1984b. Towards a regional approach to radiological emergency response planning. Papers and Proceedings of Applied Geography Conferences 7:114–22.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, J.H., Jr., and Zeigler, D.J. 1983. Distinguishing human responses to radiological emergencies. Economic Geography 59:386–402.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kasl, S., Chisholm, R.F., and Eskenazi, B. 1981a. The impact of the accident at the Three Mile Island on the behavior and well-being of nuclear workers — part I: perceptions and evaluation, behavioral responses and work-related attitudes and feelings. American Journal of Public Health 71:472–83.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kasl, S., Chisholm, R.F., and Eskenazi, B. 1981b. The impact of the accident at the Three Mile Island on the behavior and well-being of nuclear workers — part II: job tensions, psychophysiological symptoms, and indices of distress. American Journal of Public Health 71:484–95.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kasperson, R.E., et al. 1980. Public opposition to nuclearenergy: retrospect and prospect. Science, Technology and Human Values 5:11–23.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kemeny, J.G., et al. 1979. Report of the presidentas commission on the accident at Three Mile Island Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

    Google Scholar 

  • Killian, L.M. 1952. The significance of multiple group membership in disaster. American Journal of Sociology 57:309–14.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • KLD Associates 1983. Estimated evacuation times for the entire population within the emergency planning zone for the Shoreham Nuclear Power Station, considering the effects of uncontrolled evacuation, voluntary evacuation, inclement weather and accidents. Huntington Station, NY:KLD Associates.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuntz, E. 1979. Hospitals prepared radiation plans in wake of nuclear plant accident. Modern Healthcare 9:16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lathrop, J.W. 1980. An open discussion of problems in nuclear accident preparedness. In Planning for rare-events: nuclear accident preparedness and management, ed. J.W. Lathrop, pp. 13–44. Oxford: Pergamon Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leik, R.K., Carter, T.M., and Clark, J.P. 1981. Community response to natural hazards warnings. Summary final report for National Science Foundation, Federal Emergency Management Agency, and National Weather Service. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lichter, S.R., and Rothman, S. 1983. Scientists’ attitudes toward nuclear energy. Nature 305:91–94

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lifton, R.J. 1968. Death in life: survivors of Hiroshima. New York: Random House.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lifton, R.J. 1982. Beyond psychic numbing: a call to awareness. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 52:619–29.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lindell, M.K., and Perry, R.W. 1983. Nuclear power plant emergency warning: how would the public respond? Nuclear News 26:49–53.

    Google Scholar 

  • MacKenzie, J.J. 1984. Finessingtherisks of nuclearpower. Technology Review 87(Feb/March):34–39.

    Google Scholar 

  • MacLeod, G.K. 1981. Some public health lessons from Three Mile Island: a case study in chaos. Ambio 10:18–23.

    Google Scholar 

  • Manning, D.T. 1982. Post-TMI perceived risk from nuclear power in three communities. Nuclear Safety 23:379–84.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maxwell, C. 1982. Hospital organizational response to the nuclear accident at Three Mile Island: implications for future oriented disaster planning. American Journal of Public Health 72:275–79.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mayo, L.H., et al. 1980. Public concerns and alternative nuclear power systems. Prepared for the Nonproliferation Alternative System Assessment Program, U.S. Department of Energy. Washington, DC: George Washington university.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mileti, D.S., Drabek, T.E., and Haas, J.E. 1975. Human systems in extreme environments: a sociological perspective. Boulder, CO: Institute of Behavioral Science.

    Google Scholar 

  • National Academy of Sciences. 1979. Risks associated with nuclear power. Nuclear Safety 20:664–70.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nelkin, D. 1981. Some social and political dimensions of nuclear power: examples from Three Mile Island. American Political Science Review 75:132–42.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nowotny, H. 1976. Social groups — fear of nuclear power and economic interest. Transactions of the American Nuclear Society 24:99–100.

    Google Scholar 

  • NRC 1975. Reactor safety study: an assessment of accident risks in Uncommercial nuclear power plants. NRC Report WASH-1400 (NUREG 75/104), NTIS, October.

    Google Scholar 

  • NRC 1977. Guide and checklist for the development and evaluation of state and local government radiological emergency-response plans in support of fixed nuclear facilities. NRC Report NUREG — 75/111, March. Supplement No. 1, Essential guidance- elements and associated checklist elements for NRC concurrence in state and local government emergency response plans. Available at the NRC Public Documents Room.

    Google Scholar 

  • NRC 1980. Emergency planning: final regulations. Federal Register 45:55402–18.

    Google Scholar 

  • NRC/FEMA 1980. Criteria for preparation and evaluation of radiological emergency response plans and preparedness in support of nuclear power plants. Washington DC: U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission and Federal Emergency Management Agency (NUREG 0654).

    Google Scholar 

  • Office of Emergency Preparedness 1973. Nuclear incident planning — fixed facilities. Federal Register 38(January 24): 2356.

    Google Scholar 

  • Office of Technology Assessment 1984. Nuclear power in an age uncertainty. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

    Google Scholar 

  • Otway, H.J. 1977. Risk assessment and the social response to nuclear power. Journal of the British Nuclear Energy Society 16:327–33.

    Google Scholar 

  • Otway, H.J., and Thomas, K. 1978. The contribution of safety issues to public perceptions of energy systems. In Pro-abilistic Analysis of Nuclear Reactor Safety, pp. IV.1–1 -IV.1–10. Los Angeles, CA: American Nuclear Society, European Nuclear Society, and OCED Nuclear Energy Agency.

    Google Scholar 

  • Perry, R.W. 1979. Evacuation decision-making in natural disasters. Mass Emergencies 4:25–38.

    Google Scholar 

  • Perry, R.W., Greene, M.R., and Lindell, M.K. 1980. Enhancing evacuation warning compliance: suggestions for emergency planning. Disasters 4:443–49.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Perry, R.W., Lindell, M.K., and Greene, M.R. 1981. Evacuation planning in emergency management. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Perry, R.W. 1983. Population evacuation in volcanic eruptions, floods, and nuclear power plant accidents: some elementary comparisons. Journal of Community Psychology 11:36–47.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Polk, P.A. 1983. Testimony of behalf of Suffolk County regarding contentions 23.D (evacuation shadow phenomenon) and 65 (evacuation time estimates). In the matter of Long Island Lighting Company (Shoreham Nuclear Power Plant, Unit 1).

    Google Scholar 

  • Quarantelli, E.L., and Dynes, R.R. 1978. Structural factors in the minimization of role conflict: a re-examination of the significance of multiple group membership in disasters. Preliminary paper 49, Disaster Research Center, Ohio State University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Saarinen, T.F. 1979. The relationship of hazard awareness to adoption of approved mitigation measures. Boulder: University of Colorado Natural Hazards Research and Applications Center IBS 6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schwebel, M., and Schwebel, B. 1981. Children’s reaction to the threat of nuclear power plant accidents. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 51:260–70.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sheffi, Y., Mahmassani, H., and Powell, W. 1981. Evacuation studies for nuclear power plant sites, a new challenge for traffic engineers. Inst. Transportation Engineering Journal 51:25–29.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sheffi, Y. 1982. A note on computer graphics in network evacuation studies. Computer Graphics and Applications 2:57–62.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sheridan, T. 1980. Human error in nuclear power plants. Technology Review. 82:22–33.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sims, J.H., and Baumann, D.D. 1983. Educational programs and human response to natural hazards. Environment and Behavior 15:165–89.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Slovic, P., Fischhoff, B., and Lichtenstein, S. 1979. Rating the risks. Environment 21:14–39.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Slovic, P., Fischhoff, B., and Lichtenstein, S. 1980a. Facts and fears: understanding perceived risk. In Societal risk assessment: how safe is safe enough? ed. R.C. Schwing and W.A. Albers, pp. 181–214. New York: Plenum Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Slovic, P., and Fischoff, B. 1983. How safe is safe enough? In Too hot to handle? , ed. C.A. Walker, et al., pp. 112–50. New Haven, CN: Yale University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Slovic, P., Fischhoff, B., and Lichtenstein, S. 1980b. Informing people about risk. In Product labeling and health risks. Banbury Report 6, ed. A.L. Morris, M.B. Mazis, and I. Barofsky, pp. 165–81. New York: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, J.S., and Fischer, J.H. 1981. Three Mile Island: the silent disaster. JAMA, The Journal of the American Medical Association. 245(April 24):1656–59.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, S.M. 1983. Disaster: family disruption in the wake of natural disaster. In Stress and the Family, Volume II: Coping with Catastrophe, ed. C.F. Figley and H.I. McCubbin, pp. 120–47. New York: Brunner/Mazel.

    Google Scholar 

  • Social Data Analysts, Inc. 1982a. Attitudes towards evacuation: reactions of Long Island residents to a possible accident at the Shoreham Nuclear Power Plant. New York: Social Data Analysts, Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Social Data Analysts, Inc. 1982b. Responses of emergency person nel to a possible accident at the Shoreham Nuclear Power Plant. New York: Social Data Analysts, Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sorensen, J.H. 1983. Knowing how to behave under the threat of disaster: can it be explained? Environment and Behavior 15:438–57.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sorensen, J.H. 1984. Evaluating the effectiveness of warning systems for nuclear power plant emergencies: criteria and application. In Nuclear power: assessing and managing hazardous technology, ed. M.J. Pasqualetti and K.D. Pijawka, pp. 259–77. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Staff Report 1984. Nuclear power: bombing out? Time February 13, 1984:34–45.

    Google Scholar 

  • Strohl, G. 1979. Nuclear threat: hospitals need to know. Osteopathic Hospitals 23:6, 8–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • The Media Institute 1979. Television evening news covers nuclear energy: a ten year perspective. Washington, DC: The Media Institute.

    Google Scholar 

  • The Media Institute 1980a. The publicas right to know: communi cator’s response to the Kemeny commission report. Washington, DC: The Media Institute.

    Google Scholar 

  • The Media Institute 1980b. Nuclear phobia-phobic thinking about nuclear power: a discussion with Robert L, DuPont, M.D. Washington, DC: The Media Institute.

    Google Scholar 

  • The Pennsylvania National Guard 1979. Three Mile Island nuclear accident 28 — March — 4 April 1979 after action report. Annville, PA: Department of Military Affairs, June 7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, K., et al. 1980. Nuclear energy: the accuracy of policy maker’s perception of public beliefs. Behavioral Science 25:332–44.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Udell, R. 1982. Public citizen’s nuclear power plant safety report. Washington, DC: Critical Mass Energy Project.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walsh, S.J., et al. 1983. Application of population projections and remote sensing for nuclear power plant licensing. The Social Science Journal 20:89–102.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weidner, W.A., et al. 1980. The impact of nuclear crisis on a radiology department. Radiology 135:717–23.

    Google Scholar 

  • White, G.F. ed. 1974. Natural hazards: local, national, global. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • White, G.F., and Haas, J.E. 1975. Assessment of research on natural hazards. Cambridge, MA: The M.I.T. Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wolfenstein, M. 1957. Disaster: a psychological essay. Glencoe, IL: Free Press, 1957.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yankelovich, Skelly, and White, Inc. 1983. Status report on public response to emergency planning efforts. Prepared for the Long Island Lighting Company, Long Island, NY.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zeigler, D.J., Brunn, S.D. and Johnson, J.H., Jr. Evacuation from a nuclear technological disaster. Geographical Review 71:1–16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zeigler, D.J., Johnson, J.H., Jr., and Brunn, S.D. 1983. Technological hazards. Resource Publications in Geography. Washington, DC: Association of American Geographers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zeigler, D.J., and Johnson, J.H., Jr. 1984. Evacuation behavior in response to nuclear power plant accidents. The Professional Geographer 36:207–15.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Geography, University of California - Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90024, USA

    James H. Johnson Jr.

Authors
  1. James H. Johnson Jr.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Geology and Geography and Regional Research Institute, West Virginia University, USA

    Frank J. Calzonetti

  2. Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, Washington, D.C., USA

    Frank J. Calzonetti  & Barry D. Solomon  & 

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1985 D. Reidel Publishing Company

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Johnson, J.H. (1985). Planning for Nuclear Power Plant Accidents: Some Neglected Spatial and Behavioral Considerations. In: Calzonetti, F.J., Solomon, B.D. (eds) Geographical Dimensions of Energy. The GeoJournal Library, vol 5. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-5416-8_10

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-5416-8_10

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-94-010-8890-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-009-5416-8

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation