Skip to main content

Organic Contaminants in Terrestrial Food Chains

  • Chapter
Organic Contaminants in the Environment

Part of the book series: Environmental Management Series ((EMISS,volume 19))

Abstract

Organic pollutants in terrestrial environments are of concern because of potential environmental changes caused by direct adverse effects on the indigenous animal populations and because of the potential transmission of these compounds to humans through the food chain. These two situations may lead to two different evaluations of a given level of environmental contamination. In the case of potential human exposure, the primary concern often is the exposure to the potential mutagens and carcinogens. These materials are of more serious consequence to humans than to animal species because medical science allows the retention of many adverse mutations in the human. In contrast, mutagens are of less consequence in animal populations because of the rapid elimination of mutation due to the lack of fitness for survival. Thus, for animals, it is more important to consider those effects that adversely affect the reproduction and survival of populations.1

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Woodwell, G. M., Effects of pollution on the structure and physiology of ecosystems. Science, 168 (1970) 429–33.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Carson, R. L., Silent Spring. Houghton Mifflin, Boston, 1962.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Barker, J., Notes on some ecological effects of DDT sprayed on elms. 7. Wildl. Management, 22 (1958) 569–74.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Davis, B. N. K., Laboratory studies on the uptake of dieldrin and DDT by earthworms. Soil Biol. Biochem., 3 (1971) 221–33.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Dimond, J. B., Belyea, G. Y. Kadunce, R. E., Getchell, A. S. & Blease, J. A., DDT residues in robins and earthworms associated with contaminated forest soils. Can. Entomol., 102 (1970) 1112–30.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Gish, C. D., Organochlorine insecticide residues in soils and soil invertebrates from agricultural lands. Pestic. Monit. J., 3 (1970) 241–52.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Fannelli, R., Castelli, M. G., Martelli, G. P., Noseda, A. & Garattini, S., Presence of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in wildlife living near Seveso, Italy: A preliminary study. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 24 (1980)460–2.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Martinucci, G. B., Crespi, P., Omodeo, P., Osella, G. & Traldi, G., Earthworms and TCDD (2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin) in Seveso. In Earthworm Ecology from Darwin to Vermiculture, ed. J. E. Satchell. Chapman and Hall, London, 1983, pp. 275–83.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Reinecke, A. J. & Nash, R. J., Toxicity of 2,3,7,8-TCDD and short-term bioaccumulation by earthworms (oligochaeta). Soil Biol. Biochem., 16 (1984) 45–9.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Dustman, E. H. & Stickel, L. F., The occurrence and significance of pesticide residues in wild animals. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 160 (1969) 162–71.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Davis, B. N. K. & French, M. C, The accumulation and loss of organochlorine insecticide by beetles, worms and slugs in sprayed fields. Soil Biol. Biochem., 1 (1969) 45–55.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Moore, N. W. & Walker, C. H., Organic chlorine insecticide residues in wild birds. Nature, 201 (1964) 1072–3.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Gilman, A. P., Fox, G. A., Peakall, D. B., Teeple, S. M., Carroll, T. R. & Haymes, G. T., Reproductive parameters and contaminant levels of Great Lakes herring gulls. J. Wildl. Management, 41 (1977) 458–68.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Stalling, D. L., Norstrom, R. J., Smith, L. M. & Simon, M., Patterns of PCDD, PCDF, and PCB contamination in Great Lakes fish and birds and their characterization by principal component analysis. Chemosphere, 14 (1985) 627–43.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Mussehl, T. W. & Finley, R. B., Residues of DDT in forest grouse following spruce budworm spraying. J. Wildl. Management, 31 (1967) 270–87.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Moriarty, F., The effects of pesticides on wildlife exposure and residues. Sci. Total. Environ., 1 (1972)267–88.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Wurster D. H., Wurster, C. F. & Strickland, W. N., Bird mortality following DDT spray for Dutch elm disease. Ecology, 46 (1965) 488–99.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Fanelli, R., Bertoni, M. P., Castelli, M. G., Chiabrando, C., Martelli, G. P., Noseda, A., Garattini, S., Binaghi, C., Maarazza, V. & Pezza, F., 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin toxic effects and tissue levels in animals from the contaminated area of Seveso, Italy. Arch Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 9 (1980) 569–77.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Peakall, D. B., Pesticides and the reproduction of birds. Scient. Am., 222 (1970) 73–8.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Ratcliffe, D. A., Decrease in eggshell weight in certain birds of prey. Nature, 215 (1967) 208–10.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Hickey, J. J. & Anderson, D. W., Chlorinated hydrocarbons and eggshell changes in raptorial and fish-eating birds. Science, 162 (1968) 271–3.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Cooke, A. S., Shell thinning in avian eggs by environmental pollutants. Environ. Pollut., 4 (1973) 85–152.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Lillie, R. J., Cecil, H. C., Bitman, J., Fries, G. F. & Verrett, J., Toxicity of certain polychlorinated and polybrominated biphenyls on reproductive efficiency of caged chickens. Poult. Sci., 54 (1975) 1550–5.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Peakall, D. B., Lincer, J. L. & Bloom, S. E., Embryonic mortality and chromosomal alterations caused by Aroclor 1254 in ring doves. Environ. Health Perspect, 1 (1972) 103–4.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Gilbertson, M. & Fox, G. A., Chick edema disease and hepatic porphyria in Lake Ontario herring gull embryos in the early 1970s. In Human and Environmental Risks of Chlorinated Dioxins and Related Compounds, ed. R. E. Tucker, A. L. Young & A. P. Gray. Plenum Press, New York, 1983, pp. 341–56.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Harrison, D. D. & Crews, R. C, A field study of soil and biological specimens from a herbicide storage and aerial-test staging site following long-term contamination with TCDD. In Human and Environmental Risks of Chlorinated Dioxins and Related Compounds, ed. R. E. Tucker, A. L. Young & A. P. Gray. Plenum Press, New York, 1983, pp. 323–39.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Thalken, C. E. & Young, A. L., Long-term field studies of a rodent population continuously exposed to TCDD. In Human and Environmental Risks of Chlorinated Dioxins and Related Compounds, ed. R. E. Tucker, A. L. Young & A. P. Gray. Plenum Press, New York, 1983, pp. 357–72.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Fanelli, R., Chiabrando, C. & Bonaccorsi, A., TCDD contamination in the Seveso incident. Drug Metab. Rev., 13 (1982) 1982.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Rose, J. Q., Ramsey, J. C., Wentzler, T. H., Hummel, R. A. & Gehring, P. J., The fate of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin following single and repeated oral doses to the rat. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 36 (1976) 209–26.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Fries, G. F. & Marrow, G. S., Retention and excretion of 2,3,7,8-tet-rachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin by rats. J. Agric. Food Chem., 23 (1975) 265–9.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Robens, J. & Anthony, H. D., Polychlorinated biphenyl contamination of feeder cattle. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc, 177 (1980) 613–15.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Carter, C. D., Kimbrough, R. D., Liddle, J. A., Cline, R. F., Zack, M. M., Barthel, W. F., Koehler, R. E. & Phillips, P. E., Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin: An accidental poisoning episode in horse arenas. Science, 188 (1975) 738–40.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Cockerham, L. G. & Young, A. L., Ultrastructural comparison of liver tissues from field and laboratory TCDD-exposed beach mice. In Human and Environmental Risks of Chlorinated Dioxins and Related Compounds, ed. R. E. Tucker, A. L. Young & A. P. Gray. Plenum Press, New York, 1983, pp. 373–89.

    Google Scholar 

  34. Price, H. A. & Welch, R. L., Occurrence of polychlorinated biphenyls in humans. Environ. Health Perspect., 1 (1972) 73–8.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Sielken, R. L., Statistical evaluations reflect the skewness in the distribution of TCDD levels in human adipose tissue. Chemosphere, 16 (1987) 2135–40.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Kimbrough, R. D., Falk, H., Stehr, P. & Fries, G., Health implications of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) contamination of residential soil. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health, 14 (1984) 47–93.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Connett, P. & Webster, T., An estimation of the relative human exposure to 2,3,7,8-TCDD emissions via inhalation and ingestion of cow’s milk. Chemosphere, 16 (1987) 2079–84.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Stevens, J. B. & Gerbec, E. N., Dioxin in the agricultural food chain. Risk Analysis, 8 (1988) 329–35.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Helling, C. S., Isensee, A. R., Woolson, E. A., Ensor, P. D. J., Jones, G. E., Plimmer, J. R. & Kearney, P. C, Chlorodioxins in pesticides, soils, and plants. J. Environ. Quality, 2 (1973) 171–8.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Rappe, C., Analysis of polychlorinated dioxins and furans. Environ. Sci. Technol., 18 (1984) 78A–90A.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Fries, G. F., Assessment of potential residues in foods derived from animals exposed to TCDD-contaminated soil. Chemosphere, 16 (1987) 2123–8.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Olie, K., Vermeulen, P. L. & Hutzinger, O., Chlorodibenzo-p-dioxins and chlorodibenzofurans are trace components of fly ash and flue gas of some municipal incinerators in the Netherlands. Chemosphere, 6 (1977) 455–9.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Bumb, R. R., Crummett, W. B., Cutie, S. S., Gledhill, J. R., Hummel, R. H., Kagel, R. O., Lamparski, L. L.,Louma,E. V., Miller, D. L.,Nestrick, T. J., Shadoff, L. A., Stehl, R. H. & Woods, J. S., Trace chemistries of fire: A source of chlorinated dioxins. Science, 210 (1980) 385–90.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Olie, K. van den Berg, M. & Hutzinger, O., Formation and fate of PCDD and PCDF from combustion processes. Chemosphere, 12 (1983) 627–36.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Buchert, H. & Ballschmiter. K., Polychlorodibenzofurans (PCDF) and dioxins (PCDD) as part of general pollution of urban areas. Chemosphere, 15 (1986) 923–6.

    Google Scholar 

  46. Russell, R. S., The extent and consequences of the uptake by plants of radioactive nuclides. Ann. Rev. Plant Physiol., 14 (1963) 271–94.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Baes, C. F., Sharp, R. D., Sjoreen, A. L. & Shor, R. W., A Review and Analysis of Parameters for Assessing Transport of Environmentally Released Radionuclides through Agriculture. ORNL-5786, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, 1984.

    Google Scholar 

  48. Moghissi, A. A., Marland, R. E., Congel, F. J. & Eckerman, K. F., Methodology for environmental human exposure and health risk assessment. In Dynamics, Exposure and Hazard Assessment of Toxic Chemicals, ed. R. Haque. Ann Arbor Science Publishers, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 1980, pp. 477–89.

    Google Scholar 

  49. Shor, R. W., Beas, C. F. & Sharp, R. D., Agricultural Production in the United States by County: A Compilation of Information from the 1974 Census of Agriculture for Use in Terrestrial Food-Chain Transport and Assessment Models. ORNL-5768, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, 1982.

    Google Scholar 

  50. Jones, K. H., Walsh, J. & Alston, D., The stratified properties of available worldwide MSW combustion dioxin/furan emissions data as they apply to the conduct of risk assessments. Chemosphere, 16 (1987) 2183–6.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Chaney, R. L. & Lloyd, R. L., Adherence of spray-applied liquid digested sewage sludge to tall fescue. J. Environ. Qual., 8 (1979) 407–11.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Jones, S. G., Brown, K. W., Deuel, L. E. & Donnelly, K. C., Influence of simulated rainfall on the retention of sludge heave metals by the leaves of forage crops. J. Environ. Qual., 8 (1979) 69–72.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Beall, M. L. & Nash, R. G.,Organochlorine insecticide residues in soybean tops: Roots vs vapor sorption. Agron. J., 63 (1971) 460–4.

    Google Scholar 

  54. Fries, G. F. & Marrow, G. S., Chlorobiphenyl movement from soil to soybean plants. J. Agric. Food Chem., 29 (1981) 757–9.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Jacobs, L. W., Chou, S. F. & Tiedje, J. M., Fate of polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs) in soils. Persistence and plant uptake. J. Agric. Food Chem., 24 (1976) 1198–201.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Isensee, A. R. & Jones, J. E., Absorption and translocation of root and foliage applied 2,4-dichlorphenol, 2,7-dichlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, and 2,3,7,8-dichlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. J. Agric. Food Chem., 19 (1971) 1210–14.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Wipf, H. K. Homberger, E., Neimer, N., Ranalder, U. B., Vetter, W. & Vuilleumier, J. P., TCDD-levels in soil and plant samples from the Seveso area. In Chlorinated Dioxins and Related Compounds: Impact on the Environment, Vol. 5, ed. O. Hutzinger, R. W. Frei, E. Merian & F. Pocchiari. Pergamon Press, New York, 1982, pp. 115–26.

    Google Scholar 

  58. Cocucci, S., Di Gerolamo, F., Verderio, A., Cavalloro, A., Colli, G., Gorni, A., Invernizzi, G. & Luciani, L., Absorption and translocation of tetrachloro-dibenzo-p-dioxine by plants from polluted soil. Experientia, 35 (1979) 482–4.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Sacchi, G. A., Vigano, P., Fortuanti, G. & Cocucci, S. M., Accumulation of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin soil and nutrient solution by bean and maize plants. Experientia, 42 (1986) 586–8.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Van Middelem, C. H., Cooperative study on uptake of DDT, dieldrin, and endrin by peanuts, soybeans, tobacco, turnip greens, and turnip roots. Pestic. Monit. J., 3 (1969) 70–101.

    Google Scholar 

  61. Fries, G. F. & Jacobs, L. W., Evaluation of Residual Polybrominated Biphenyl Contamination Present on Michigan Farms in 1978. Research Report 477, Michigan State University Agricultural Experimental Station, East Lansing, Michigan, 1986.

    Google Scholar 

  62. Young, A. L., Long term studies on the persistence and movement of TCDD in a natural ecosystem. In Human and Environmental Risks of Chlorinated Dioxins and Related Compounds, ed. R. E. Tucker, A. L. Young & A. P. Gray. Plenum Press, New York, 1983 pp. 173–90.

    Google Scholar 

  63. Nash, R. G. & Woolson, E. A., Persistences of chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides in soils. Science, 157 (1967) 924–7.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. di Domenico, A., Viviano, G. & Zapponi, G., Environmental persistence of TCDD at Seveso. In Chlorinated Dioxins and Related Compounds: Impact on the Environment, Vol. 5, ed. O. Hutzinger, R. W. Frei, E. Merian & F. Pocchiari. Pergamon Press, New York, 1982, pp. 105–14.

    Google Scholar 

  65. Kearney, P. C., Woolson, E. A. & Ellington, C. P., Persistence and metabolism of chlorodioxins. in soils. Environ. Sci. Technol., 6 (1972) 1017–19.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Healy, W. B., Ingestion of soil by dairy cows. N.Z.J. Agric. Res., 11 (1968) 487–99.

    Google Scholar 

  67. Healy, W.B., Cutress, T. W. & Michie, C, Wear of sheep’s teeth. IV. The role of ingested soil. N.Z. J. Agric. Res., 10 (1967) 201–9.

    Google Scholar 

  68. Healy, W. B. & Drew, K. R., Ingestion of soil by hoggets grazing swedes. N.Z. J. Agric. Res., 13 (1970) 940–4.

    Google Scholar 

  69. Healy, W. B. & Ludwig, T. G., Wear of sheep’s teeth. 1. The role of ingested soil. N.Z. J. Agric. Res., 8 (1965) 737–52.

    Google Scholar 

  70. Mayland, H. F., Florence, A. R., Rosenau, R. C., Lazar, V. A. & Turner, H. A., Ingestion of soil by cattle on semiarid range as reflected by titanium analysis of feces. J. Range Management, 28 (1975) 448–52.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Thornton, I. & Abrahams, P., Soil ingestion as a pathway of metal intake into grazing livestock. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Heavy Metals in the Environment. CEP Consultants, Edinburgh, 1981, pp. 167–72.

    Google Scholar 

  72. National Research Council, Predicting Feed Intake of Food Producing Animals. National Academy Press, Washington, 1987.

    Google Scholar 

  73. Fries, G. F., Marrow, G. S. & Snow, P. A., Soil ingestion by dairy cattle. J. Dairy Sci., 65 (1982) 611–18.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Fries, G. F., Marrow, G. S. & Snow, P. A., Soil ingestion by swine as a route of contaminant exposure. Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 1 (1982) 201–4.

    Google Scholar 

  75. Shu, H., Paustenbach, D., Murray, F. J., Marple, L., Brunck, B., Dei Rossi, D. & Teitelbaum, P., Bioavailability of soil-bound TCDD: Oral bioavailability in the rat. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol., 10 (1988) 648–54.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Matthews, H., Fries, G., Gardner, L., Garthoff, J., Goldstein, J., Ku, Y. & Moore, J., Metabolism and biochemical toxicity of PCBs and PBBs. Environ. Health Perspect., 24 (1978) 147–55.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Fries, G. F., The PBB episode in Michigan: An overall appraisal. CRC Crit. Rev. Toxicol., 16 (1985) 105–56.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Poiger, H. & Schlatter, C., Influence of solvents and absorbents on dermal and intestinal absorption of TCDD. Food Cosmetic Toxicol., 18 (1980) 477–81.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. McConnell, E., Lucier, G., Rumbaugh, R., Albro, P., Harvan, D., Hass, J. & Harris, M., Dioxin in soil: Bioavailability after ingestion by rats and guinea pigs. Science, 223 (1984) 1077–9.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Lucier, G. W., Rumbaugh, R. C., McCoy, Z., Hass, R., Harvan, D. & Albro, P., Ingestion of soil contaminated with 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) alters hepatic enzyme activities in rats. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol., 6 (1986) 364–71.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Fries, G. F., Bioavailability of soil-borne polybrominated biphenyls ingested by farm animals. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health, 16 (1985) 565–79.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Jones, D., Safe, S., Morcom, E., Holcomb, M., Coppock, C. & Ivie, W., Bioavailability of grain and soil-borne tritiated 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) adminstered to lactating Holstein cows. Chemosphere, 18 (1989) 1257–63.

    Google Scholar 

  83. Fries, G. F., Marrow, G. S. & Somich, C. J., Oral bioavailability of polychlorinated biphenyl residues contained in soil. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 43 (1989) 683–90.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Umbreit, T. H., Hesse, E. J. & Gallo, M. A., Bioavailability of dioxin in soil from a 2,4,5-T manufacturing site. Science, 232 (1986) 497–9.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Van den Berg, M., Olie, K. & Hutzinger, O., Uptake and selective retention in rats of orally administered chlorinated dioxins and dibenzofurans from fly-ash and fly-ash extract. Chemosphere, 12 (1983) 537–44.

    Google Scholar 

  86. Van den Berg, M., Van Greevenbroek, M., Olie, K. & Hutzinger, O., Bioavailability of PCDDs and PCDFs on fly ash after semi-chronic oral ingestion by the rat. Chemosphere, 15 (1986) 509–18.

    Google Scholar 

  87. Broiles, S. A., A suggested approach to overcome California’s inability to permit urban resource facilities. Risk Analysis, 8 (1988) 357–66.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Fries, G. F., The kinetics of halogenated hydrocarbon retention and elimination in dairy cattle. In Fate of Pesticides in the Large Animal, ed. G. W. Ivie & H. H. Dorough. Academic Press, New York, 1977, pp. 159–73.

    Google Scholar 

  89. Fries, G. F., Marrow, G. S. & Gordon, C. H., Comparative excretion and retention of DDT analogs by dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci., 52 (1969) 1800–5.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Fries, G. F. & Marrow, G. S., Hexachlorobenzene retention and excretion by dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci., 59 (1976) 475–80.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Braund, D. G., Brown, L. D., Huber, J. T., Leeling, N. C. & Zabik, M. J., Excretion and storage of dieldrin in dairy cows fed Thyroprotein and different levels of energy. J. Dairy Sci., 52 (1969) 172.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Bruce, W. N., Link, R. P. & Decker, G. C., Storage of heptachlor epoxide in the body fat and its excretion in milk of dairy cows fed heptachlor in their diets. J. Agric. Food. Chem., 13 (1965) 63–7.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Willett, L. B., Excretory behaviour of polychlorinated biphenyls in lactating cows fed normal and thyroprotein containing rations. J. Dairy Sci., 58 (1975) 765.

    Google Scholar 

  94. Fries, G. F., Marrow, G. S. & Gordon, C. H., Long-term studies of residue retention and excretion by cows fed a polychlorinated biphenyl (Aroclor 1254). J. Agric. Food Chem., 21 (1973) 117–21.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Fries, G. F. & Marrow, G. S., Excretion of polybrominated biphenyls into the milk cows. J. Dairy Sci., 58 (1975) 947–51.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Jensen, D. J. & Hummel, R. A., Secretion of TCDD in milk and cream following the feeding of TCDD to lactating cows. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 29 (1982) 440–6.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Firestone, D., Clower, M., Borsetti, A. P., Teske, R. H. & Long, P. E., Polychlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and pentachlorophenol residues in milk and blood of cows fed a technical pentachlorophenol. J. Agric. Food. Chem., 27 (1979) 1171–7.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Vreman, K., Tuinstra, L. G. M. Th., van den Hoek, J., Bakker, J., Roos, A. H., de Visser, H. & Westerhuis, J. H., Aldrin, heptachlor and hexachlorocyclohexane to dairy cows at three oral dosages. 1. Residues in milk and body fat of cows early and late in lactation. Neth. J. Agric. Sci., 24 (1976) 197–207.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Kenaga, E. E., Correlation of bioconcentration factors of chemicals in aquatic and terrestrial organisms with their physical and chemical properties. Environ. Sci. Technol., 14 (1980) 553–6.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Harrison, D. L., Mol, J. C. M. & Healy, W. B., DDT residues in sheep from ingestion of soil. N.Z. J. Agric. Res., 13 (1970) 664–72.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Davidson, K. L., Dieldrin accumulation in tissues of the sheep. J. Agric. Food Chem., 18 (1970) 1156–60.

    Google Scholar 

  102. Bovard, K. P., Fontenot, J. P. & Priode, B. M., Accumulation and dissipation of heptachlor residues in fattening steers. J. Anim. Sci., 33 (1971) 127—32.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Rumsey, T. S. & Bond, J., The effect of urea, diethylstilbestro and type of diet on distribution of aldrin and dieldrin residues in finished steers. J. Agric. Food Chem., 22 (1974) 664–7.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Baxter, J. C, Johnson, D. D. & Kienholz, E. W., Uptake of trace metals and persistent organics into bovine tissues from sewage sludge—Denver project. In Sludge-Health Risks of Land Application, ed. G. Bitton, B. L. Damron, G. T. Edds & J. M. Davidson. Ann Arbor Science Publishers, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 1980, pp. 285–309.

    Google Scholar 

  105. Jenson, D. J., Hummel, R. A., Mahle, N. H., Kocher, C. W. & Higgins, H. S., A residue study on beef cattle consuming 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. J. Agric. Food Chem., 29 (1981) 265–8.

    Google Scholar 

  106. Parker, C. E., Jones, W. A., Matthews, H. B., McConnell, E. E. & Hass, J. R., The chronic toxicity of technical and analytical pentachlorophenol in cattle. II. Chemical analyses of tissues. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol, 55 (1980) 359–69.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1991 Elsevier Science Publishers Ltd

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Fries, G.F. (1991). Organic Contaminants in Terrestrial Food Chains. In: Jones, K.C. (eds) Organic Contaminants in the Environment. Environmental Management Series, vol 19. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4329-2_7

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4329-2_7

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-94-010-8424-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-009-4329-2

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics