Abstract
It is very difficult to draw the exact borders of French America during the 17th and 18th centuries, because the French possessions changed very much during that long period. By the end of the 17th century, France owned Canada and a large territory around the Great Lakes, south to the confluence of Ohio and Mississippi. In the West Indies, France owned Saint-Domingue (i.e. the western part of Hispaniola), Dominique, Martinique, Guadeloupe, some other small islands and French Guyana. By the Treaty of Utrecht (1713), France had to give up Acadia, Newfoundland (though it kept some fishing privileges there) and Hudson Bay to England. By the Treaty of Paris (1763), France, whose expansion had covered the whole Mississippi Basin, gave up Louisiana to England, leaving the eastern part with New Orleans to Spain.
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Notes
L. Dechêne, Habitants et marchands de Montréal au XVIIe siècle, (Paris, 1974), see. pp. 50–80.
G. Debien, ‘Engagés pour le Canada au XVIIe siècle, vus de la Rochelle’, Revue d’Histoire de l’Amérique Française, VI, 2, (1952), pp. 196–497.
A.E. Smith, Colonists in Bondage, (Chapel Hill. 1947), pp. 8–16.
Oscar and Mary Handlin, ‘Origins of the Southern Labor-System’, The William and Mary Quarterly, April, (1950), pp. 199–222.
L. Dechêne, Habitants et marchands, pp. 51–52.
This Société, which was formed by six members of the (secret) Compagnie du Saint-Sacrement, received the greatest part of Montreal Island in order to establish a mission, which would be independent from the one in Quebec.
L. Dechêne, Habitants et marchands, p. 53, finding support in the Règlement de 1647; and P.E. Renaud, Les origines économiques du Canada (Paris, 1928), p. 237; G. Debien, ‘Engagés pout le Canada’, pp. 190–193.
L. Dechêne, Habitants et marchands, p. 55, and J. Hamelin,Economie et Société en Nouvelle France, (Quebec, 1960), p. 78. It deals with the Ordonnance de 1716.
L. Dechêne, Habitants et marchands, p. 63.
Mémoire du Gouverneur Frontenac à Seignelay, in L. Dechêne, Habitants et marchands, p. 63.
Table given by L. Dechêne, Habitants et marchands, p. 64.
L. Dechêne, Habitants et marchands, p. 65.
L. Dechêne, Habitants et marchands, p. 65.
L. Dechêne, Habitants et marchands, p. 67.
L. Dechêne, Habitants et marchands, pp. 71–73.
L. Dechêne, Habitants et marchands, pp. 74–77.
L. Dechêne, Habitants et marchands, pp. 77–80.
M. Delafosse, ‘Le trafic maritime Franco-Canadien, 1695–1715: Navires et marchands à La Rochelle’, Communication at the Conférence Internationale sur l’Histoire Coloniale, (Ottawa, 1969).
G. Debien, La société coloniale aux XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles, Les engagés pour les Antilles, (1634–1717), (Paris, 1952), pp. 142–144.
G. Debien, Les engagés pour les Antilles 1634–1715, (Paris, 1952); also see his famous collection Notes d’Histoire Coloniale, especially notes 62 and 162, and the bibliography, note 153.
M. Giraud, Histoire de la Louisiane Française, Vol. II, (Paris, 1968), p. 10.
M. Giraud, Histoire de la Louisiane, Vol. II, p. 117.
M. Giraud, Histoire de la Louisiane, Vol. II, pp. 119–120.
G. Debien, Note 153, ‘Antillas de lengua francesa 1970–1971’, Historiografia y bibliografia americanistas, XVI, 2, Séville, July, (1972), pp. 31–32.
G. Debien, Les engagés pour les Antilles, 1634–1717.
Jacques Petitjean Roget, La société d’habitation à la Martinique: un demi-siècle de formation 1635–1685, 2 vols., (Paris, 1980), pp. 521 and 706–771, and p. 368: ‘Ils (les esclaves noirs) sont honnêtement traités, ne differant en rien des serviteurs français, sinon qu’ils sont serviteurs et servants perpétuels’ wrote an anonymous author from St. Christopher, probably Father Pacifique de Provins, who had worked there in 1635. Subsequently the Dominican Dutertre and the Jesuit Pelleprat also reported on this matter based on personal experience, in the first case drawn from Guadeloupe between 1639 and 1645, in the second case drawn from a stay in the Caribbean islands in 1656. They wrote that the indentureds were: ‘plus mal traités que les esclaves: on ne les poussait au travail affaiblis par la misère et la faim, qu’à coups de hallebardes’.
G. Debien, Les engagés pour les Antilles, pp. 52–53.
G. Debien, Les engagés pour les Antilles, p. 68.
G. Debien, Les engagés pour les Antilles, pp. 67–69.
G. Debien, Les engagés pour les Antilles, pp. 110–112.
G. Debien, ‘Profils de colons, V: Mauvais sujet poitevins aux îles’. Notes d’Histoire Coloniale, note. 62.
G. Debien, Les engagés pour les Antilles, p. 243.
G. Debien, Les engagés pour les Antilles, p. 243.
G. Debien, Les engagés pour les Antilles, p. 243 and pp. 247–261.
G. Debien, Les engagés pour les Antilles, p. 144.
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© 1986 Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Dordrecht
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Mauro, F. (1986). French indentured servants for America, 1500–1800. In: Emmer, P.C. (eds) Colonialism and Migration; Indentured Labour Before and After Slavery. Comparative Studies in Overseas History, vol 7. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4354-4_5
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