Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

The Drawing of Metals

  • Chapter
Design of Tools for Deformation Processes

Abstract

It is probable that the Egyptians first drew wire in order to make fine gold thread which they could then weave with other fibres to make ‘cloth of gold’. There is evidence from the paintings in the tombs of Tuthmosis III, c. 1460 BC, and Tutankhamun, c. 1350 BC and from other sites that gold nuggets were hammered to form plate or sheet. From the sheets, long narrow strips or slivers of gold were cut and these were subsequently drawn by pulling them through a hole in a pebble. It is believed that the dies were made by abrading a hole in a hard pebble using a pointed stick, sand and tallow. Thus the geometrical shape of the deformation zone resembled a venturi. To draw the gold slivers through the pebble, the end was pointed by hammering, lubricated with tallow, gripped by the fingers or tongs and pulled. So, having produced wire of uniform diameter and surface finish from fine rectangular sectioned strip, it was but a short step to take to draw finer wire from wire already drawn, thus realising all the advantages that such additional deformation provides.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

References

  1. Schey, J. A. Metalworking tribology: Friction, Lubrication and Wear, ASM, Metals Park, Ohio, 1983.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Schey, J. A. Surface treatment, in Proc. Metals Soc. Conf. on Developments in the Drawing of Metals, Book No. 301, London, 1983, p. 235.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Rowe, G. W. Proc. I. Meek E. Conf. Tribology in Metal Working, London, Sept. 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Bowden, F. P. and Tabor, D. The Friction and Lubrication of Solids, The Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1950.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Williams, D. J. Advanced tool materials in the drawing of metals, in Proc. Metals Soc. Conf on Developments in the Drawing of Metals, Book No. 301, London, 1983, p. 264.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Wistreich, J. G. The fundamentals of wire-drawing, Met. Rev., (1958), No. 10, 97.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Wistreich, J. G. An investigation of the mechanics of wire-drawing, Proc. Inst Mech. Eng., 169 (1955), 654.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Johnson, W. and Sowerby, R. Wire drawing: a survey of theories, Wire Industry, 36 (1969), 137–44 and 249–56.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Atkins, A. G. and Caddell, R. M. The incorporation of work-hardening and redundant work in rod-drawing analyses, Int. Jnl. Mech. Sei., 10 (1968), 15.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Basily, B. B. The Mechanics of Drawing Polygonal Section Rod from Round Bar, PhD Thesis, University of Aston, Birmingham, UK, 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Juneja, B. L. and Prakash, R. An analysis for drawing and extrusion of polygonal sections, Int. Jnl. MTDR, 15 (1975), 1–30.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Avitzur, B. Review of the state of the art in the study of flow through conical converging dies, in Proc. Metals Soc. Conf. on Developments in the Drawing of Metals, Book No. 301, London, 1983, p. 1.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Chia, H. T. and Sansome, D. H. The drawing of bi-metal tube on rod, IWMA Conf Brussels. 1977. Wire Industry, June 1980, p. 519.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Loke, S. K. and Sansome, D. H. The drawing of bi-metal tube on a floating plug, ITA Conf. Tube and Pipe 84, Atlanta, Georgia, October 1984.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Prager, W. and Hodge, P. G. Theory of Perfectly Plastic Solids, Wiley, NY, 1951.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Johnson, W. and Mellor, P. B. Engineering Plasticity, Van Nostrand Reinhold, London, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Johnson, W. Sowerby, R. and Haddow, J. B. Plane-Strain Slip-Line Fields — Theory and Bibliography, Edward Arnold, London, 1970.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Lim, T. B. and Sansome, D. H. Hydrodynamic lubrication in the tube-draw process, ITA Conf. “Tube Asia”, Singapore, 1982.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Basily, B. B. and Sansome, D. H. Determination of the mean coefficient of friction in the direct drawing of section rods from round bars, Proc. 17. MTDR. Conf, Macmillan Press, London, 1976, p. 475.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Kariyawasam, V. P. and Sansome, D. H. An experimental study of the direct drawing of round tube to any regular polygonal section, ITA Conf., Brussels, April 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Wamuriuki, M. and Sansome, D. H. An experimental study of the direct drawing of polygonal tube from round on a cylindrical plug, ITA Conf. “Tube Asia”, Singapore, 1982.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Loh, N. H. and Sansome, D. H. Drawing wire at elevated temperatures, IWMA Conf “Wire Asia”, Singapore, 1982.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Rothman, D. and Sansome, D. H. An investigation of rod-drawing with die rotation, Int. Jnl. MTDR, 10 (1970), p. 179.

    Google Scholar 

Bibliography

  • Cameron, A. Principles of Hydrodynamic Lubrication, Longman, Harlow, UK, 1966.

    Google Scholar 

  • Christopherson, D. G. and Naylor, H. Promotion of fluid lubrication in wire drawing, Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng., 169 (1955), 643.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lancaster, P. R. A review of hydrodynamic lubrication in wire-drawing, Wire Ind., (Aug. 1976), 627.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lim, T. B. Tool Design and the Mechanics of Hydrodynamic Lubrication in Tube- Drawing, PhD Thesis, University of Aston, Birmingham, UK, 1984.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rothman, D. An Investigation of Shear Stress Distribution by Die Rotation, PhD Thesis, University of Aston, Birmingham, UK, 1970.

    Google Scholar 

  • Avitzur, B. An analysis of central bursting defects in extrusion and wiredrawing, Trans. ASME, Series B, 90 (1968), 79.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lancaster, P. R. and Smith, B. F. High speed wire-drawing, Wire Industry, (Nov. 1974), 933.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blazynski, T. Z. and Cole, I. M. An investigation of the plug-drawing process, Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng., 174 (1960), p. 797.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Blazynski, T. Z. and Cole, I. M. An investigation of the sinking and mandrel drawing processes, Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng., 178 (1), (1963–4), 894.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blazynski, T. Z. and Rahman, M. H. Rational die design and levels of residual stress in seamless cold plug drawn copper tube, in Proc. Metals Soc. Conf on Developments in the Drawing of Metals, Book No. 301, London, 1983, p. 132.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bramly, A. N., Smith, D. J., Islam, M. N. and Thompson, I. J. An analysis of tube pointing and drawing operations, in Proc. Metals Soc. Conf. on Developments in the Drawing of Metals, Book No. 301, London, 1983, p. 156.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chung, S. Y. and Swift, H. W. A theory of tube-sinking, Jnl. Iron & Steel Inst., 170 (1952), p. 29.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kiuchi, M. and Ishikawa, M. Correction of eccentric distribution of wall thickness in tube-drawing, in Proc. Metals Soc. Conf on Developments in the Drawing of Metals, Book No. 301, London, 1983, p. 164.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rowe, G. W. Tube-drawing in Proc. Metals Soc. Conf. on Developments in the Drawing of Metals, Book No. 301, London, 1983, p. 126.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, D. J. and Bramley, A. N. A theoretical study of tube-drawing with a floating-plug, Proc. 14th MTDR Conf, Macmillan Press, London, 1974.

    Google Scholar 

  • Swift, H. W. Stress and strain in tube-drawing, Phil. Mag. Series 7, 40 (308), (1949), 883.

    Google Scholar 

  • Appleby, E. J., Lu, C. Y., Rao, R. S., Devenpeck, M. L., Wright, P. JL and Richmond, O. Strip-drawing: a theoretical-experimental comparison, Int. Jnl. Mech. Sei., 26 (5), (1984), 351.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Green, A. P. Plane strain theory of drawing, Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng., 174 (31), (1960), 847.

    Google Scholar 

  • Green, A P. and Hill, R. Calculations on the influence of friction and die geometry in sheet-drawing, Jnl Mech. Phys. Solids, 1 (1953), 31.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weinstein, A. S. and Pawelski, D. Plane-strain drawing of sandwich metals, Proc. 8th Int. MTDR. Conf., Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1967, p. 961.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wistreich, J. G. Die pressures in plane-strain drawing: comparison between theory and experiment, Solid Mechanics. Phys. Solids, 1 (1953), 164.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Adie, J. F. and Alexander, J. M. A graphical method of obtaining hodographs for upper-bound solutions to axi-symmetric problems, Int. Jnl. Mech. Sei., 9 (1967), 349

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Avitzur, B. Metal Forming: Processes and Analysis, McGraw-Hill Book Co., NY, 1968.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blazynski, T. Z. Metal Forming: Tool Profiles and Flow, Macmillan Press Ltd, London, 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davies, E. A and Dokos, S. J. The theory of wire-drawing,Jnl. Appl. Mech., 11 (1944), A193.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hartley, P., Sturgess, C. E. N. and Rowe, G. W. Friction in finite element analyses of metal forming processes, Int. Jnl. Mech. Sei., 21 (1979), 301.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hill, R. and Tupper, S. J. A new theory of plastic deformation in wire-drawing, Jnl. Iron Steel Inst., 159 (1948), 246.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kobayashi, S. Upper bound solutions of axi-symmetric forming problems, Trans. ASME, (May 1964), 122; and Trans. ASME, (Nov. 1964), 326.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pachla, W., Pan, J. Z., Rosenberry, S. and Avitzur, B. Color, real-time graphic simulation of flow through conical converging dies by the triangular velocity field, in Proc. Metals Soc. Conf. on Developments in the Drawing of Metals, Book No. 301, London, 1983, p. 63.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shield, R. T. Plastic flow in a converging conical channel, Jnl. Mech. Phys. Solids, 3 (1955), 246.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thomsen, E. G., Yang, C. T. and Kobayashi, S. Plastic Deformation in Metal Processing, Macmillan, New York, 1965.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yamada, Y., Yoshimura, N. and Sakurai, T. Plastic stress-strain matrix and its application to the solution of elastic-plastic problems by finite element method, Int. Jnl Mech. Sci., 10 (1968), 343.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zienkiewicz, O. C. and Godoble, P. N. Flow of plastic and visco-plastic solids with special reference to extrusion and forming processes, Int. Jnl. Num. Meth. Eng., 8 (1974), 3.

    Google Scholar 

  • Biddell, D. C. and Sansome, D. H. The deep-drawing of cans with ultrasonic radial oscillations applied to the die, Conf. Ultrasonics International, London, 1973.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eaves, A. E., Smith, A. W., Waterhouse, W. J. and Sansome, D. H. Review of the application of ultrasonic vibrations to deforming metals, Ultrasonics, (1975), 162.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ibrahim, I. N. and Sansome, D. H. An experimental study of the mechanics of ultrasonic tube-bending, Conf. Ultrasonics International, Canada, 1983. Kariyawasam, V. P., Young, M. J. R. and Sansome, D. H. An experimental and design study of fixed-plug tube-drawing with radial ultrasonic vibration of the die, Conf. IWMA, Birmingham, 1978, p. 104.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nakagiri, A. and Sansome, D. H. Ultrasonic tube expansion, Conf. Ultrasonics International, Brighton, UK, 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sansome, D. H. Unformen mit Anwendung Mechanischer Swingungen, Industrie Anzeiger, (June 1974), 1031.

    Google Scholar 

  • Winsper, C. E. and Sansome, D. H. The application of ultrasonic vibrations to the plug-drawing of tube, Metal Forming, (March 1971), 71.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Technoform-Sonics Ltd, Brierley Hill, UK

    D. H. Sansome

Authors
  1. D. H. Sansome
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Leeds, UK

    T. Z. Blazynski

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1986 Elsevier Applied Science Publishers LTD

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Sansome, D.H. (1986). The Drawing of Metals. In: Blazynski, T.Z. (eds) Design of Tools for Deformation Processes. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4177-9_3

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4177-9_3

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-94-010-8355-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-009-4177-9

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation