Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

The Future of Predictive Safety Evaluation pp 27–42Cite as

Toxicity Testing: Views of Animal Welfare Organizations

  • Chapter

  • 54 Accesses

Abstract

A question in an examination paper for an Honours Degree in Animal Welfare Studies in the 1990s could read: “Changes in the use of animals in toxicity testing in the 1980s were due more to pressure from the animal welfare organizations than to availability of new technology: discuss”. The diligent student could recount the development of technologies based on cell, tissue and organ cultures, the use of computers and the means available to reduce animal numbers and to set less severe end-points. But he would then surely enlarge with enthusiasm on the building-up of public opinion against animal use, and the ways the governments of the time responded by enacting new legislation.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Home Office (1985). Statistics of Experiments on Living Animals, Great Britain, 1984. ( London: HMSO; Cmnd 9574 )

    Google Scholar 

  2. Smyth, DH (1978). Alternatives to Animal Experiments. ( London: Scolar Press in association with The Research Defence Society )

    Google Scholar 

  3. Balls, M, Riddell, RJ and Worden, A (eds) (1983). Animals and Alternatives in Toxicity Testing. ( London: Academic Press )

    Google Scholar 

  4. Singer, P (1976). Animal Liberation: a New Ethics for Our Treatment of Animals. ( London: Jonathan Cape )

    Google Scholar 

  5. Editorial (1985). The Times, 16 May

    Google Scholar 

  6. Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (1984). Policy on Animal Experimentation. (Horsham, West Sussex: RSPCA) See also leaflet: Animal Experimentation

    Google Scholar 

  7. Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (1984). Policy on Animal Experimentation. (Horsham, West Sussex: RSPCA) See also leaflet: Animal Experimentation

    Google Scholar 

  8. Russell, WMS and Burch, RL (1959). The Principles of Humane Experimental Technique. ( London: Metheun )

    Google Scholar 

  9. Universities Federation for Animal Welfare (1969). The Use of Animals in Toxicological Studies. (Potters Bar, Herts.: UFAW )

    Google Scholar 

  10. Universities Federation for Animal Welfare (1972). The Ra¬tional Use of Living Systems in Bio-medical Research. (Potters Bar, Herts.: UFAW )

    Google Scholar 

  11. Cross, G (Chairman) (1979). Report on the LD-50 test presented to the Secretary of State by the Advisory Committee on the administration of the Cruelty to Animals Act 1876. ( London: Home Office )

    Google Scholar 

  12. ATLA. Alternatives to Animals. Published four times a year by FRAME, Nottingham

    Google Scholar 

  13. Rowan, AN (1984). Of Mice, Models, & Men: a Critical Evaluation of Animal Research. ( Albany: State University of New York Press )

    Google Scholar 

  14. Committee for Information on Animal Research. Information Sheets 1-20, published 1977-1985. List available from 9D Stanhope Road, London N6 5HE

    Google Scholar 

  15. Houghton, Lord (1979). Animals and the law: moral and political issues. In Paterson, D and Ryder RD (eds) Animals’ Rights: a Symposium. ( London: Centaur Press for the RSPCA )

    Google Scholar 

  16. Hollands, C (1980). Compassion is the Bugler: the Struggle for Animal Rights. ( Edinburgh: Macdonald )

    Google Scholar 

  17. British Veterinary Association, Committee for the Reform of Animal Experimentation and Fund for the Replacement of Animals in Medical Experiments (1983). Animal Experimenta¬tion in the UK - proposals submitted to the Home Secretary jointly by BVA, CRAE and FRAME, c/o 10 Queensferry Street, Edinburgh

    Google Scholar 

  18. Home Office (1983). Scientific Procedures on Living Animals. (London: HMSO, Cmnd 8883 )

    Google Scholar 

  19. Home Office (1985). Scientific Procedures on Living Animals. (London: HMSO Cmnd 9521)

    Google Scholar 

  20. Mobilization for Laboratory Animals against the Governments Proposals. (1983). Legislate to Liberate, c/o 51 Harley Street, London

    Google Scholar 

  21. British Toxicology Society Working Party on Toxicity (1984). Special Report: a new approach to the classification of substances and preparations on the basis of their acute toxicity. Human Toxicol, 3, 85-92

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Mann, I, Pullinger, BD and Pirie, A (1948). An experimental and clinical study of the reaction of the anterior segment of the eye to chemical injury, with special reference to chemical warfare agents. Monograph of Br J Ophthalmol

    Google Scholar 

  23. Burton, ABG, York, M and Lawrence, RS (1981). The in vitro assessment of severe eye irritants. Food Cosmet Toxicol, 19

    Google Scholar 

  24. Spira, H (1985). Fighting to win. In Singer, P (ed.) In Defence of Animals.( Oxford: Blackwell )

    Google Scholar 

  25. Stark, DM and Shopsis, C (1983). Developing alternative assay systems for toxicity testing. In Role of Animals in Biomedical Research, 406. Annals of NY Acad Sei, 92–103

    Google Scholar 

  26. Push, S (ed.) The Johns Hopkins Centre for Alternatives to Animal Testing. Four issues per year. (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins School of Public Health)

    Google Scholar 

  27. Reinhardt, C, Bosshard, E and Schlatter, C (eds) (1985). Irritation testing of skin and mucous membranes. A special issue of Food and Chemical Toxicology, 23

    Google Scholar 

  28. Keele, CA and Smith R (1962). The Assessment of Pain in Man and Animals. ( London: Universities Federation for Animal Welfare )

    Google Scholar 

  29. Iggo, A (1985). Pain in Animals. The 3rd Hume Memorial Lecture. ( Potters Bar, Herts.: UFAW )

    Google Scholar 

  30. Flecknell, PA (1984). The relief of pain in laboratory animals. Lab Anim, 18, 147–60

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Morton, DB and Griffiths, PHM (1985). Guidelines on the recognition of pain, distress and discomfort in experimental animals and an hypothesis for assessment. Vet Rec, 116, 431–6

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (1983). Pain and Suffering in Experimental Animals in the UK a report by the Animal Experimentation Advisory Committee of the RSPCA. Available from RSPCA, Horsham, W. Sussex.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Smith, MW (Chairman) (1984). Report of the Working Party on courses for animal licensees. Lab Anim, 18, 209 - 20

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. International Association of Biological Standardization. Alternatives to the Use of Animals in the Development and Control of Vaccines. (Geneva: IABS) (In press)

    Google Scholar 

  35. UFAW (1984). Standards in Laboratory Animal Management (Proceedings of a symposium organised by the Laboratory Animal Science Association and UFAW). (Potters Bar, Herts.: UFAW )

    Google Scholar 

  36. Remfry, Jenny (1985). Recent developments in laboratory animal science. In: Animal Experimentation; Improvements and Alternatives - Replacement Refinement and Reduction. Proceedings of a symposium. Published by FRAME as a supplement to ATLA

    Google Scholar 

  37. Briscoe, TJ (1984). The accountability of scientists. In: RDS Newsletter - Medical Progress for Men and Animals, July. ( London: Research Defence Society )

    Google Scholar 

  38. Swedish Medical Research Council (1978 and 1982 ). The Use of Experimental Animals in Medical and Biological Research. English translation 1982. ( Stockholm: Mediciniska Forskningsradet )

    Google Scholar 

  39. Institute of Laboratory Animal Resources, National Research Council (1985). Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals. (Bethesda, Md.: National Institutes of Health )

    Google Scholar 

  40. Weibel, ER (Chairman) (1984). Ethical Principles and Guidelines for Scientific Experiments on Animals. ( Berne: Swiss Academy of Medical Sciences and Swiss Academy of Sciences )

    Google Scholar 

  41. Britt, DP (1985). Research Review (Ethical) Committees for Animal Experimentation. (Potters Bar, Herts.: UFAW) Research Defence Society. Are Animal Experiments Neces¬sary for Cosmetic Products? and other leaflets undated. ( London: Research Defence Society )

    Google Scholar 

  42. Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences (1985). International Guiding Principles for Biomedical Research Involving Animals. ( Geneva: CIOMS ) Humane Society of the United States (1985). Close-up Report. February.( Washington DC: HSUS)

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. J. Remfry
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Cantab Group, Cambridge, England

    A. N. Worden

  2. Department of Biochemistry, University of Surrey, Guildford, England

    D. V. Parke

  3. Girton College, Cambridge, England

    J. Marks (Director of Medical Studies) (Director of Medical Studies)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1986 MTP Press Limited

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Remfry, J. (1986). Toxicity Testing: Views of Animal Welfare Organizations. In: Worden, A.N., Parke, D.V., Marks, J. (eds) The Future of Predictive Safety Evaluation. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4139-7_3

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4139-7_3

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-94-010-8336-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-009-4139-7

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation