Abstract
With present concerns about pollution and control of all aspects of medical costs, a renewal of interest in the use of low flow or closed carbon dioxide absorption systems during anesthesia is quite apparent. Even so, most anesthesiologists in practice today have not had sufficient exposure to the closed system to be comfortable in its use. The method has been relatively little used with the modern halogenated volatile agents. Indeed, most recently trained anesthesiologists have little or no first hand experience with the closed system and, consequently, are unnecessarily fearful of its use. Lack of experience with the method has led to misconceptions, unwarranted fears, reluctance to try it, and failure to persist in its usage.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Morton WTG, Lancet II:80, 1847.
“Letter from Dr Morton” cited in Thomas KB, 1975. The Development of Anaesthetic Apparatus. Blackwell Scientific Pulications.
Bigelow HJ. Insensibility During Operations Produced by Inhalation. Boston Med and Surg Journal 25:312, 1846.
Snow J. On the Inhalation of the Vapour of Ether. John Churchill, London, 1847.
Clover, J. Remarks on the Production of Sleep During Surgical Operations. Br Med J I:200–203, 1874 (Feb 14th).
Clover, J. An Apparatus for Administering Nitous Oxide Gas and Ether Singly or Combined. Br Med J II:74, 1876 (July 15th).
Thomas KB. The Development of Anaesthetic Apparatus. Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1975.
Coleman, A. Reinhalation of Nitrous Oxide. Br Med J II:114–115, 1868 (Aug 1st)
Duroy J. Emploi de l’oxygene contre les accidents du chloroforme. (A presentation to the French Academy of Sciences; abstracted by Claude Bernard). Journale de Pharmacie et Chemie, 3rd Series, 18:64, 1850.
Jackson DE. A New Method for the Production of General Analgesia and Anesthesia with a Description of the Apparatus Used. J Lab and Clin Med I:1–12, 1915.
Benedict FG. An Apparatus for Studying the Respiratory Exchange. Amer J Physiol 24:345–374, 1909.
Jackson DE. The Employment of Closed Ether Anesthesia for Ordinary Laboratory Experiments. J Lab and Clin Med 2:94, 1916.
Waters RM. Clinical Scope and Utility of Carbon Dioxide Filtration in Inhalation Anesthesia. Anesth and Analg 3:20-, 1924 (Feb).
Waters RM. Advantages and Technique of Carbon Dioxide Filtration with Inhalation Anesthesia. Anesth and Analg 5:2–4, 1926.
Sword BC. The Closed Circle Method of Administration of Gas Anesthesia. Anesth and Analg 9:198–202, 1930 (Sept – Oct).
Waters LD. Personal Communication, 1972.
Waters RM and Schmidt ER. Cyclopropane Anesthesia. JAMA 103:975–983, 1934.
Morris LE. A New Vaporizer for Liquid Anesthetic Agents. Anesthesiology 13:587–593, 1952 (Nov).
Waters RM. Chloroform: A Study After One Hundred Years. University of Wisconsin Press, 1951.
Cohen EN, Bellville JW, Brown BW Jr. Anesthesia, Pregnancy and Miscarriage: A Study of Operating Room Nurses and Anesthetists. Anesthesiology 35:343–347, 1971.
Elam JO. The Design of Circle Absorbers. Anesthesiology 19:99–100, 1958.
Revell DG. A Circulator to Eliminate Mechanical Dead Space in Circle Absorption Systems. Can Anaesth Soc J 6:98–103, 1959.
Newman HC. Halothane and Rebreathing. Br J Anaesth 30:555, 1958.
Lowe HJ and Ernst EA. The Quantitative Practice of Anesthesia. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, 1981.
Hamilton WK. Low Flow Systems Without Calculus or Even Algebra. Am Soc Anesthesiologists Refresher Course #203, 1980.
Eger EI II. Anesthetic Uptake and Action. Williams and Wilkins Co, Baltimore, 1974.
Aldrete JA, Lowe HJ, and Virtue RW. Low Flow and Closed System Anesthesia. Grune and Stratton, New York, 1979.
White DC. Vaporization and Vaporizers. Br J Anaesth 57:658–671, 1985.
Severinghaus JW. The Rate of Uptake of Nitrous Oxide in Man. J Clin Investig 33:1183–1189, 1954.
Virtue R, Sherrill DL, and Swanson GD. Uptake of Nitrous Oxide by Man. Can Anaesth Soc J 29:424–427, 1982.
Beatty PCW, Kay B, and Healy TEJ. Measurement of the Rates of Nitrous Oxide Uptake and Nitrogen Excretion in Man. Br J Anaesth 56:223–232, 1984.
Epstein RM, Rackow H, Salanitre E, and Wolf GL. Influence of the Concentration Effect on the Uptake of Anesthetic Mixtures: The Second Gas Effect. Anesthesiology 25:364–371, 1964.
Stoelting RK and Eger EI II. An Additional Explanation for the Second Gas Effect: A Concentrating Effect. Anesthesiology 30:273–277, 1969.
Mapleson WW. The Rate of Uptake of Halothane Vapour in Man. Br J Anaesth 34:11–18, 1962.
Roffey PJ, Revell DG, and Morris LE. An Assessment of the Revell Circulator. Anesthesiology 22:583–590, 1961.
Morris LE. A Concept of Adequate Ventilation. Br J Anaesth 35:35–42, 1963 (Jan).
Flynn PJ, Morris LE, and Askill S. Inspired Humidity in Anesthesia Breathing Circuits: Comparison and Examination of Effect of Revell Circulator. Can Anaesth Soc J 31:659–663, 1984 (Nov).
Waters RM. Absorption of Carbon Dioxide from Anesthetic Atmospheres: Historical Aspects. Anesthesiology 8:339–347, 1947.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1986 Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Dordrecht
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Morris, L.E. (1986). Closed Absorption System — A New Look. In: Stanley, T.H., Petty, W.C. (eds) Anesthesiology 1986. Developments in Critical Care Medicine and Anesthesiology, vol 11. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4251-6_26
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4251-6_26
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-010-8387-4
Online ISBN: 978-94-009-4251-6
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive