Skip to main content

Complications of Surgery and Their Treatment

  • Chapter
Gallstone Disease and its Management
  • 54 Accesses

Abstract

Since the time of the first successful cholecystectomy in 1882 surgery for gallstone disease has become commonplace and today cholecystectomy is probably the most frequently performed elective abdominal operation in most Western countries. The operation, however, is a major one, particularly when it is accompanied by exploration of the common bile duct (CBD), and is attended by not insignificant morbidity and mortality.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. McSherry, C. K. and Glenn, F. (1980). The incidence and causes of death following surgery for non-malignant biliary tract disease. Ann. Surg., 191, 271–275

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Cranley, B. and Logan, H. (1980). Exploration of the common bile duct — the relevance of the clinical picture and the importance of per-operative cholangiography. Br. J. Surg., 67, 869–872

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Vellacott, K. D. and Powell, P. H. (1979). Exploration of the common bile duct, a comparative study. Br. J. Surg., 66, 389–391

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Houghton, P. W. J., Jenkinson, L. R. and Donaldson, L. A. (1985). Cholecystectomy in the elderly: a prospective study. Br. J. Surg., 72, 220–222

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Carter, A. E. (1973). Kocher’s periampullary approach for common bile duct calculi. Br. J. Surg., 60, 484–487

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Braasch, J. W. and McCann, J. C. Jr. (1967). Observation on single section of the sphincter of Oddi. Surg. Gynecol. Obstet., 125, 355–358

    Google Scholar 

  7. Peel, A. L. G. (1975). M. Chir. Thesis, University of Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  8. Keighley, M. R. B., Flinn, R. and Alexander-Williams, J. (1976). Multivariate analysis of clinical and operative findings associated with biliary sepsis. Br. J. Surg., 63, 528–531

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Strachan, C. J. L., Black, J., Powis, S. J. A., Waterworth, T. A., Wise, R., Wilkinson, A. R. et al. (1977). Prophylactic use of cephazolin against wound sepsis after cholecystectomy. Br. Med. J., 1, 1254–1256

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Stubbs, R. S. (1983). Wound infection after cholecystectomy: a case for routine prophylaxis. Ann. R. Coll. Surg. Engl., 65, 30–31

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Allan, A., Williams, J. T., Bolton, J. P. and LeQuesne, L. P. (1983). The use of graduated compression stockings in the prevention of post-operative deep venous thrombosis. Br. J. Surg., 70, 172–4

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Holford, C. P. (1976) Graded compression for preventing deep venous thrombosis. Br. Med. J., 2, 969–970

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Hills, N. H., Pflug, J. J., Jeyasingh, K., Boardman, L. and Calnan, J. S. (1972). Prevention of deep venous thrombosis by intermittent pneumatic compression of calf. Br. Med. J., 1, 131–135

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Roberts, V. C. and Colton, L. T. (19 74). Prevention of post-operative deep venous thrombosis in patients with malignant disease. Br. Med. J., 1, 358–360

    Google Scholar 

  15. International Multicentre Trial (19 7 5). Prevention of fatal post-operative pulmonary embolism by low dose heparin. Lancet, 2, 45–51

    Google Scholar 

  16. Kakkar, V. V. (1978). The current status of low dose heparin in prophylaxis of thrombophlebitis and pulmonary embolism. World J. Surg., 2, 3–18

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Viikari, S. J. (1960). Operative injuries to the bile ducts. Acta Chir. Scand., 119, 83–92

    Google Scholar 

  18. Gutgemann, A., Schriefers, K. H., Phillips, R. and Wülfing, D. (1965). Zur rekonstructiven Chirurgie des verletzten und strikturierten grossen Gallenganges. Beitrage Klinisch. Chir., 210, 129–150

    Google Scholar 

  19. Bismuth, H. and Lazorthes, F. (1981). Les Traumatismes Opertoires de la Voie Biliaire Principale. Vol. 1. ( Paris: Masson Ed )

    Google Scholar 

  20. Rosenquist, H. and Myrin, S. O. (1960). Operative injury to the bile ducts. Acta Chir. Scand., 119, 92–107

    Google Scholar 

  21. Kune, G. A. and Sali, A. (1981). Benign biliary strictures. In The Practice of Biliary Surgery. 2nd Edn. ( Oxford, London, Edinburgh, Boston, Melbourne: Blackwell Scientific )

    Google Scholar 

  22. Northover, J. M. A. and Terblanche, J. (1982). Applied surgical anatomy of the biliary tree. In Blumgart, L. H. (ed.) The Biliary Tract. Clinical Surgery International. Vol. 5, Ch. 1. ( Edinburgh, London: Churchill Livingstone )

    Google Scholar 

  23. Benson, E. A. and Page, R. E. (1976). A practical re-appraisal of the extra-hepatic bile ducts. Br. J. Surg., 63, 853–860

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Andren-Sandberg, A., Alinder, G. and Bengmark, S. (1985). Accidental lesions of the common bile duct at cholecystectomy. Pre- and per-operative factors of importance. Ann. Surg., 201, 328–332

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Warren, K. W. and McDonald, W. M. (1964). Facts and fiction regarding strictures of the extrahepatic ducts. Ann. Surg., 159, 996–1010

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Smith, R. (1979). Obstructions of the bile duct. Br. J. Surg., 66, 69–79

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Simon, G. and Hamilton, W. J. (1978). The abdomen. In Simon, G. and Hamilton, W. J. (eds.) X-ray Anatomy, pp. 216–255. ( London: Butterworths )

    Google Scholar 

  28. Northover, J. M. A. and Terblanche, J. (1979). A new look at the arterial blood supply of the bile duct in man and its surgical implications. Br. J. Surg., 66, 379–84

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Kelley, C. J. and Blumgart, L. H. (1985). Per-operative cholangiography and post-cholecystectomy biliary strictures. Ann. R. Coll. Surg. Engl., 67, 93–95

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Okuda, K., Tanikawa, K., Emura, T., Kuratomi, S., Jinnouchi, S., Urabe, K. et al. (1974). Non-surgical percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography — diagnostic significance in the medical problems of the liver. Am. J. Dig. Dis., 19, 21–36

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Ham, J. (1979). Partial and complete atrophy affecting hepatic segments and lobes. Br. J. Surg., 66, 333–337

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. McPherson, G. A. D., Fitzpatrick, M., Benjamin, I. S., Tsikos, D., Lavender, P. and Blumgart, L. H. (1983). Can HIDA scanning provide a functional assessment of biliary-enteric anastomosis? Br. J. Surg., 70, 306–308

    Google Scholar 

  33. Bismuth, H. (1982). Post-operative strictures of the bile duct. In Blumgart, L. H. (ed.) The Biliary Tract. Clinical Surgery International. Vol. 5, p. 209. ( Edinburgh, London: Churchill Livingstone )

    Google Scholar 

  34. Bismuth, H., Franco, D. and Corlette, M. B. (1978). Long term results of Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy. Surg. Gynecol. Obstet., 146, 161–167

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Beizer, F. 0., Watts, J. McK., Ross, H. B. and Dunphy, J. E. (1965). Autoreconstruction of the common bile duct after venous patch graft. Ann. Surg., 162, 346–355

    Google Scholar 

  36. Ellis, H. and Hoile, R. W. (1980). Vein patch repair of the common bile duct. J. R. Soc. Med., 73, 635–637

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Michie, W. and Gunn, A. A. (1964). Bile duct injuries. A new suggestion for their repair. Br. J. Surg., 51, 96–100

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Smith, E. E. J., Bowley, N., Allison, D. J. and Blumgart, L. H. (1982). The management of post-traumatic intrahepatic cutaneous biliary fistulas. Br. J. Surg., 69, 317–318

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Cattell, R. B. and Braasch, J. W. (1959). Primary repair of benign strictures of the bile duct. Surg. Gynecol. Obstet., 109, 531–538

    Google Scholar 

  40. Lahey, F. H. and Pyrtek, L. J. (1950). Experience with operative management of 280 strictures of the bile ducts. Surg. Gynecol. Obstet., 91, 25–26

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Warren, K. W., Mountain, J. C. and Middel, A. I. (1971). Management of strictures of the biliary tract. Surg. Clin. N. Am., 51, 711–731

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Cattell, R. B. and Braasch, J. W. (1959). Two-stage repairs of benign strictures of the bile duct. Surg. Gynecol. Obstet., 109, 691–696

    Google Scholar 

  43. Warren, K. W., McDonald, W. M. and Kune, G. A. (1966). Bile duct strictures. New concepts in the management of an old problem. In Irvine, W. T. (ed.) Modern Trends in Surgery. 2nd Edn. ( London: Butterworth )

    Google Scholar 

  44. Hepp, J. and Couinaud, C. (1956). L’abord et l’utilisation du canal hepatique gauche dans les reparations de la voie biliaire principale. La Presse Medicale, 64, 947–948

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Soupault, R. and Couinaud, C. L. (1957). Sur un procede nouveau de derivation biliaire intra-hepatique. Les cholangio-jejunostomies gauches sans sacrifice hepatique. La Presse Medicale, 65, 1157–1159

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Blumgart, L. H. and Kelley, C. J. (1984). Hepatico-jejunostomy in benign high bile duct stricture: approaches to the left hepatic ducts. Br. J. Surg., 71, 257–261

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Blumgart, L. H. (1980). Hepatic resection. In Taylor, S. (ed.) Recent Advances in Surgery. Vol. 10, p. 1. ( Edinburgh, London: Churchill Livingstone )

    Google Scholar 

  48. Longmire, W. P. Jr. and Sandford, M. C. (1949). Intrahepatic cholangiojejunostomy for biliary obstruction — further studies: report of 4 cases. Ann. Surg., 130, 455–460

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Voyles, C. R. and Blumgart, L. H. (1982). A technique for the construction of high biliary-enteric anastomoses. Surg. Gynecol. Obstet., 154, 885–887

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Smith, R. (1969). Strictures of the bile ducts. Proc. R. Soc. Med., 62, 131–137

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Smith, R. (1979). Obstructions of the bile duct. Br. J. Surg., 66, 69–79

    Article  Google Scholar 

  52. Smith, R. (1981). Injuries of the bile ducts. In Smith, R. and Sherlock (eds.) Surgery of the Gallbladder and Bile Ducts. 2nd Edn., p. 361. ( London, Boston, Sydney, Toronto: Butter-worth )

    Google Scholar 

  53. Blumgart, L. H. (1978). Biliary tract obstruction — new approaches to old problems. Am. J. Surg., 135, 19–31

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Blumgart, L. H., Kelley, C. J. and Benjamin, I. S. (1984). Benign bile duct stricture following cholecystectomy: critical factors in management. Br. J. Surg., 71, 836–843

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Adson,M. A. and Wychulis, A. R. (1968). Portal hypertension in secondary biliary cirrhosis. Arch. Surg., 96, 604–612

    Google Scholar 

  56. Ekman, C. A. and Sandblom, P. (1962). Bilio-intestinal anastomosis as a cause of liver cirrhosis with portal hypertension. Acta Chir. Scand., 123, 383–388

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Sedgwick, C. E., Poulantzas, J. K. and Kune, G. A. (1966). Management of portal hypertension secondary to bile duct stenosis: review of 18 cases with splenorenal shunt. Ann. Surg., 163, 949–953

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Way, L. W. and Dunphy, J. E. (1972). Biliary stricture. Am. J. Surg., 124, 287–295

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Toufanian, A., Carey, L. C. and Martin, E. T. Jr. (1978). Transhepatic biliary dilatation: an alternative to surgical reconstruction. Curr. Surg., 35, 70–73

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Cattell, R. B. and Braasch, J. W. (1959). General considerations in the management of benign stricture of the bile duct. N. Engl J. Med., 261, 929–933

    Article  Google Scholar 

  61. Kune, G. A. (1979). Bile duct injury during cholecystectomy. Causes, prevention and surgical repair in 1979. Aust. N.Z. J. Surg., 49, 35–40

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Braasch, J. W., Bolter, J. S. and Rossi, R. L. (1981). A technique of biliary tract reconstruction with complete follow-up in 44 consecutive cases. Ann. Surg., 194, 635–638

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Sandblom, P., Snegesser, F. and Mirkovitch, V. (1984). Hepatic haemobilia: haemorrhage from the intrahepatic biliary tract, a review. World J. Surg., 8, 41–50

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Harlafus, N. N. and Akin, J. T. (1977). Haemobilia from ruptured hepatic artery aneurysm. Am. J. Surg., 33, 229–232

    Article  Google Scholar 

  65. Fagan, E. A., Allison, D. J., Chadwick, V. S. and Hodgson, H. J. F. (1980). Treatment of haemobilia by selective arterial embolisation. Gut, 21, 541–544

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Kelley, C. J., Hemingway, A. P., McPherson, G. A. D., Allison, D. J. and Blumgart, L. H. (1983). Non-surgical management of post-cholecystectomy haemobilia. Br. J. Surg., 70, 502–504

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Bengmark, S. and Rosengren, K. (1970). Angiographic studies of the collateral circulation of the liver after ligation of the hepatic artery in man. Am. J. Surg., 119, 620–624

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Peterson, L. M., Collins, J. J. and Wilson, R. E. (1968). Acute pancreatitis occurring after operation. Surg. Gynecol. Obstet., 127, 23–28

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. White, T. T., Morgan, A. and Hopton, D. (1970). Postoperative pancreatitis. A study of seventy cases. Am. J. Surg., 120, 132–135

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Imrie, C. W., McKay, A. J., Benjamin, I. S. and Blumgart, L. H. (1978). Secondary acute pancreatitis: aetiology, prevention, diagnosis and management. Br. J. Surg., 65, 399–402

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Ranson, J. H. C., Rifkind, K. M. and Turner, J. W. (1976). Prognostic signs and nonoperative peritoneal lavage in acute pancreatitis. Surg. Gynecol. Obstet., 143, 209–219

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Keighley, M. R. B. and Graham, N. G. (1973). The aetiology and prevention of pancreatitis following biliary-tract operations. Br. J. Surg., 60, 149–152

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. McCutcheon, A. D. (1968). A fresh approach to the pathogenesis of pancreatitis. Gut, 9, 296–310

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Bodvall, B. (1973). The post-cholecystectomy syndrome. Clin. Gastroenterol, 2, 103–126

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Bates, T., Mercer, J. C. and Harrison, M. (1984). Symptomatic gallstone disease: before and after cholecystectomy. Gut, 25, A579, F105

    Google Scholar 

  76. Blumgart, L. H. and Lygidakis, N.J. (1982). The postcholecystectomy patient. In Blumgart, L. H. (ed.) The Biliary Tract. Clinical Surgery International. Vol. 5, Ch. 9. ( Edinburgh, London: Churchill Livingstone )

    Google Scholar 

  77. Blumgart, L. H., Carachi, R., Imrie, C. W., Benjamin, I. S. and Duncan, J. G. (1977). Diagnosis and management of post-cholecystectomy symptoms: the place of endoscopy and retrograde choledochopancreatography. Br. J. Surg., 64, 809–816

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Hunt, D. R. and Blumgart, L. H. (1980). Iatrogenic choledochoduodenal fistula: an unsuspected cause of post-cholecystectomy symptoms. Br. J. Surg., 67, 10–13

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Acosta, J. M. and Ledesma, C. L. (1974). Gallstone migration as a cause of acute pancreatitis. N. Engl J. Med., 290, 484–487

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Kelly, T. R. (1976). Gallstone pancreatitis. Pathophysiology. Surgery, 80, 488–92

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Wheeler, M. H. (1977). Dissolution of retained choledochal calculi. Ann. R. Coll. Surg. Engl., 59, 153–157

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Thistle, J. L., Carlson, G. L., Hoffman, A. F., LaRusso, N. F., MacCarty, R. L., Flynn, G. L., Higuchi, W. I. and Babayou, V. K. (1980). Mono-octanoin, a dissolution agent for retained cholesterol bile duct stones: physical properties and clinical applications. Gastroenterology, 78, 1016–1022

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Burhenne, H. L. (1973). Non-operative retained biliary tract stone extraction: a new roentgenologic technique. Am. J. Roentgenol, 117, 388–399

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Burhenne, H. L. (1976). Complications of non-operative extraction of retained common bile duct stones. Am. J. Surg., 131, 260–262

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Safrany, L. (1978). Endoscopic treatment of biliary tract diseases. Lancet, 2, 983–5

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Cotton, P. B. (1980). Non-operative removal of bile duct stones by duodenoscopic sphincterotomy. Br. J. Surg., 67, 1–5

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Cotton, P. B. (1984). Endoscopic management of bile duct stones (apples and oranges). Gut, 25, 587–597

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Rosch, W., Riemann, J. F., Lux, G. and Lindner, H. G. (1981). Long-term follow-up after endoscopic sphincterotomy. Endoscopy, 13, 152–153

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Girard, R. M. and Legros, G. (1981). Retained and recurrent bile duct stones. Surgical or non-surgical removal? Ann. Surg., 193, 150–154

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Myat Thu Ya, Robinson, D. and Gunn, A. A. (1973). Per-operative cholangiography. Br. J. Surg., 60, 711–712

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Stubbs, R. S. and Blumgart, L. H. (1984). Exploration of the common bile duct: effect of a change of policy in one surgical unit. J. R. Coll Surg. Edin., 29, 76–80

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. LeQuesne, L. P. and Bolton, J. P. (1980). Choledocholithiasis. Incidence, diagnosis and operative procedures. In Maingot, R. (ed.) Maingot’s Abdominal Operations. 7th Edn., Ch. 66. ( Norwalk, Connecticut: Appleton-Century-Crofts )

    Google Scholar 

  93. Nora, P. F., Berci, G., Dorazio, R. A., Kirschenbaum, G., Shore, J. M., Tomkins, R. K. and Wilson, S. D. (1977). Operative choledochoscopy. Results of prospective study in several institutions. Am. J. Surg., 133, 105–109

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Schein, C. J. and Gliedman, M. L. (1981). Choledocho-duodenostomy as an adjunct to choledocholithotomy. Surg. Gynecol. Obstet., 152, 797–804

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Madden, J. L. (1973). Common duct stones: their origin and surgical management. Surg. Clin. N. Am., 53, 1095–1113

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Jones, S. A. (1973). Sphincteroplasty (not sphincterotomy) in the treatment of biliary tract disease. Surg. Clin. N. Am., 53, 1123–1137

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Stanley, J., Gobien, R. P., Cunningham, J. and Andriole, J. (1986). Biliary decompression: an institutional comparison of percutaneous and endoscopic methods. Radiology, 158, 195–197

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Coons, H. G. and Carey, P. H. (1983). Large-bore, long biliary endoprostheses (biliary stents) for improved drainage. Radiology, 148, 89–94

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Johnson, A. G. (1975). Cholecystectomy and gallstone dyspepsia. Ann. R. Coll. Surg. Engl., 56, 69–80

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Johnson, A. G. (1972). Pyloric function and gallstone dyspepsia. Br. J. Surg., 59, 449–54

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. CheacUe, W. G., Pathi, V., Mackie, C. R. and Cuschieri, A. (1984). Effect of gallbladder function on duodenogastric reflux. Gut, 25, All38, T20

    Google Scholar 

  102. Brough, W. A., Taylor, T. V. and Torrance, H. B. (1984). Role of the pylorus and gallbladder in reflux associated gastritis. Gut, 25, A578, F101

    Google Scholar 

  103. Valberg, L. S., Jabbari, M., Kerr, J. W., Curtis, A. C., Ramchand, S. and Prentice, R. S. A. (1971). Biliary pain in young women in the absence of gallstones. Gastroenterology, 60, 1020–1026

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Geenen, J., Hogan, W. J., Toouli, J., Dodds, W. J. and Venu, R. (1984). A prospective randomised study of the efficacy of endoscopic sphincterotomy for patients with presumptive sphincter of Oddi dysfunction. Gastroenterology, 86, 1086

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1986 MTP Press Limited

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Stubbs, R.S., Blumgart, L.H. (1986). Complications of Surgery and Their Treatment. In: Bateson, M.C. (eds) Gallstone Disease and its Management. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4173-1_6

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4173-1_6

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-94-010-8353-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-009-4173-1

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics